Human A&P Ch.19,20,21
The average end-diastolic volume of the ventricles is about __________ , whereas the end-systolic volume is about __________ .
130 mL, 50 mL
Which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart? 1. arterial dilation 2. valves in the veins 3. changing respiratory pressures 4. compression of veins by muscular movements
2, 3, 4
Arrange the following events of coagulation in proper sequence. 1. prothrombin ® thrombin 2. fibrinogen ® fibrin 3. activation of factor XII 4. formation of prothrombinase
3, 4, 1, 2
When stimulated by erythropoietin to produce red blood cells, the hemocytoblast deliver these new cells in
4 days
Choose the arrangement that lists the chemicals in the order in which they would be used for coagulation. 1. thrombin 2. fibrinogen 3. prothrombinase 4. activated Factor XII
4, 3, 1, 2
Each erythrocyte carries how many oxygen atoms?
1 billion
temperature of blood?
100.4
Given these valves: 1. aortic semilunar valve 2. bicuspid (mitral) valve 3. pulmonary semilunar valve 4. tricuspid valve. Arrange them in the order in which an erythrocyte would pass through them after returning to the heart from the left arm.
4,3,2,1
The heart lies between the lungs in a region called the
mediastinum
The cardioregulatory center of the brain is located in the
medulla oblongata.
Which of the following is an agranulocyte?
monocytes
Macrophages are derived from
monocytes.
The greater the compliance the
more easily the vessel wall stretches.
The pericardial sac is lined with
parietal pericardium.
Between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium is the
pericardial cavity containing pericardial fluid.
The pale yellow fluid that makes up about 55% of blood volume is
plasma
Jaundice is a buildup of __________ in the circulation and interstitial spaces.
bilirubin
Jaundice is associated with plasma and interstitial space buildup of
bilirubin
The difference between resting and maximal cardiac output is
cardiac reserve.
arota
carries blood from the left ventricle into systemic circulation
pulmonary veins
carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium
pulmonary arteries
carries blood from the pulmonary trunk to the lungs
pulmonary trunk
carries blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries
When a person develops a sore throat, white blood cells are drawn to the area of infection by a process called
chemotaxis.
Occlusion of which of the following would primarily damage the left ventricle?
circumflex artery
Once blood is moved past a valve, it holds that blood until the next surge pushes it
closer to the heart.
Increased number of reticulocytes in circulating blood indicates
erythropoiesis
The cascade of events in the intrinsic pathway can be set into motion when _____ comes into contact with collagen.
factor XII
On this diagram label pulse point "D". A. femoral artery B. radial artery C. common carotid artery D. popliteal artery E. brachial artery
femoral artery
The plasma component that forms fibrin, the insoluble protein, in a blood clot is
fibrinogen.
The pericardial layer that is tough and protective is the
fibrous pericardium.
1) the number of erythrocytes in a milliliter sample of blood 2) the number of leukocytes in a milliliter sample of blood
first item is greater than the second item.
1) the rate of erythropoiesis when erythropoietin is present 2) the rate of erythropoiesis when erythropoietin is absent
first item is greater than the second item.
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are all
formed elements
The cellular components of blood, representing 45% of blood volume are called
formed elements
Although cardiac muscle cells are short and branched, special cell connections allow them to
function as single unit, both electrically and functionally
Action potentials pass from one myocardial cell to another through areas of low electrical resistance called
gap junctions.
Stem cells
give rise to formed elements in the blood.
Which of these components of hemoglobin is correctly matched with its fate following the destruction of an erythrocyte?
globin -- broken down into amino acids
Continuous capillaries
have a wall where the endothelial cells fit very tightly together.
Stroke volume and heart rate may increase cardiac output to 18-30 l/ min in
healthy adults.
The study of blood is called
hematology
The stem cell capable of dividing to produce any formed element cell line is the
hemocytoblast
The function of plasmin is to
hydrolyze fibrin.
According to Poiseuille's law,
if resistance increases, flow decreases.
