HUM 313 Exam 1
identify: "Yet, because I am a woman, I would not lead my readers to suppose that I mean violently to agitate the contested question respecting the equality or inferiority of the sex; but as the subject lies in my way, and I cannot pass it over without subjecting the main tendency of my reasoning to misconstruction, I shall stop a moment to deliver, in a few words, my opinion.—In the government of the physical world it is observable that the female, in general, inferior to the male. The male pursues, the female yields—this is the law of nature; and it does not appear to be suspended or abrogated in favour of woman. This physical superiority cannot be denied—and it is a noble prerogative! But not content with this natural pre-eminence, men endeavour to sink us still lower, merely to render us alluring objects for a moment; and women, intoxicated by the adoration which men, under the influence of their senses, pay them, do not seek to obtain a durable interest in their hearts, or to become the friends of the fellow creatures who find amusement in their society."
"A Vindication of the Rights of Women" by Mary Wollstonecraft
identify: "Cease then, nor order imperfection name: Our proper bliss depends on what we blame. Know thy own point: This kind, this due degree Of blindness, weakness, Heav'n bestows on thee. Submit.—In this, or any other sphere, Secure to be as blest as thou canst bear: Safe in the hand of one disposing pow'r, Or in the natal, or the mortal hour. All nature is but art, unknown to thee; All chance, direction, which thou canst not see; All discord, harmony, not understood; All partial evil, universal good: And, spite of pride, in erring reason's spite, One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right. "
"An Essay on Man" by Alexander Pope
identify: "One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right."
"An Essay on Man" by Alexander Pope
identify: "Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law."
"Declaration of the Rights of Man" by French citizens
identify: "Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law."
"Declaration of the Rights of Man" by French citizens
identify: "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good."
"Declaration of the Rights of Man" by French citizens
identify: "The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law."
"Declaration of the Rights of Man" by French citizens
identify: "Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of man and of the citizen:"
"Declaration of the Rights of Man" by French citizens
An Essay on Man last line
"One truth is clear, whatever is right" - last line is controversial (meaning don't think too hard about this, belief/understand that there is an order behind everything and it will all make sense in the end)
identify: "A man may postpone his own enlightenment, but only for a limited period of time. And to give up enlightenment altogether, either for oneself or one's descendants, is to violate and to trample upon the sacred rights of man. What a people may not decide for itself may even less be decided for it by a monarch, for his reputation as a ruler consists precisely in the way in which he unites the will of the whole people within his own. If he only sees to it that all true or supposed [religious] improvement remains in step with the civic order, he can for the rest leave his subjects alone to do what they find necessary for the salvation of their souls. Salvation is none of his business; it is his business to prevent one man from forcibly keeping another from determining and promoting his salvation to the best of his ability. Indeed, it would be prejudicial to his majesty if he meddled in these matters and supervised the writings in which his subjects seek to bring their [religious] views into the open, even when he does this from his own highest insight, because then he exposes himself to the reproach: Caesar non est supra grammaticos. 2 It is worse when he debases his sovereign power so far as to support the spiritual despotism of a few tyrants in his state over the rest of his subjects."
"What is Enlightenment?" by Immanuel Kant
identify: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed nonage. Nonage is the inability to use one's own understanding without another's guidance. This nonage is self-imposed if its cause lies not in lack of understanding but in indecision and lack of courage to use one's own mind without another's guidance. Dare to know! (Sapere aude.) "Have the courage to use your own understanding," is therefore the motto of the enlightenment."
"What is Enlightenment?" by Immanuel Kant
identify: "Nature, then, has carefully cultivated the seed within the hard core--namely the urge for and the vocation of free thought. And this free thought gradually reacts back on the modes of thought of the people, and men become more and more capable of acting in freedom. At last free thought acts even on the fundamentals of government and the state finds it agreeable to treat man, who is now more than a machine, in accord with his dignity."
"What is Enlightenment?" by Immanuel Kant
identify: "This enlightenment requires nothing but freedom--and the most innocent of all that may be called "freedom": freedom to make public use of one's reason in all matters. Now I hear the cry from all sides: "Do not argue!" The officer says: "Do not argue--drill!" The tax collector: "Do not argue--pay!" The pastor: "Do not argue--believe!" Only one ruler in the world says: "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" We find restrictions on freedom everywhere. But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment? Which restriction is innocent, and which advances enlightenment? I reply: the public use of one's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment to mankind."
