HST-111 Study Guide

Touissant L'Ouverture

freed slave who led revolution in haiti; Independence 1804 imprisoned by french, died there

From Chapter 32 B reading assignment, pages 160 to end of chapter name 5 most important people and name one significant fact about each in regard to what part they played in the New Imperialism.

1. John Monroe- Founded the monroe doctrine 2. Theodore Rosevelt- Father of the U.S modern navy 3. Ram Mohan Roy- Father of modern India 4. Emilio Aguinaldo- George Washington of the Philippines 5. Charles Darwin- Proposed evolution.

Identify and give contributions of the 5 most important people in the wars of independence of Mexico, Central America and South America. What was the result of these wars of independence?

1. Miguel Hidalgo Castillo: Spanish Roman priest who rallied indigenous peoples and mestizos against colonial rule. Led a peasant rebellion in Mexico. 2.Simon Bolivar: Led the movement for South American independence, and assembled an army that crushed the Spanish army in Columbia. 3. François-Dominique Toussaint: Haitian general and known leader of the Haitian Revolution. When the slave revolt broke out, he helped his master's escape to a safe place, then left the plantation and joined the rebels. He built a strong, disciplined army. 4. Augustín de Iturbide: Creole General who declared independence from Spain. Emperor of Mexico, incompetent administrator, and was deposed in 1823. He was a strong support base in Mexican politics. 5. Boukman: Vodou priest who organized a slave revolt. This revolt led to 12,000 slaves killing white settlers. His slave revolt set up the success for Toussaint.

Name the 8 most important people mentioned in the chapter based on their influencing and having an effect on what was happening in their societies, and give one significant contribution for each one that you identify.

1. Muhammad Ali- built a powerful army modeled on European forces and ruled Egypt from 1805-1848. Drafted peasants to serve in infantry, launched a program of industrialization, concentrating on cotton textiles. 2. Sultan Selim II- Reform and remodeled his army along the lines of European forces 3. Mahmud II- Restored traditional Ottoman military 4. Tsar Alexander II- "It is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until the serfs begin to liberate themselves from below" Issued the Emancipation Manifesto that abolished the institution of serfdom and granted liberty to serfs 5. Sergei Witte- Minister of finance, first budget outlined his aims as "removing the unfavorable conditions which hamper the economic development of the country" and "kindling a healthy spirit of enterprise" Witte implemented policies designed to stimulate economic development... the centerpiece of his industrial policy was a program for a railway construction 6. Lin Zexu- Had the task of destroying the opium trade... acted quickly by confiscating and destroying chests of opium, his uncompromising policy started a war that ended in a defeat for China (Opium War) 7. Kang Youwei & Liang Qichao- leading figures of the movement Hundred Days Reform. They published a series of treatises reinterpreting Confucian thought in a way that justified radical changes in the imperial system. 8. Mutsuhito (Meiji)- Started the Meiji Restoration which returned authority to the Japanese emperor and brought and end to a series of military governments that had dominated Japan since 1185... also marked the birth of a new Japan

From Part A of reading assignment, pages 746-760 name 5 most important people and name one significant fact about each in regard to what part they played in the New Imperialism.

1.) Cecil Rhodes - Worked for British imperial expansion. He was an entrepreneur that had dominating economic, cultural, and political influence on southern African territories for personal and British gain. 2.) Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou - French chemists that extracted the alkaloid of quinine from cinchona bark, and by the 1840s European colonizers kept quinine pills so they could survive and prosper in tropical regions. 3.) Thomas Stamford Raffles - Founded the port of Singapore, which soon became the busiest center of trade in the Strait of Melaka. Served as the base for the British conquest of Malaya. 4.) Dr. David Livingstone - A Scottish minister who travelled through much of central and Southern Africa in mid-nineteenth century in search of suitable locations for mission posts. 5.) Fredrick D. Lugard - He was the driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule. He stressed the moral and financial advantages of exercising control over subject populations through indigenous institutions.

10.What were the motives for the New Imperialism of the 19th Century. One sentence defining briefly each motive.

1.Economic-It enabled imperial powers to profit from subject societies and influence their affairs. 2.Nationalism: To claim territory to create bases to protect the empire/create buffer states. 3.Cultural, White Man's Burden: Based on cultural values such as the belief that the white race was superior other cultures were primitive. 4.Missionary Motive: The desire to spread Christianity/ "save souls", Catholic vs Protestant missions - "competition" to protect european missionaries in other lands. 5.Exploratory Motive: The desire to explore unknown or uncharted territory, creation of national geographic societies and to conduct scientific/ anthropological research.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. -came up with the social contract where they govern because they have a contract with the people to maintain safety, life and nobility.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

What were the challenges of the socialists to those in power in the industrial west ? What were the goals of the socialists ? Who were the Utopian socialists. Describe the contributions of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to 19th century socialism ? What were the social/political/economic theories found in the Communist Manifesto ?

A few of the challenges socialists faced were, a vast difference in wealth, they were exploited by child labor. The goals of the socialists were to expand the Enlightment understanding of equality. The first utopian socialists were Charles Fourier and Robert Owen. Marx and Engels shot down the concept of utopian socialism and started a communist uprise. The social theory was that out of the two classes, the upper class was abusing the lower class. The political theory was that a dictatorship and removal of private property would destroy the capatalist order. A economic theory was that communism would equally distribute wealth

What were the challenges of the socialists to those in power in the industrial west ? What were the goals of the socialists ? Who were the Utopian socialists. Describe the contributions of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to 19th century socialism ? What were the social/political/economic theories found in the Communist Manifesto ?