If the heart receives more sympathetic stimulation than parasympathetic stimulation, the heart will
increase its rate and force of contraction.
Stimulation of the heart via the sympathetic nerves would
increase the force of ventricular contraction.
Below is a diagram of RBC production? What does "E" represent?
increased blood oxygen
Which of the following factors would cause an increase in heart rate?
increased epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla
Below is a diagram of RBC production? What does "C" represent?
increased erythropoietin
Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and cause
increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial
infarction.
Plasma
is a colloidal solution.
The heart
is a four-chambered muscular pump.
Heparin
is a potent anticoagulant.
The velocity of blood flow inside a blood vessel
is faster in the center of the blood vessel.
Plasma
is the liquid matrix of the blood.
The endocardium
is the smooth inner lining of the heart chambers.
Blood does not enter or leave the ventricles during the period called
isovolumic contraction.
Below is a diagram of RBC production? What does "B" represent?
kidney
Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries?
kidney
An incompetent mitral valve may cause blood to back up into the
left atrium
The anterior interventricular artery is a branch of the
left coronary artery.
The chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressure is the
left ventricle.
tricuspid valve
located between the right atrium and right ventricle
pulmonary valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
The blood flows through the _______ of each vessel.
lumen
An incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching the
lungs
Which of the following cell types is incorrectly matched with its description?
lymphocytes - become macrophages
Old, damaged, or defective erythrocytes are removed from the blood by
macrophages.
Veins
may contain valves and are lined with endothelium.
Blood pressure is the
measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.
When a blood vessel is damaged, which of the following events occurs last?
platelets begin to stick to each other and form a plug.
Capillary walls serve as effective permeability barriers for
proteins.
Pressure in the right ventricle must exceed pressure in the ____ before the right ventricle can eject blood.
pulmonary trunk
These vessels open directly into the left atrium.
pulmonary veins
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is the _____________, felt as a throbbing over arteries.
pulse pressure
On this diagram label pulse point "C". A. femoral artery B. radial artery C. common carotid artery D. popliteal artery E. brachial artery
radial artery
Hemolysis is rupture of
red blood cells
Below is a diagram of RBC production? What does "D" represent?
red bone marrow
The pericardial fluid
reduces friction as the heart beats.
The major function of arterioles is to
regulate the flow of blood reaching the capillary beds downstream from them.
Functions of plasma proteins include
regulation of osmotic pressure.
The process of erythropoiesis
requires vitamin B12 and folate.& is stimulated when oxygen decreases in the blood.
inferior vena cava
returns blood to the heart from the lower extremities
superior vena cava
returns blood to the heart from the upper extremities
Blood in the superior vena cava will enter the _____.
right atrium
Which of these conditions occur in a normal individual living at a high altitude?
secondary polycythemia
The liquid material remaining after blood-clotting proteins have been removed as a result of clotting is called
serum
An increased amount of heparin in the blood might
slow down the clotting process.
The vasa vasorum are
special capillaries that supply nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins.
Cells in the red bone marrow that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood are called
stem cells.
End-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume is equal to
stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped during each cardiac cycle is the
stroke volume
Which of the following best describes arteries?
strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure
List the path of blood as it travels through the heart. Include all vessels, valves, chambers and tissues.
superior and inferior vena cava...right atrium...tricuspid valve...right ventricle..pulmonary valve.....pulmonary trunk...pulmonary arteries....lungs...pulmonary veins....left atrium....bicuspid valve....left ventricle....aortic valve....aorta
The great veins and arteries are connected to the heart at the
superiorly located base.
What occurs during the time between the first heart sound and the second heart sound?
systole
Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular
systole.
Resistance in the cardiovascular system
tends to increase if blood viscosity increases.
Which of the following will depolarize immediately after the AV node depolarizes?
the AV bundle
You are normally unable to see a waveform indicating repolarization of the atria on an ECG because
the QRS complex is such a large electrical event, it hides the waveform.