"What is Enlightenment?" by Immanuel Kant
identify: "sacred rights of man"
"What is Enlightenment?" by Immanuel Kant
identify: " I wish also to steer clear of an error which many respectable writers have fallen into; for the instruction which has hither been addressed to women, has rather been applicable to ladies, if the little indirect advice, that is scattered through Sanford and Merton be excepted; but, addressing my sex in a firmer tone, I pay particular attention to those in the middle class, because they appear to be in the most natural state. Perhaps the seeds of false refinement, immorality, and vanity, have ever been shed by the great. Weak, artificial beings, raised above the common wants and affections of their race, in a premature unnatural manner, undermine the very foundation of virtue, and spread corruption through the whole mass of society! As a class of mankind they have the strongest claim to pity; the education of the rich tends to render them vain and helpless, and the unfolding mind is not strengthened by the practice of those duties which dignify the human character.—They only live to amuse themselves, and by the same law which in nature invariably produces certain effects, they soon only afford barren amusement."
"A Vindication of the Rights of Women" by Mary Wollstonecraft
identify: " My own sex, I hope, will excuse me, if I treat them like rational creatures, instead of flattering their fascinating graces, and viewing them as if they were in a state of perpetual childhood, unable to stand alone. I earnestly wish to point out in what true dignity and human happiness consists—I wish to persuade women to endeavour to acquire strength, both of mind and body, and to convince them that the soft phrases, susceptibility of heart, delicacy of sentiment, and refinement of taste, are almost synonimous with epithets of weakness, and that those beings who are only the objects of pity and that kind of love, which has been termed its sister, will soon become objects of contempt."
"A Vindication of the Rights of Women" by Mary Wollstonecraft
identify: "Indeed the word masculine is only a bugbear: there is little reason to fear that women will acquire too much courage or fortitude; for their apparent inferiority with respect to bodily strength, must render them, in some degree, dependent on men in the various relations of life; but why should it be increased by prejudices that give a sex to virtue, and confound simple truths with sensual reveries?"
"A Vindication of the Rights of Women" by Mary Wollstonecraft
"Dover Beach"
Matthew Arnold
"The Slave Ship"
Modern Painters
Coverture
Once a woman marries, her legal existence as an individual was suspended under "marital unity," in which the husband and wife were considered a single entity: the husband. John Stuart Mill
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe bio
ROMANTIC PERIOD -Born in Frankfurt Germany -Accomplished in fields of: botany, mineralogy, anatomy, optics, literature and politics -Considered himself more of a European than a German "world literature is at hand and everyone must strive to hasten its approach" -great admirer of Napoleon - "Napoleon was the man! Always enlightened" saw him as a demi-god and enlightened.
Positive eugenics
Study/ belief in possibility of improving qualities of human species or a population, especially by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits Sir Francis Galton
identify: "If a trade of this kind can be justified by a moral principle, then there is absolutely no crime, however atrocious, that cannot be legitimized. Kings, princes, and magistrates are not owners of their subjects; therefore they are not entitled to their subjects' freedom, nor do they have the right to sell anyone into slavery."
The Encyclopedia by Denis Diderot
identify: "Is it their deference to a law, which obliges them to nothing, that forces them to trample on the Law of Nature, which obligates all men in all times and places? Is there any law that is as necessary as the external laws of equity? Can one raise the question of whether a judge is more obligated to observe them, than to respect the arbitrary and inhumane customs of colonies? / One might say that these colonies would be quickly ruined if the slavery of Negroes were abolished. If this is true, must we then presume that the Negro population must be horribly wronged for us to enrich ourselves, or provide for our luxury? It is true that robbers' purses would be empty if stealing were put to an end: but do men have the right to enrich themselves in such cruel and criminal ways in the first place? What gives a bandit the right to steal from passer-bys? Who is permitted to become wealthy by robbing his fellow men of their happiness? Is it legitimate to strip the human species of its most sacred rights, only to satisfy one's own greed, vanity, or particular passions? No...European colonies should be destroyed rather than create so many unfortunates!"
The Encyclopedia by Denis Diderot
identify: "One might say that these colonies would be quickly ruined if the slavery of Negroes were abolished. If this is true, must we then presume that the Negro population must be horribly wronged for us to enrich ourselves, or provide for our luxury? It is true that robbers' purses would be empty if stealing were put to an end: but do men have the right to enrich themselves in such cruel and criminal ways in the first place? What gives a bandit the right to steal from passer-bys? Who is permitted to become wealthy by robbing his fellow men of their happiness? Is it legitimate to strip the human species of its most sacred rights, only to satisfy one's own greed, vanity, or particular passions? No...European colonies should be destroyed rather than create so many unfortunates!"
