HUM 115 Test 2: Chapters 10 & 13

Inductive reasoning is the most secure type of logic. True False

False

Inductive generalizations are based on evidence gathered about a sample population. the entire population. commonly held values and beliefs. biases and prejudices.

a sample population.

Dealing with inductive reasoning, following expressions describe obstacles to collecting reliable data. You may choose more than one correct answer. a. Self-selection: people selecting themselves to be part of the sample b. People lying to pollsters c. People's self-deception: for instance when people honestly respond "yes" to questions such as "Are you sticking to your diet?" when they aren't. d. Even though pollsters want diversity in the sample, the data from some groups in the population may be easier to obtain than from others.

a. Self-selection: people selecting themselves to be part of the sample b. People lying to pollsters c. People's self-deception: for instance when people honestly respond "yes" to questions such as "Are you sticking to your diet?" when they aren't. d. Even though pollsters want diversity in the sample, the data from some groups in the population may be easier to obtain than from others.

An argument cannot be valid with _________ premises and a _____________ conclusion? a. True, false b. False, false c. False , true d. True, true

a. True, false

In a conditional, the component immediately following the "if" is called the ______________. a. antecedent b. sentential c. consequent d. affirmation

a. antecedent

If an advertisement promotes a sale of clothes that are 100 percent genuine simulated cotton, then it _____________ that this is an offer to sell clothes that are essentially all cotton. a. follows with certainty b. follows with uncertainty c. follows inductively d. doesn't follow

a. follows with certainty

When the premises infer probability on the conclusion, the argument is ________________. a. inductively strong b. deductively strong c. deductively valid d. inductively valid

a. inductively strong

The argument "All men are women; Bill Gates is a man; so, Bill Gates is a woman" is a. valid but unsound b. invalid and weak c. strong and uncogent d. weak and uncogent

a. valid but unsound

A comparison of things based on similarities those things share is: an analogy a generalization a hyperbole a causal explanation

an analogy

This inductive argument relies on a comparison between characteristics of two subjects. authority Typical Example analogy Truth

analogy

This inductive argument relies on accepting the views of an expert as support for the conclusion. analogy Typical Example Truth authority

authority

"It has rained in Vancouver every February since weather records have been kept. Therefore, it will probably rain in Vancouver next February." This is ____________________ a. An argument by analogy b. A predictive argument c. An argument from authority d. A statistical argument

b. A predictive argument

If the club members are not adults, and only adults have rights, then __________________ that the club members have no rights at all. a. It doesn't follow b. It follows with certainty c. It follow with probability d. It is likely

b. It follows with certainty

The argument "Every previous U.S. president has been a man, so, it's likely that the next U.S. president will be a man." is a. deductive b. inductive c. neither deductive nor inductive d. both deductive and inductive.

b. inductive

An argument in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises is said to be a. cogent b. valid c. strong d. implicative

b. valid

Suppose that a high school science teacher says to you: "The scientists I've read agree that Neptune is a cold planet compared to Mars, Earth, and Venus. So, Neptune is definitely a cold planet." One of the following statement is FALSE. a. This is an inductive argument b. This is an argument from authority c. The conclusion in this argument follows with certainty. d. The conclusion in this argument follow with probability.

c. The conclusion in this argument follows with certainty.

The component of a conditional sentence that follows the "then...." is known as the _____________. a. disjunctive b. antecedent c. sentential d. consequent

d. consequent

When the premises infer certainty on the conclusion, the argument is ________________. a. deductively strong b. inductively strong c. inductively valid d. deductively valid

d. deductively valid

Inductive arguments can be either a. valid or invalid b. sound or unsound c. true or false d. strong or weak

d. strong or weak

A __________ is a statement made about all or most members of a group. categorical proposition stereotype universalization generalization

generalization

Confidence in an analogy is increased when similarities between two subjects are ____________ to the conclusion. relegated important limiting reconnected

important

A(n) __________ is an argument that relies on characteristics of a sample population to make a claim about the population as a whole. inductive generalization part-to-whole argument statistical argument extrapolative argument

inductive generalization

Which of the following is an indicator word or phrase for an inductive argument: likely conclusively certainly definitely

likely

When two subjects are virtually identical in every respect except for the space they occupy, we say this is a __________ case of a high degree of analogy. formal limiting moral negative

limiting

The ______ of a generalization should be representative of the ___________. population; sample statistics; characteristics sample; population

sample; population

When a deductive argument has valid arguments and true premises, it is said to be _____________. successful clear correct sound

sound

An argument is inductively strong if its conclusion follows with high probability from the premises. True False

True

An argument is valid if it has no counterexample, that is, a possible situation that makes the premises true and the conclusion false. True False

True

One form of inductive argument uses past patterns to predict the future. True False

True

Random sampling is a technique used to avoid bias. True False

True

The disanalogies between two subjects are the differences between them. True False

True

There are two kinds of arguments: deductive arguments and inductive arguments. True False

True

"All fruits are vegetables Spinach is a fruit. Therefore, spinach is vegetable." This is an example of valid argument that has false premises and a true conclusion. True False

True

"Probably," "likely," and "it's a good bet that" are common inductive indicator words. True False

True

A causal argument asserts or denies that something is the cause of something else. True False

True

A faulty analogy is made when two things share some similarities, but not in important ways. True False

True

A random sampling method is taking a sample from a target population in such a way that any member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen. True False

True

A representative sample is a sample that is perfectly analogous to the whole population in regard to the characteristics that are being investigated. True False

True

According to the principle of charity, in interpreting an unclear argument or passage, we should always give the speaker or writer the benefit of the doubt. True False

True

All sound arguments are deductive arguments. True False

True