If oxygen and nutrients are not needed at the time or if these products are required urgently somewhere else in the body, the precapillary sphincters vasoconstrict, allowing blood to flow from the through the
throughfare channel to the postcapillary venule.
If a person develops high blood pressure, one of the compensatory mechanisms that comes into play is the fluid shift mechanism. This mechanism causes
water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces.
The major component of plasma is
Water.
In a normal electrocardiogram, the
QRS complex results from ventricular depolarization.
The major plasma protein that does NOT leave the capillary, facilitating fluid re-entry is
albumin
Which of the following plasma proteins is most abundant?
albumin
Which of the following functions is associated with the blood?
delivery of oxygen to tissue cells
Depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell occurs as the result of
the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.
The period of isovolumic contraction is immediately followed by
the period of ejection.
As viscosity of the blood increases,
the pressure required to force it to flow increases.
In the cardiac cycle,
the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract.
Which of the following acts as a storage area for blood?
the veins
The cardiac electrical impulse normally begins spontaneously in the SA node because
this area depolarizes more rapidly than any other portion of the conduction system.
The QRS complex of the ECG appears as the
ventricles depolarize
The smallest vessels leading back to the heart are called ______.
venules
The first and second heart sounds are most directly related to
vibrations that occur when the valves close.
The pericardial layer that is in contact with the heart is the
visceral pericardium.
Each hemoglobin molecule has __________ heme group(s) and __________ globin molecule(s).
4,4
Total blood volume (in liters) in the body?
4-6 liters
% of blood that represents formed elements
45%
Arrange the following five events in the order they occur as erythrocytes are broken down:
5. hemoglobin is broken down to heme groups and globin molecules 3. biliverdin is produced 4. free bilirubin is produced 1. bilirubin is conjugated to glucuronic acid 2. bilirubin is excreted in bile
% of blood that is plasma?
55%
If the heart rate for a patient is 80 bpm, and her stroke volume is 70 mL/beat, then her cardiac output is
5600 mL/min
The PMI is located
5th intercoastal space, 7.5 cms to the left of the midline.
pH range of blood?
7.35-7.45
% of total body weight represented by blood?
8%
% of Water in plasma?
91%
Use the following key to mark the most correct answer. A) Choose A if the first item is greater than the second item. B) Choose B if the first item is less than the second item. C) Choose C if the first item is equal or nearly equal to the second item. 1) heart rate after stimulation of the cardiac nerves; 2) heart rate after stimulation of the vagus nerve
A) Choose A if the first item is greater than the second item.
Which of the formed elements are correctly matched with its alternate name
A. Red blood cells------Erythrocytes B. White blood cells------Leukocytes C. Platelets-----Thrombocytes
Which of these statements is true? A. The great cardiac vein collects blood from the anterior surface of the heart. B. The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the left atrium. C. The left coronary artery is a branch of the left pulmonary vein. D. The coronary arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk. E. The coronary sinus returns blood to the left atrium.
A. The great cardiac vein collects blood from the anterior surface of the heart.
Platelets
A. are also known as thrombocytes. B. are actually fragments of cells. C. play a role in preventing blood loss. D. can become sticky when exposed to connective tissue
Which of the following cell types is incorrectly matched with its description?
A. basophils - release histamine C. neutrophils - most numerous WBC D. eosinophils - parasites; decrease inflammation E. monocytes - largest of the WBC
Which of the following characterize the connective tissue components of blood?
A. formed elements B. plasma C. clotting factors
The biconcave shape of a red blood cell allows this cell to
A. pass through narrow capillaries B. maximizes its surface area for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
In the adult, hematopoiesis takes place in red bone marrow found in the
A. ribs and and sternum B. vertebrae and pelvis C. proximal femur and proximal humerus
Which of the following is/are true of the heart?
A. size of a closed fist B. hollow C. weighs less than a pound. D. has a superior base and an inferior apex
The alteration of blood flow, due to the action of the precapillary sphincters, depends on pillary.