A few of the challenges socialists faced were, a vast difference in wealth, they were exploited by child labor. The goals of the socialists were to expand the Enlightment understanding of equality. The first utopian socialists were Charles Fourier and Robert Owen. Marx and Engels shot down the concept of utopian socialism and started a communist uprise. The social theory was that out of the two classes, the upper class was abusing the lower class. The political theory was that a dictatorship and removal of private property would destroy the capatalist order. A economic theory was that communism would equally distribute wealth.

What is imperialism?

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. It also rose by trade, investment and business.

Describe British rule in India after 1858.

After the failed Indian rebellion the British government abolished the East India Company and established direct rule. British officials cultivated crops, set up English-style schools, and built railroad and telegraph networks.

Create a simple working definition of the politicial philosophical construct "ideology" that we will all be able to understand and remember. Give a simple working definition of the ideology of conservatism . Give a simple working definition of the ideology of liberalism.

An ideology is a vision that seeks to justify or challenge the current state of social or political affairs. Ideologists are always trying to seek political or social order to support their cause and community. Conservatism supports the idea of gradual change over several generations. Conservatives are not against change, but they believe that radical change can lead to anarchy. Liberalism welcomes change and views it as necessary for progress. The liberalism during the time of the Atlantic revolutions focused more on civil rights than political and social rights.

Explain the earliest women's rights movements in the 18th and 19th century Europe? Where did they take place, what were the objectives that women's rights activists sought? How successful were they? Were any men sympathetic to this movement or supportive of it ? Who? What did he say and do? Name and describe the contributions of two important women's rights activists of this period.

Britain, France, and North America more specifically, Seneca Falls were the major places the women's rights movements were taking place. Mary Wollstonecraft, argued that women possessed all rights that Locke granted to men. Women in Europe and North America participated in academics, and civil organizations. Through the efforts of the women's rights movement women were able to receive free public education, able to own property, and legally get divorced. But, women still did not usually professions, and had not received the right to vote anywhere. The ideas of John Locke were used to start the women's rights movement in order to make them become "the ideal wife". Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mary Wollstonecraft were the two major women's activists during this time period. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an abolitionist and a human rights activist who worked to gain women the right to vote. Mary Wollstonecraft was a British writer who published an essay titled A Vindication of the Rights of Women,this essay argued that women should receive the same rights that are granted to men.

Describe the emergence of the factory system. What were the working conditions in factories like for workers in the first third of the nineteenth century? Describe the spread of the Industrial Revolution from Britain to elsewhere in Europe and its spread to North America.

By the end of the 19th century the factory had become the predominant site of industrialization and production of goods in Europe. Factory production encouraged the emergence of new divisions of labor as interchangeable parts and assembly lines made mass production of goods a hallmark of industrialized societies. The expensive equipment needed to successfully run the factories encouraged the formation of large businesses and by mid-19th century, giant businesses joined together to control trade and market prices through trusts and cartels. The factories brought together many new workers. The factory whistle would sound at the beginning and the end of the day. Floor managers pressured men, women, and children to speed up production. Early industrial workers constantly faced the possibility of fatal accidents. As Great Britain was getting used to monopolizing industrialization, entrepreneurs began to move to foreign lands because they saw the possible profit and the opportunity to make successful businesses abroad. European, and North American businesspeople became acquainted with the British industrial techniques and began to lure British experts to their lands. By the mid-19th century, industrialization spread to France, Belgium and the United States. Belgium became a beacon of industrial production. German industrialization came more slowly but advanced exponentially by the 19th century. By the 1820s, American industrialization began to advance tremendously and by 1900 the US had become an economic powerhouse.

What were the contributions of steam power to the Industrial Revolution ? What were the improvements in more efficient and less costly means of transportation that could move products and people ?

During the Industrial Revolution, steam power became very important in the building and powering of factories. As the innovation of steam power spread, the factories didn't need to be built next to water sources for power. This drastically increased the number of factories and the efficiency of them. Discovered and utilized by James Wath, who was an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, the steam engine burned coal to boil water, creating steam that drove devices and performed work. The term "horsepower" was coined after his steam engine. Transportation involved steam locomotive, railroads, and steamships.

What was French government life in france society like during the time of the constitutional monarchy, before the king was removed and executed?

During the constitutional monarchy the monarch was still head of the state but lost sovereignty because the constitution deprived them of law making. Life in France society during the constitutional monarchy was economic and food shortages which led to king Louis and Queen Antoinette being executed.

What was the place and nature of the Slave Trade during the era of revolutions ? How did it come to be eradicated?

During the era of revolutions the attitude towards slavery changed. In the 18th century the campaign to end slavery began. Freed slaves and christian moralist became leading critics of slavery. In Hati, slavery was abolished due to the revolution, South America slavery was abolished after independence, in Mexico slavery was abolished after Simon Boliver helped freed slaves. The U.S. ended slavery in 1865, 1833 for the Brittish empire, Cuba 1866, Brazil 1888, 1898 in France.