The Encyclopedia by Denis Diderot
identify: "Slave trade is the purchase of Negroes made by Europeans on the coasts of Africa, who then employ these unfortunate men as slaves in their colonies. This purchase of Negroes to reduce them into slavery is a negotiation that violates all religion, morals, natural law, and human rights."
The Encyclopedia by Denis Diderot
identify: "There are some authors who set themselves up as political legal experts and who boldly say that questions relating to a society's condition must be decided by its national laws. They also argue that when a man is denoted a slave in America, he must remain a slave when he is transported to Europe. However, this results in deciding the rights of humanity by despicable civil laws, as Cicero said. Must not the magistrates of a nation, out of consideration for another nation, have any regard for their own species? Is it their deference to a law, which obliges them to nothing, that forces them to trample on the Law of Nature, which obligates all men in all times and places? Is there any law that is as necessary as the external laws of equity? Can one raise the question of whether a judge is more obligated to observe them, than to respect the arbitrary and inhumane customs of colonies?"
The Encyclopedia by Denis Diderot
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
The French
Thomas Carlyle's View on Napoleon
Thomas Carlyle considered Napoleon in his "Great Man" theory in On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841).
"On the Western Circuit"
Thomas Hardy
Pantheism
View that all nature is divinely unified and there are sparks of the divine throughout nature; compare w/Deistic view of most Enlightenment thinkers (including Alexander Pope, in Essay on Man)
"Leaves of Grass"
Walt Whitman ~Most famous lines: Captain, My Captain ~ Song of Myself
"The World is Too Much With Us"
William Wordsworth - Mood: separated from nature; frustration; anger/upset - "Getting and spending we lay waste our powers" a people have become consumed in the mundane everyday tasks and working and consumerism instead of paying attention to nature and its beauty feeling over rationalism = romantic spirit over enlightenment
"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge"
William Wordsworth (Sept 3, 1802) Mood: calm; Expressionistic feeling of nature; reverence of nature and beauty -About William's own individual experience before everyone in the city is awake
idée fixe
an idea or desire that dominates the mind; an obsession. coined by Berlioz.
Two Men by the Sea
by Casper David Friedrich
Liberty Leading the People
by Eugene Delacroix (Painted self in - Top Hat) His most influential work - 1830 -Depiction of the french revolution -Ppl participating/following the Lady of Liberty
The Third of May
by Francis Goya Romanticism in art -witnessed French occupation by Spain (Napoleon = france leader) -executed at point blank and his sympathy is demonstrated through the emotional aspect of the citizens being gunned down (many are covering their faces in horror) -very dark painting, dark colors, faceless French soldiers -Goya was commissioned by Spanish Gov to paint this -morning of inhumanity of war (theme of the painting) -emotional response, showing his fear/feelings in the moment before death (defining feature of romantic art/literature)
The Stone Breakers
by Gustave Courbet
The Third-Class Carriage
by Honore Daumier
The Cleaners
by Jean-Francois Millet
Discipline and Punish
by Michel Foucault
Raft of the Medusa
by Theodore Gericault Iconic romantic painting -ship hit reef off coast of west Africa -got a raft and drifted for 2 weeks -many died and the rest turned to cannibalism -Gericault interviewed remaining survivors -drama comes from humanity of their situation -- outrage + emotional response -Shows their heroism
Sublime
of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe Casper David Friedrich--Monk by the Sea (1810)
Zeitgeist
the dominant set of ideals and beliefs that motivate the actions of the members of a society in a particular period in time Matthew Arnold
Dorothy Wordsworth Bio
~ (1771-1855) ~ third child out of five ~ devoted her life to brother, William ~ scribe to him ~ "unlady-like" ~ kept journals for 30 years for "his pleasure" ~ praised by Coleridge: "
John Stuart Mill Bio
~(1806-1873) ~ experimental, homeschool education ~ Jeremy Bentham was his godfather ~ Founded utilitarianism ~ Eldest of 9 siblings, tutored them ~ worked in the East India Office ~ married Harriet Taylor, 20 years after her husband died ~ Wrote poetry to feel emotions ~ Thomas Hardy called On Liberty a cure for despair
William Wordsworth biographical points