What was the emerging pattern of urbanization in the west? What was the cause/purpose of the transcontinental migration of people from Europe to the Americas and elsewhere. What new social classes came into existence due to the Industrial Revolution?

During the urbanization period of the Industrial Revolution, there were developments in technology as well as organizational changes within companies. The transcontinental migration happened when the population in Europe increased, this caused a challenge when finding a job. This rise in population ultimately ended in Europeans moving to places such as America as well as Australia for better opportunities and for religious freedom. People that were captains of industries became the new upper class, the middle class consisted of small business owners, factory managers, engineers, accountants, and skilled employees of large corporations. The lowest class was the working class which consisted of lesser skilled artisans and craft workers.

What was the initial and continuing response of the neighboring European powers, Austria and others to the Revolution as it progressed? How successful were their military interventions? What was the position of the Catholic Church in the new French Republic?

France declared war on Austria and Prussia in 1792 and then declared war on Spain, Britain and the Netherlands the following year. The Netherlands became occupied by France but Prussia and British forces were able to combat the French forces. Prussia and Britain were able to overcome the French military due to their combined force. This combined force led to the French military being defeat at Waterloo. As for the Catholic Church, it had made peace through the help of Napoleon in 1801 with the pact known as the Concordat. This pact stated that the French States would retain the land of the Catholic Church that was seized in the revolution.

Explain in detail imperialism's economic, political and cultural motives.

Economic- To control trade, raw materials, and cheap labor (slavery). Europe wanted to control what had once been uncontrolled for their slavery. Controlling the trade saved the imperialistic country money for their trade and made money since more countries would trade with them now. They would also get raw materials cheaper now because of the control of trade, they would only have to pay themselves, and they could limit who gets the raw materials. Also they would be able to boost their homeland economy with the use of more cheap labor, slaves could be imported easier and on larger numbers to do so. Political- Spread way of government and control colonies for power. A big aspect of imperialism is colonizing to influence a way of government and control said colonies. Forcing a way of government and loyalty to the "Mother Country" onto the colonies was the biggest way to enforce the political visions among others. All countries wanted to spread a nationalism agenda to spread national pride and security. Cultural- Spread culture and religion to other people and to show that the European was the superior race. Nationalistic ideals also fit in here also because of the fact that it gave the nation's culture a boost in the homeland. The Europeans deemed themselves the people to "civilize the uncivilized" and enforce their way of life, the way the white man lived. They also spread European religions and set up missionaries across Africa and the New World.

What was the situation of Qing Empire China in the 19th century. What were the challenges that threatened Qing rule? What was the Taiping Rebellion and how did it end? What major events happened in the late 19th century in Qing China ? What kind of problems did the Chinese have with westerners and Japanese who were seeking trading rights and special privileges ?

European powers dominated Qing forces which led China's leaders to accept a series of humiliating treaties. These treaties and their provisions undermined Chinese sovereignty, exploited their economy, and disabled their ability to deal with domestic order. The Taiping Rebellion was one of multiple rebellions that occured due to the debilitation of the Chinese empire and continuous internal turmoil caused by foreign intrusion. Hong Xiuquan was the leader and believed himself to be a prophet leading this movement against the Qing government. The Taiping Rebellion was an extensive battle and had severely damaging results. It had altered Chinese history entirely. Evidently it led to significant reform, specifically The Hundred Days Reforms of 1898. Later, China faced more conflict during The Boxer Rebellion, which killed many and was ended by foreign forces. The effect of this event made the Chinese skeptical of foreign invaders, especially the Japanese who were notorious for involving themselves at China's weakest times.

What was going on during the most radical phase of the Revolution during the time of the Convention, Committee of Public Safety, Reign of Terror and government leadership by Maximillien Robespierre ?

French Nobility declared war on Austria and Prussia in 1792. It also declared war on Spain, Britain and the Netherlands a little while later. The Convention: Abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France to be a Republic. The French Revolution peaked in in years 1793-1794, and was led by "the Incorruptible" Maximillian Robespierre. The Jacobin Party: Was in full support of Robespierre and with him, had control of the Republic of France.

How did the French Revolution start and gain speed and momentum?

Half of the French royal government's revenue went to pay off war debts— And since King Louis was unable to raise more revenue, he increased the taxes which caused the Aristocrats to protest. The third estate took the dramatic step of seceding from the Estates General and proclaiming themselves to be the National Assembly. The outbreak of the revolution started when a Parisian crowd stormed the Bastille in search of weapons, which soon broke out into a full fledged, deathly attack. This soon led to the abolition of the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic.

What was the activities of westerners that brought an end to the Shogunate in Japan. What were the motives and purposes of those foreigners, that is, what did they want to accomplish by bringing an end to the Shogunate ?. What were the Meiji Reforms ?

Heavily armed foreign powers intimidated Shogun signing unequal treaties. Opposition forces in Japan used humiliating intrusion of foreigners as an excuse to overthrow discredited Shogun. Meiji restoration returned authority to the Japanese emperor and brought an end to the series of military governments that dominated Japan.

8.How did transportation technologies, western military technologies and communication technologies make imperialism possible?

How did the transportation technologies, Western technologies, western military technologies and communication technologies make imperialism possible? The transportation technologies made imperialism possible because the development of steam ships allowed for faster travel and they were also able to move in any direction which made travel much easier. Not only were they fast travelers, they also were equipped with weaponry. This helped the British put an end to the Opium wars. Trade costs were cut down due to faster travels between other countries. The military technology allowed imperialism to be possible because before new weaponry came about, there was a use of the musket in which these muskets were very slow and it would take about a minute for a highly skilled soldier to reload the musket. Europeans adopted the maxim gun, a machine gun that could fire 11 bullets in 1 second. This provided European armies with an arsenal vastly stronger than any other in the world. The Communication technology made imperialism possible because the invention of the telegraph allowed for much better communication between different areas of the country or even the world. The telegraph allowed for transmission messages. This allowed the British to keep communication throughout their colonies and other areas they were looking to take over.

What are some positive aspects of imperialism?

Imperialism gives citizens of a country more opportunities and the possibility of a better lifestyle for themselves. Imperialism can change laws giving people more freedom and rights.

What was the activity and effect of imperialism in central Asia?

Imperialism severely damaged Central Asia's system of government, destroyed their culture, and caused many people to lose freedom and lives as they knew them.This set the course for future economic problems and widespread poverty.

Describe changes in patterns of work in families including men , women and children in the 19th century in areas where the Industrial Revolution took place. What places in the west remained mostly untouched by the Industrial Revolution ?

In preindustrial societies the family was the basic productive unit. They would work together and contributed to the welfare of the larger group. Industrialization altered the dynamic of this lifestyle by separating work and family life. It became less common for families to work in groups. This established family roles such as men primarily work, women stay at home, and children are cared for by their mothers. Industrialization spread vastly through western Europe and less commonly small Latin American territories.

How did Japan emerge as an imperial power in the 19th century?

Japan took over islands in the Pacific such as Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands in the north, and Okinawa and the Ryukyu islands in the south. Japanese migrants began to populate the islands which prevented Rusian expansion, allowing the Japanese to push further toward Korea using a navy along with a contingency plan that they had developed to conflict with China. They fought in two crucial wars in the late 19th century that established Japan as an imperial power.

Describe the reconfiguration of the Japanese economy after the Meiji Restoration.What were some of the costs to ordinary people brought about by the Meiji economic reforms ?

Japan's new leaders revamped the tax system. Peasants used to pay taxes with grain, but the Meiji government converted to a fixed money tax rather than the grain tax. The Meiji government also began taxing more things, such as land. People that did not use their land effectively had it taken for more efficient purpose. The Meiji government created modern transportation, communication, and educational infrastructure. The government also abolished trade barriers. The infrastructure created by the Meiji government supported economic growth. The development of the economy after the Meiji Restoration negatively affected the people of Japan. The land tax in 1873, cost peasants 40 - 50 of their crop yields, which accounted for roughly 90% of the government's revenue. The government also started assessing land on the potential productivity of arable land, regardless of how much a cultivator produced. This basically guaranteed that only those who maximized their production could afford to hold onto their land. So some were forced to sell to more efficient producers. Uprisings resulted, and these uprisings were met with military force, which resulted in the imprisonment or death of many. Hundreds of thousands lived in very destitute poverty, and were very malnourished.

Who was John Locke ? What did he propose in his Second Treatise on Civil Government ?

John Locke (1632-1704), was an English philosopher. He discovered natural laws of politics, and in his Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690), he wrote that sovereignty resides with the people, not government. He believed that while the people elected rulers to represent their interests, they could revoke that consent, for that consent lies at the discretion of the people. In addition, individuals maintained their personal rights to life, liberty, and property.

5 Most important people of Enlightenment

John Locke: worked to discover the natural laws of politics. He attacked divine right theories and advocated constitutional government Adam Smith: focused on the marketplace and economic affairs Baron de Montesquieu: established a science of politics and discovered principles that would foster political liberty Voltaire: Helped to show the spirit of the Enlightenment through his writing Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Advocate for political equality, freedom, popular sovereignty ... author of The Social Contract where he argued that members of a society were collectively the sovereign.

What were the political and social issues that led to the wars of independence in Mexico, Central America and South America?

Mexico's push for independence was inspired by the Age of Enlightenment as well as the French (American) Revolutions. Spain killed Miguel Hidalgo furthered the push for independence. In Venezuela there were high taxes and lack of self rule that caused the push for independence. In Guatemala José de Bustamente was the ruler and he repressed all moves towards independence which results in war. Mexico actually inspired Guatemala with there independence won.

What was the activity and effect of imperialism in Southeast Asia?

Migrants settled heavily in the northeast, where they provided the labor that drove U.S. industrialization. It is mostly based on a nation's strive to gain power, compete with other European countries, expand territory, exercise military force, gain importance by winning over colonies, and lastly, upgrade national pride and security.

What were the business monopolies, trusts and cartels? How were some monopolies horizontal and vertical in how they functioned? What was life like for the newly created working class? What were the changes in demographics (population) in the west?

Monopolies and trusts are when one business has complete control over a market. They affected business positively because the stronger companies compete with the larger companies. When demand for products was high, larger companies lowered prices to put weaker companies out of business. Horizontal monopolies consist of companies that acquire similar companies in the same industry. Vertical monopolies consist of companies that operate either before or after acquiring companies. Life for the working class was rough, 14-16 hour days, 6 days a week and employers could pay whatever they wanted cause they knew the workers needed to keep their job. People moved west because that's where factories were and because land tax was significantly cheaper.