- Born in the Lake District, in England ● Orphaned when he was 13 years old, sister Dorothy would be a poetic companion and secretary ● Walking Tour of Europe ● Fathered a child in France, but was unable to marry due to political situation (caused tremendous grief) ● Greatly influenced by the French Revolution ● Brought spirit of revolution to poetry; saw the need to give voice to the common man ● Collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge ○ Preface to Lyrical Ballads (1798) ● Believed poetry should convey intensely personal individual expression (see "Composed upon Westminster Bridge")
Eugene Delacroix
-Born in France -French Romantic painter
Autobiography Chapter 5 main points
-Depression @ 20 Father wouldn't understand bc all of his ed was his work -Read Marmontel's "Memories," and came to a passage about his father's death - felt like the character and came out of the funk slightly -Related to Wordsworth
Romantic period: Characteristics
-Emphasis on Emotion, celebration of the individual, ambition, pantheism -Valued individual truths -Man seeking to go beyond limits of reason -Saw human nature as good and threatened by institutions -Anti institutions, pro common man -Actively struggle against restraint and conformity -Poetry reflects innovation -Celebration of romantic hero who overreaches/ oversteps conventional bounds (ex. Napoleon on fost) -Saw imagination as visionary force -Celebration of feeling and passion -Wisdom inherent in children -Pantheism (saw God in nature) -Organic growing universe -Writers were fascinated with the wild or grotesque in nature.
Neoclassical Architecture guiding principles
-Pantheon in Paris is modeled off one in Rome -Neoclassical because it is based off of classical
Napoleon Crossing the Alps, 1805
-Represents Napoleon as "hero to the cause" of the French revolution idea of the french revolution -napoleon is powerful -romantic hero - Pointing hand is "leading" viewer to what lies ahead (and the soldiers up the hill)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
-family of 12 children ~ alcoholic father ~ Trinity College at Cambridge University ~ Part of "the Apostles," a group of men who discussed literature and philosophy ~ became a Poet Laureate ~ triumphs b/c of the "quality of its doubt" ~ In Memoriam: "tooth and claw"
The Death of Socrates
-inspiration for French revolutionaries, they should die for the better of society -bold colors, centered around the sacrifice of Socrates -Neoclassical style (ancient statues) -Socrates convicted of corrupting youth of Athens/introducing strange gods, and has been sentenced to die by drinking poison hemlock
The 3 paintings by Jean Louis David
1) The Death of Socrates 2) The Death of Marat 3) Napoleon Crossing the Alps, 1805
Dies Irae
A Latin hymn formerly sung in a Mass for the dead Hector Berlioz: Symphonie Fantastique: Dream of a Witches' Sabbath--inspired by Goethe's Faust
"An Essay on Man"
Alexander Pope trying to explain the nature of the world and why things are the way they are ~says there is a place for everything on Earth and there is an ultimate form of order in the world ~The Great Chain of being — god at the head, vegetable life at the bottom, followed by animals, man, upper class man, etc. (there is order at the heart of the universe) -says it is okay not to know, we don't need to know everything -trust god's order/reasoning
In Memoriam
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Dream of a Witches' Sabbath
Berlioz - Inspired by Goethe's Faust; Listen for the Dies Irae (or "Day of Wrath" chant)
Symphonie Fantastique
By Hector Berlioz (for Harriet Smithson)
The Potato Eaters
By Vincent Van Gogh -Inspired by Millet in wanting to depict the rural, working classes, but wanted a stronger statement. -Strived to paint the faces: "The color of a good, dusty potato, unpeeled naturally," and to convey the idea that these people had "used the same hands with which they now take food from the plate to dig the earth [...] and had thus earned their meal honestly."
"To Marry of Not to Marry"
Charles Darwin
Autobiography
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin
The Descent of Man
Charles Darwin
The Voyage of the Beagle
Charles Darwin
The Blacking Factory
Charles Dickens
Naturalism
Coined by Zola -Literary movement that emphasizes observation and scientific method in fictional portrayal of reality. -Novelists writing in the naturalist mode include Émile Zola (its founder), Thomas Hardy
Degeneration
Darwin
"Slave Trade" from the Encyclopedia
Denis Diderot
The Encyclopedia
Denis Diderot ~states that if slave trade is legal, then all other forms of crime can therefore be justified as well (he fought for/spoke out about abolition of slavery)
Negative eugenics
Discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits Sir Francis Galton
Germinal
Emile Zola
identify: "As long as he's alive on Earth, So long as that I won't forbid it, For while man strives he errs."