Describe briefly the rise, rule and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in France. What ideas of the French Revolution did Napoleon retain and utilize? Which ideas did he discard, and what did he put in their place during the time of his rule, that would have been contrary to those ideas?

Napoleon Bonaparte's military knowledge and sense of command came around after his time in French military schools and his time as an officer in the army under King Louis XVI. His campaign trials began in 1796 when he drove the Austrian army from northern Italy, establishing French rule there. In 1798 he mounted an invasion of Egypt to gain access to the Red Sea and threaten British control of the sea route to India, however the campaign ended in a British victory. Napoleon returned to France in 1799, overthrowing the Directory, and setting up a new government, the Consulate. He created a dictatorship, crowning himself emperor in 1802. He brought political stability to France. He made peace with the Roman Catholic Church. In 1804 he created the Civil Code, a revised body of civil law, helping to stabilize the French society. He protected private property and he restored patriarchal authority. He was no champion of intellectual freedom however. He limited free speech, censored newspapers and he created a secret police force to snip out treasonous citizens. He sought to extend his authority throughout Europe, conquering the Iberian Peninsula, Italian peninsula and the Netherlands. His empire began to unravel in 1812 when he invaded Russia. He pushed his limits, making the nations of Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia converge on him and defeat his army. He was then exiled. From his exile he escaped back to France for a year and began to create his army again. He was defeated at Waterloo in Belgium. From there, he was exiled again for good, to St. Helena, where he would die of natural causes.

Provide a simple working definition of what a nation is. Create a more complex working definition of nationalism . Include both cultural and political nationalism ?

Nation- A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language within a country or territory. Nationalism- Identification with one's own nation and support for its cultural and political interests.

What were 3 positive effects of the Industrial Revolution on the lives of people, not including increase in educational opportunities. What was the reason for and impact of humans' practice of birth control in industrial society ?

One of the benefits from the Industrial Revolution was the new trend of affordable manufactured goods. The "American system of manufacture" drew attention for its use of interchangeable parts that allowed for a large quantity of goods to be produced at a low price. Another was the rise of the standard of living. The influx of job opportunities allowed for the creation of the working and the middle classes. The population was also able to grow at a faster rate because of the medical advances of the time. Society was better equipped to control diseases which led to the fall of the mortality rate. For example, smallpox was once a highly contagious and often deadly disease. However, during this time period it became a very treatable disease because of medical advances. Birth control became popular because of the rising costs of raising a child in the new industrial age. The increase in the practice of birth control led to declining fertility rates and relative demographic stability.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

How and why did post 1875 variety of Imperiailsm come to Africa ? Give specific examples.

Post 1875 imperialism came to Africa for spiritual motives such as the Jesuits spreading Christianity. Other motives were for medicine to cure disease, weapons, and explorers coming from Europe for mission posts.

What enlightenment principles did the American Revolution celebrate?

RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE TO TO HAVE ACCOUNTABILITY FROM THEIR GOVERNMENT AS THEIR REPRESENTATIVES TO INSURE THE COMMON GOOD ON THEIR BEHALF. THE ALSO OBJECTED, TO NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION, AS WHILE THEY HAD THEIR OWN ASSEMBLIES OF ELECTED CITIZENS IN THEIR COLONY, THEY HAD NO VOICE IN ELECTING MEMBERS TO THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT.

What were the 19th century social reform movements ? Describe the rise of trade unionism. What were the global effects of industrialization (one sentence on each of them as found on pages 671-673)? Who were the losers in the 19th century industrialization of Europe, North America and Japan?

The 19th century social reform movements were retirement pensions, minimum wage laws, sickness, accident, unemployment insurance, and the regulation of hours and conditions of work. Trade unionism began to rise in the 19th century because of the desire to improve the lives of working people and to reduce the likelihood of the people to overthrow the disgruntled proletariat to overthrow the industrialist capitalist society. The global effects of industrialization were the International Division of Labor, demand for raw materials, economic development and economic interdependence. The losers in the 19th century industrialization of Europe, North America and Japan were Asia, Africa, and South America.

Who were the members of the First Estate, and the Second Estate ? Who was the Third Estate ?

The 1st Estate consisted of the Catholic Clergy, the 2nd Estate consisted of the aristocrats and nobility, while the 3rd Estate consisted off the peasants and everyone else. The 3rd Estate demanded that they should get double the representatives since they had most of the population, and also that the voting should be done by head, so that the 1st and 2nd Estate could not create a voting block against the 3rd Estate.

What did the Berlin Conference do? Who participated in it and who did not?

The Berlin Conference which took place in 1884 and 1885 and it established the ground rules for the colonization of Africa. The basic ground rules stated that each colonial power had to notify the others of its claims, and each claim had to be followed by an "effective occupation" of the territory. There were twelve European states that took place in it, the United States and Ottoman Empire also sent delegates.

What were the principal causes of the American Revolution?