Faust by Goethe
identify: "It's written here: 'In the Beginning was the Word!' Here I stick already! Who can help me? It's absurd, 1225 Impossible, for me to rate the word so highly I must try to say it differently If I'm truly inspired by the Spirit. I find I've written here: 'In the Beginning was the Mind'. Let me consider that first sentence, 1230 So my pen won't run on in advance! Is it Mind that works and creates what's ours? It should say: 'In the beginning was the Power!' Yet even while I write the words down, I'm warned: I'm no closer with these I've found. 1235 The Spirit helps me! I have it now, intact. "
Faust by Goethe
identify: "It's your idea of me you're equal to, Not me!"
Faust by Goethe
identify: "My peace is gone, My heart is sore: I'll find it, never, Oh, nevermore. 3405 My heart aches To be with him, Oh if I could Cling to him, And kiss him, 3410 The way I wish, So I might die, At his kiss! "
Faust by Goethe
identify: "Shall I fear you: you form of fire? I am, I am Faust: I am your peer! "
Faust by Goethe
identify: "So I've given myself to Magic art"
Faust by Goethe
identify: "That lovely child, far off, alone there, 4185 Travelling slowly, so painfully, As if her feet were chained together. I must admit, without question She's the image of my sweet Gretchen. Forget all that! It benefits no one. It's a lifeless magic form, a phantom. 4190 Encountering it will do you no good: Its fixed stare freezes human blood, And then one's almost turned to stone: Medusa's story is surely known. Those are the eyes of the dead, truly, 4195 No loving hand has closed their void. That's the breast Gretchen offered to me: That's the sweet body I enjoyed. It's magic, fool: you're an easy one to move! She comes to all, as if she were their love. What delight! What pain! I can't turn from her, again. Strange, around her lovely throat, A single scarlet cord adorns her, Like a knife-cut, and no wider! That's right! I see it too: and note, She can carry her head under her arm, Since Perseus did her that fatal harm. Always desire for that illusion! Come on, climb this bit of mountain: 4210 It's as lively as the Vienna Prater, And if no one's deceiving me, I'm looking at a genuine theatre. You're showing? It'll be on again shortly. A fresh performance: last of seven. 4215 That number, for us, is traditional. An amateur's written it, and then It's amateurs who perform it all. Forgive me, sir, if I break off here, Since I'm the amateur curtain-raiser. That I find you on the Blocksberg's good, Since I find you exactly where I should. "
Faust by Goethe
identify: "That mind alone never loses hope, That keeps to the shallows eternally, Grabs, with eager hand, the wealth it sees, And rejoices at the worms for which it gropes! 605 Dare such a human voice echo, too, Where this depth of Spirit surrounds me? Ah yet! For just this once, my thanks to you, You sorriest of all earth's progeny! You've torn me away from that despair, 610 That would have soon overwhelmed my senses. Ah! The apparition was so hugely there, It might have truly dwarfed my defences. I, image of the Godhead, already one, Who thought the spirit of eternal truth so near, 615 Enjoying the light, both heavenly and clear, Setting to one side the earthbound man: I, more than Angel, a free force, Ready to flow through Nature's veins, And, in creating, enjoy the life divine, 620 Pulsing with ideas: must atone again! A word like thunder swept me away. I dare not measure myself against you. I possessed the power to summon you, But not the power to make you stay. 625 In that blissful moment, then I felt myself so small, so great: Cruelly you hurled me back again, Into Man's uncertain state. What shall I learn from? Or leave? 630 Shall I obey that yearning? Ah! Our actions, and not just our grief, Impede us on life's journey. Some more and more alien substance presses On the splendour that the Mind conceives: 635 And when we gain what this world possesses, We say the better world's dream deceives. The splendid feelings that give us life, Fade among the crowd's earthly strife. If imagination flew with courage, once, 640 And, full of hope, stretched out to eternity, Now a little room is quite enough, When joy on joy has gone, in time's whirling sea. Care has nested in the heart's depths, Restless, she rocks there, spoiling joy and rest, 645 There she works her secret pain, And wears new masks, ever and again, Appears as wife and child, fields and houses, As water, fire, or knife or poison: Still we tremble for what never strikes us, 650 And must still cry for what has not yet gone. I am no god: I feel it all too deeply. I am the worm that writhes in dust: see, As in the dust it lives, and seeks to eat, It's crushed and buried by the passing feet. 655 Is this not dust, what these vaults hold, These hundred shelves that cramp me: This junk, and all the thousand-fold Shapes, of a moth-ridden world, around me? Will I find here what I'm lacking else, 660 Shall I read, perhaps, as a thousand books insist, That Mankind everywhere torments itself, So, here and there, some happy man exists? What do you say to me, bare grinning skull? Except that once your brain whirled like mine"
Faust by Goethe
identify: "When I lie quiet in bed, at ease. Then let my time be done! If you fool me, with flatteries, Till my own self's a joy to me, 1695 If you snare me with luxury - Let that be the last day I see! That bet I'll make! Done! And quickly! When, to the Moment then, I say: 'Ah, stay a while! You are so lovely!"
Faust by Goethe
identify: "You're still there! Oh, it's quite unheard of. We're enlightened now, so take yourselves off! The Devil's crew's discounted by every rule: 4160 Yet though clever, still we're haunted, in Tegel, too. Well listen: here we're bored with it! I tell you, Spirit, to your face: 4165 For me, spirit-rule has no place: Because my spirit can't exercise it. (The dance continues.)"
Faust by Goethe
Verismo
Giacomo Puccini
Realism
Giacomo Puccini: composer of operas Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Hardy
Deistic
God not interfering directly w the world Enlightenment period
"Faust"
Goethe
identify: "Napoleon was the man! Always enlightened, always clear and decided, and endowed with sufficient energy to carry into effect whatever he considered advantageous and necessary. His life was the stride of a demi-god, from battle to battle, and from victory to victory. It might well be said of him, that he was found in a state of continual enlightenment. On this account, his destiny was more brilliant than any the world had seen before him, or perhaps will ever see after him."
Goethe, Conversations With Eckermann
identify: "National literature is now rather an unmeaning term; the epoch of World literature is at hand and every one must strive to hasten its approach. But while we thus value what is foreign, we must not bind ourselves to anything in particular and regard it as a model. We must not give this value to the Chinese or the Serbian or Calderon or the Nibelungen, but if we really want a pattern we must always return to the ancient Greeks in whose works the beauty of mankind is constantly represented. All the rest we must look at only historically appropriating to ourselves what is good so far as it goes."
Goethe, Conversations With Eckermann
The Death of Marat
Jean Louis David -painted as a martyr (suggestion of Christian sacrifice of Marat) -emphasis on individual (Romanticism); white clothing represents the light in the darkness
identify: "And the Lord said unto Satan, Behold, all that he hath is in thy power; only upon himself put not forth thine hand. So Satan went forth from the presence of the Lord."
Job 1:12
The Nature of Gothic
John Ruskin 1) The imperfect Gothic style becomes representative of man's own inherent imperfection in relation to God. -Man can never be perfect on his own w/out God, and is better to have churches (or holy places) which reflect this rather than holy places (temples) which are based on perfect mathematical proportions. 2) The non-uniformity or the variations w/in Gothic style means that you see the marks of the individual character of the workman. -Thus, workman is not a slave who builds according to a pre-set "perfect" model, but becomes active in dynamic process which re-imagines different features as needed for individual churches. -Thus, soul of the laborer is validated, at least according to Ruskin, in the Gothic style. -It is imperfect, yes, but is built by man rather than a machine, and there is something ennobling in this
On Liberty
John Stuart Mill
The Subjection of Women
John Stuart Mill
Autobiography Chapter 1 main points
John Stuart Mill Chapter 1: -Eldest son of James Mill, author of The History of British India -Large family with low income -First learned Greek at 3 - Learned Latin at 8 Did not have a lot of interaction with other boys "Children with energetic parents, grow up un-energetic" bc they lean on their parents energy
Bourgeoisie
Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels Communist Manifesto -Modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production, employers of wage labor
Proletariat
Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles Communist Manifesto -modern wage laborers who, having no means of production of their ow are reduced to sell labor power in order to live
The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
"A Vindication of the Rights of Women"
Mary Wollstonecraft ~Says law of nature dictates, conversely to Diderot's ideals, says that even though men may appear greater in terms of physicality doesn't mean that women should be counted out or made secondhand citizens ~Advocated that women don't need to waste time making their appearance ultra-femme in order to "prove" anything to men ~She chose to dress in a more masculine type of way