The British had tightened the control over the colonies The colonies declaring independence w/ Declaration of Independence Divided loyalties: Rebels (colonies) vs. Patriots (British) The building of an independent state The first Continental Congress

Describe the Congress of Vienna, 1814 what happened at it, and the national movements and rebellions that took place after it in 1830 and 1848. What were the goals of those rebellions ? Describe , 4 steps for each state, the unification of Italy and Germany as nation states .

The Congress of Vienna(1814-1815) was a meeting where representatives of the "great powers" that defeated Napoleon attempted to restore the pre revolutionary order. An Austrian prince, named Klemens von Metternich, restored what was lost during the Napoleonic era. The Congress of Vienna and Metternich's attempt evidently failed, leading to a series of rebellions from the 1820s through the 1840s. Many of these rebellions were intended to obtain change or independence. the unification of Italy came about when political leaders combined forces with nationalist advocates of independence. Southern Italy was then brought into unification and Congress came about unification through nationalist interest as Italy did. Congress of Vienna created a German Confederation composed of 39 states dominated by Austria.

How and why did the Directory come to power after the elimination of Robespierre ? How did the government of the Directory function? How did the Directory regime's rule come to an end as it was succeeded by Napoleon Bonaparte's Consulate ?

The Directory came to power because of the brutal rule of the Reign of Terror. The people wanted change and that led to Robespierre being arrested and sent to the guillotine. After this change of power a group of wealthy, landowning men formed the Directory. The Directory was weak and corrupt which lead to its overthrow by Napoleon. Napoleon carried out a coup d'etat and replaced the Directory with the French Consulate in which he gave himself the title of First Consul. This essentially meant that Napoleon was the dictator of France.

Describe the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the West. What were the conditions ( conditions, tools, resources) that a society had to have in place so that it could be transformed from an agricultural to industrial society ? How did "plantation economies " "drive the Industrial Revolution ?

The French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars helped set the stage for industrialization in Western Europe by abolishing internal trade barriers and dismantling guilds that discouraged technological innovation and restricted the movement of laborers. Belgium was the first to start industrializing and France soon followed. They hired British workers to help establish mechanized textile and metallurgic industries and they developed innovations that led to greater efficiencies. The start of railroad construction stimulated economic development and led to a decrease in transportation costs. In North America industrialization started in the 1820's when they built a cotton textile industry and by mid century over a thousand mills were producing fabric from cotton grown in southern states. They also produced shoes, tools and handguns. In the 1870's heavy iron and steel industries emerged in areas where there was an abundant supply of coal and iron. Raw materials was the key factor in the start of industrialization. Plantation economies helped drive the Industrial Revolution by helping mass produce crops which led to profits, it also helped build markets and industry.

What were the remote, in distant past, even emerging over the several centuries from the middle ages, and immediate causes of the French Revolution?

The French Revolutionary leaders sought to replace the "ancien regime" (old order) with new political and social structures. Although, these leaders lacked experience with self-government. What first led to revolution was serious fiscal issues. King Louis XVI paid many debts which led to the decision to increase taxes on french nobility. This led to protest and forced Louis to summon the Estate General.

Describe the revolution in Haiti. Why did it take place? How? Who led it? What were the results?

The Haitian revolution is known as being the only successful slave revolt in history. It took place on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. This island was split in two sections, the eastern portion which was occupied by the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo (modern day D.R) and the western portion was a French Colony called Saint-Domingue which is modern Haiti. In Saint-Domingue, the population was split in thirds, around 40,000 white colonials, 28,000 people of color, and around 500,000 slaves of African descent. The plantation owners lived in constant fear of a slave rebellion. Colonial governors sent 500 people of color to fight alongside the Americans in their fight for independence and when they came back, they returned to Saint-Domingue with the intention of reforming their society. In May of 1791, a civil war broke out. A man by the name of Boukman, who was a Vodou priest, inspired 12,000 slaves to start a war. This slave army began killing and destroying the property of the whites and within a few months the slave army expanded to 100,000 people. Foreign armies soon complicated the situation; French armies arrived in 1792, and the British and Spanish arrived in 1793. A man named Toussaint helped the slaves succeed. He was a skilled organizer who helped create an army. In 1801 he created a constitution and it granted equality to all residents of the region. Toussaint was eventually arrested and died in a prison in France in 1803. After Toussaint's death, his people declared independence, and on January 1st, 1804, Haiti was born.

Where did Japanese imperialistic overtures and activities take place?

The Japanese drive to empire began in the east Asian islands. During the 1870s Japanese leaders consolidated their hold on Hokkaido and the Kurile Islands to the north, and the encouraged Japanese migrants to populate the islands to forestall Russian expansion there.

What was the king's initial response to the demands of the 3rd estate? How did he revise and change his response to accommodate the actions of the National Assembly?

The King attempted to thwart it at first, but he then realized that the National Assembly had gain too much power so he changed his response. The king then changed the voting from three estates to a head count so the power was not only with certain groups of people.

What was the status, situation and extent of the Ottoman Empire beginning in the 18th century? What was the nature of the decline in the Ottoman Empire strength andstability from 1800 to the early 20th Century? What were the reform and reorganization movements that took place in the Ottoman Empire from the reign of Mahmud II through the time of the tanzimat into the time of the Young Turk movement. What were reforms that the young Turks saw as essential for the Ottoman Empire to successfully face its rivals, east and west?

The Ottoman empire in the beginning of the 18th century experienced military reverses and challenges to its rule. From the 18th to the 20th century the ottoman empire declined by first the military declining, losing territory, economic difficulties and capitulations. The reforms of Mahmud the second legal and educational reform and the opposite to tanziment. The young Turks saw universal suffrage, equality before the law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularization of the state and emancipation of women in order to successfully face its rivals of the east and west.

How and when did the Russian Empire begin to industrialize? What was the Witte System and what were discontents of urban working class people in Russian with it? Who was happy with Russian industrialization and profited from it.? What revolutionary movements where there in Russia in the 19th century ? What were the goals and methods of operation of the revolutionaries ? How much success did they have?

The Russian Empire began to industrialize greatly in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. Tsar Alexzander II emancipated the serfs with the intention of creating a mobile labor force for emerging industries. The Witte system were policies that were implemented by Count Sergei Witte designed to stimulate the russian economy. The centerpiece of his industrial policies was a railroad system. Many industries prospered during the time of the Russian Industrialization period such as coal, steel, and petroleum industries. The revolutionary movements that took place in the nineteenth century include; peasants requesting land, and some anarchists tried to overthrow the government in order to vest all authority to the people. Through these revolutions the russian military was defeated during the revolution of 1905, Russia also gained its first parliamentary institution.

Describe the situation of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. What were the impacts of military ventures and social reforms such as emancipation of the serfs during the reign of Alexander II. What were other political and legal reforms that took place inthe Russian Empire in the 19th century?

The Russian empire experiences how the battle reverses. The tsars ruled the empire and only half the population spoke a Russian language. The Crimean War demonstrated the weakness of the Agrarian economy. Serfdom was a source of rural instability and peasant revolt, hundreds of insurrections broke out during the first four decades of the 19th century. The zemstvos reformed to take on other issues such as health, education and welfare. The revision of the judiciary system in 1864 created a system of law courts based on western European models, replete with independent judges and a system of appellate courts.

What was the Sepoy Revolt, what was its success, and what were that consequences that took place after it.

The Sepoy Revolt came about because in order for sepoys to load their rifles, they had to bite off the ends of the cartridges that had pig and cow fat on them for lubrication. This was offensive and insulting to both Muslims and Hindus sparking the revolt. After several months of fighting, the British gained the upper hand in 1857 and peace was declared in 1858.

Who were the instigators of the American Revolution and who were the dissenters?

The american revolution was instigated by the american colonists who believed that british governing was unfair for the colonies. The colonies later proceeded to declare independence and establish their own form of government. Those who dissented revolution in the colonies were considered to be loyalists living within the colonies who supported the crown as well as Great Britain.

How and why did Robespierre's Reign of Terror come to an end ? How and why did the Directory come to power after the elimination of Robespierre ? What was the White Terror that took place after Robespierre's fall ?

The convention arrested Robespierre and his allies, convicted them to tyranny, and sent them to the guillotine. A group of conservative men of property then seized the power and ruled France under a new institution called the Directory. Members of the Directory were unable to resolve the economic and military problems that existed in France. The Directory faced constant challenges to its authority and came to an end in November 1799 when a young general, Napoleon Bonaparte, staged the white terror. The white terror was a period of time during the French Revolution in 1795, when a wave of violent attacks swept across much of France.

Describe Japan's transformation from the "bakafu" regime and government of the shogunate to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. What caused the transformation from the Japanese viewpoint?

The end of The Tokugawa Shogunate was due to a large domestic crisis relating to their imperial rule. When the Tokugawa cause was doomed the shogun resigned. On January 3rd Emperor Mutsuhito took the reigns, which causes an eventful period in Japanese History and government.

Name and give contributions of the 5 most important people of the American Revolution Era.

The first person who played a major contribution in the American Revolution would be George Washington. Washington had a strong sense of military leadership and was the general of the 20 day siege which caused the British to surrender. The second "person" would be Molly Pitcher who was the symbol for women helping men in the war. The third person who contributed to this era was John Locke as the idea of the consent to govern fired the American Revolution. The fourth person to contribute is Jacques Rousseau who wrote The Social Contract which was written in 1762 and expressed the ideas of the people having a choice rather than governmental leaders. Lastly, is Voltaire who expressed the idea of individual freedom, attacking institutions with intolerant and oppressive policies.

Did people in the Pacific regions fare any better than other people- particularly those in Africa? Give examples.

The people of the Pacific did fare better than others. One of the biggest losses was disease and loss of land and leadership. While many Africans were killed, for example Australians were displaced from the their homelands instead of being outright killed, thus Africans had it worse being used as soldiers and being put in British concentration camps. One example was in 1898 at Omdurman where 20,000 Sudanese were massacred by British soldiers who had far superior artillery and military technology.

What changes occurred in the social order in Japan? What kind of semi - constitutional government emerged? Where was the real power found in Japan?

The reformation of Japanese society was spearheaded my Emperor Meiji (1852 - 1912). The political power was centralized under him. He persuaded the daimyo to yield lands to his throne in exchange for patents of nobility. Metropolitan districts were controlled by the central government. The daimyos lost power bc prefectural governors were appointed to their respective prefectures. Meiji also abolished the samurai class. The Damiyo also lost rights - samurais couldn't carry their swords and were not allowed to wear their traditional hair styles representing their clans. This way, under Meiji the samurai lost all military monopoly because all power was centralized around him and his government. To satisfy the samurai, the govt gave them bonds, but these bonds diminished in value over time due to inflation. Due to this, former samurai and soldiers had to find other employment. By 1878, Meiji's natural govt was in full force, with no threat from the military. The semi constitutional government that emerged was a constitutional monarchy with a legislative known as the Diet, composed of a house of nobles and an elected lower house. The Meiji constitution recognized individual rights but provided that laws could limit those rights in the interests of the state. The Meiji constitution provided greater opportunity for a debate and dissent. The emperor had the real power in Japan. The parliament could advise the emperor in what to do, but never could control him.

How did western imperialism affect the Pacific Ocean region?

The region of the Pacific Ocean was affected very much culturally as well as economically. In areas like Japan mens fashion began to change drastically to appear more western, while in Guam the oil and territory prices began to drop.

Explain the rise of the system known as industrial capitalism which relied on mass production. What was Eli Whitney's most important contribution to mass production? Name and identify contributions to 3 other important people of the Industrial Revolution Era in addition to Eli Whitney.

The rise of the system known as Industrial capitalism increased the continuing development of capitalist business organization where entrepreneurs in early modern Europe formed private businesses in the hopes of profiting from market-oriented production and trade. Large-scale business organizations formed trusts and cartels which shared a common goal: to control the supply of a product and hence its price in the marketplace. -Eli Whitney was best known for his method of manufacturing interchangeable/moveable parts which became crucial for the industrial societies. His contribution to moveable parts aided in the production of firearms- he designed machine tools with which unskilled workers made only a particular part that fit every musket of the same model. -3 other important people include: Henry Ford: improved manufacturing techniques further when he introduced the assembly line to automobile production. Henry Bessemer: built a refined blast furnace known as the Bessemer converter that made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large quantities. George Stephenson: built the first steam-powered locomotive. Which dramatically lowered transportation costs.

What ideas and reforms did Enlightenment writers, the Philosophes, propose?

These Enlightenment writers proposed popular sovereignty which brought about new ideas including equality, individual freedoms, rational analysis, deism, and power to the people because popular sovereignty asserts that political authority resides not in kings but, rather, in the people who make up a society.

How did the goals of liberal reformers change over time to include more people - that is be more liberal and widespread? Name 1 Important conservative thinker and his contribution, and 1 important liberal thinker and his contribution

They used The Catholic church and they tended to favor legislation to reinforce authority Throughout Europe and in the Western Hemisphere, liberalism inspired nationalistic aspirations to the creation of unified, independent, constitutional states with their own parliaments and the rule of law. 1. Simon Bolivar - Who was a Venezuelan military leader and political leader - His more forceful ways of liberalism helped him liberate multiple Central American Countries from Spain. 2. Prince Metternich - Who was an Austrian politician and diplomat - he devoted himself to starting an anti-revolutionary chain of international alliances throughout Europe.

Who were the Boers, what did they do ? What imperialist outreach to Africa did Britain do in the latter 19th century ?

They were African farmers(Dutch Ancestry) who believed that god had predestined them to claim the people and resources of the cape ... Competition among European powers led to further imperialism in SouthEast Asia.

What were any Chinese reform movements ? How did they end, with success or not ? What was the Boxer Rebellion ? What happened to China after the rebellion had been suppressed by westerners and the Japanese ?

Three Chinese reform movements were the Taiping Rebellion, Self-Strengthening Movement and the Boxer Rebellion. The Taiping Rebellion was led by the peasants in China. Their goal was to end the Qing Dynasty. They were ultimately defeated when regional armies were created by the Qing Dynasty. The Self-Strengthening MOvement promoted military and economic reforms in China. The movement was good for chinese industrialization but ended up causing more foreign powers to come into China, thus furthering spheres of influence. The Boxer Rebellion was a group of Chinese people who wanted to drive out foreigners in China. The Boxers were a violent militia who sought to take back China in any way possible. They brought 140,000 Boxers to Beijing to drive out foreigners from the foreign embassies. The Boxers ended up losing, and weakening the Qing and causing them to go bankrupt. The Qing lasted until 1912, when the throne was abducted. The years to come saw China driving out the foreigners.

What is Zionism, why did it start? Name 2 important contributors to movements of nationalism, and their contribution.

Zionism is a political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own national homeland. This was created because Jewish people did not have their own territory along with the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe. Two important contributors to the movements of nationalism were Johann Gottfried von Herder and Giuseppe Mazzini. Herder was known for his cultural nationalism. He emphasized historical scholarship and focused his attention on individual communities and relished their uniqueness. Mazzini was known for his political nationalism. He formed a group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state. It encouraged political leaders to work toward the establishment of national states for their communities.

What was the conclusion and results of the American Revolution

the Boston Masacre, and the Battle of Saratoga, which was a major turning point in the war. The American Revolution was concluded with the Battle of Yorktown when the British were defeated by the American Patriots with French Assistance. The results of the American Revolution were American's gaining independence from Great Britain. Much of the war was funded by France and the French helped fight in most battles

Who was Jean Jacques Rousseau? What did he propose in his Social Contract?

they govern because they have a contract with the people to maintain safety, life and nobility.