A. the immediate needs of the tissue bed it supplies. B. the abscence of a more urgent need somewhere else in the body. C. the autoregulation of the precapillary sphincters.
Functions of blood include
A. transport B. regulation C. protection
During the isovolumic contraction period of the cardiac cycle,
AV and semilunar valves are closed
The group of modified cardiac muscle cells that delays action potentials between the atria and the atrioventricular bundle is called the
AV node
When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, the
AV valves close.
If the SA node becomes damaged and nonfunctional, which of these is the most likely to occur?
Another part of the heart, possibly the AV node, will become the pacemaker.
If the SA node is nonfunctional, which of the following is most likely to occur?
Another portion of the heart will become the pacemaker.
Use the following key to choose the most correct answer. A) Choose this if the first item is greater than the second item. B) Choose this if the first item is less than the second item. C) Choose this if the first item is equal or nearly equal to the second item. 1) systolic pressure; 2) diastolic pressure
B
Which of the following sequences is correct? A. Purkinje fibers, bundle branches, AV node, AV bundle, SA node B. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers C. AV node, AV bundle, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle branches D. AV node, SA node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers E. SA node, AV bundle, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
B. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
When blood pressure increases, a number of events occur that return blood pressure to normal. Which of the following is one of the events that occurs after an increase in blood pressure? A. Baroreceptors are stimulated. B. Action potential frequency to the cardioregulatory center of brain decreases. C. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases. D. Heart rate increases. E. An increase in number of action potentials in the cardiac nerve.
Baroreceptors are stimulated
On this diagram label pulse point "A". A. femoral artery B. radial artery C. common carotid artery D. popliteal artery E. brachial artery
C. common carotid artery
From the heart to body tissues, which of the following sequences of vessels is correct? A. muscular artery, arteriole, elastic artery, capillary B. arteriole, muscular artery, elastic artery, capillary C. elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillary D. elastic artery, arteriole, muscular artery, capillary E. distributing artery, muscular artery, medium artery, capillary
C. elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillary
Long term regulation of blood pressure A. has a much slower onset than short term blood pressure regulation. B. utilizes hormones to regulate blood volume, enhancing filtrate formation and fluid loss in urine, decreasing blood volume and therefore decreasing blood pressure. C. may use of the interstitial spaces to hide extra fluid when blood pressure is high. and to tap into this reservoir when blood pressure is low. D. all may be true.
D. all may be true
Which of the following statements regarding intrinsic regulation of the heart is true?
If cardiac muscle fibers are slightly stretched, they have a stronger contraction force.
The AV valve (AV means atrio-ventricular) that is located on the same side of the heart as the origin of the aorta is the
bicuspid valve
Which of the following statements regarding leukocytes is true?
Leukocytes are the largest of the formed elements.
__________ are the smallest leukocytes; some produce antibodies.
Lymphocytes
In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true?
Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary.
In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true? 1. Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary. 2. Interstitial fluid normally has a higher osmotic pressure than plasma. 3. Constriction of the precapillary sphincter will increase blood pressure in the capillary. 4. Interstitial protein concentration is normally higher than plasma protein concentration. 5. Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary enters the lymphatic system.
Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary.
Which of the following is true? A. The semilunar valves remain closed throughout ventricular systole. B. Blood enters the right and left atria only during diastole. C. During ventricular systole, the AV valves open. D. Most ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract. E.Most of end-diastolic volume comes from active filling.
Most ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract.
__________ are phagocytic, have a multilobed nucleus, and make up the largest percentage of leukocytes.
Neutrophils
Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the shape of the _________ in an ECG tracing
QRS complex
Anemia may result from a
decrease in the number of RBCs
The "pacemaker" of the heart is the
SA node.
Concerning heart sounds, which of the following is correct?
The first heart sound occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole.
Which of these descriptions of the heart's location is correct?
The heart lies obliquely in the mediastinum.
Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true? A. The innermost layer of blood moves at the lowest velocity. B. Laminar blood flow occurs when blood flows past an area of constriction. C. The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow. D. In laminar blood flow, the rapid rate of blood flow exceeds critical velocity. E. It makes lots of different noises.
The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow.
Which of the following statements concerning blood vessel walls is true? A. The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall. B. The tunica media is found in all blood vessels except veins. C. The tunica adventitia is composed of smooth muscle and endothelium. D. Capillaries have both a tunica intima and a tunica media. E. Vessel diameter is control primarily by the tunica intima.
The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall.
If fluid is collecting in the interstitial space, then blood volume......venous return.....which means preload is ______________.
decreased
Below is a diagram of RBC production? What does "A" represent?
decreased blood oxygen
A person with an increased eosinophil count might be suffering from
a allergic reaction.
Which of the following would increase resistance to blood flow?
a decrease in the radius of the vessel
If your son is diagnosed with hemophilia, he would have
a disorder of the clotting process.
When blood pressure is greater than the blood colloid osmotic pressure, there is
a net movement of fluid out of the capillary
The period of time in which the myocardium is insensitive to further stimulation is called the
absolute refractory period.
When comparing cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells,
action potentials are conducted from cell to cell only in cardiac muscle.
Which of the following happen when a person stands in one place for a long period of time? A. Gravity causes an increased accumulation of blood in the veins in the feet and legs. B. Blood pressure rises in the venules of the feet. C. Without muscular movement the pressure at the venous end of the capillaries increases. D. Edema may occur in the lower extremities. E. All of the above
all of the above
When a prepotential in the SA node reaches threshold,
an action potential is generated.
Edema can occur when there is
an decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure.
Within normal limits, an increase in preload leads to
an increase in cardiac output and force of left ventricular contraction.
When a person rises quickly from a lying position, there is
an increase in vasomotor sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction..
During the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, blood exits the left ventricle through the
aorta
As soon as left ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the aorta, the
aortic semilunar valve opens.
Ventricular contraction begins at the
apex of the heart
Chemoreceptors
are located in the aortic and carotid bodies
Cardiac muscle cells
are maintained by an extensive capillary network.
__________carry oxygen rich blood from the heart through the first part of the systemic circulation.
arteries
__________ are the smallest branches of the artery delivery system.
arterioles
The action potentials are slowed at the AV node to allow the
atria to complete their contraction.
The P wave of an ECG indicates
atrial depolarization.
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the body reacts immediately by way of the
baroreceptor mechanism.
Baron von Quacko, famous tag-team wrestler, has a famous "sleeper hold" that he uses on his opponents. Using only a single digit on each hand, he presses on his opponent's neck until his opponent passes out. What are the structures on which he is pressing and what is the effect?
baroreceptors in carotid sinus; peripheral vasodilation and decreased heart rate
Blood vessels enter and exit from the _____ of the heart.
base
These leukocytes produce heparin and histamine; they play a role in inflammatory and allergic reactions.
basophils
Blood is more viscous than water. This is because it
becomes more dense when cells are added
Hematopoiesis is the process of
blood cell production.
A force that attracts fluid into the capillary from the tissue spaces is
blood colloid osmotic pressure.
A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is
blood pressure
Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced
blood supply to cardiac muscle.
On this diagram label pulse point "B". A. femoral artery B. radial artery C. common carotid artery D. popliteal artery E. brachial artery
brachial artery
In which of the following clinical situations would you expect edema? A. shock (which is accompanied by low blood pressure) B. burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins) C. dehydration (which results in low blood pressure) D. vomiting (which leads to a decreased plasma volume) E. diarrhea (which leads to a decreased blood volume)
burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins)
Efficient exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the blood to the tissues is the job of the ______________.
capillaries
The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of
capillaries.
The product of the stroke volume times the heart rate is known as the
cardiac output.
Which of the following is mismatched? A. opening of sodium fast channels - depolarization B. closing of calcium slow channels - plateau phase C. opening of potassium channels - rapid repolarization D. closure of sodium channels - early repolarization E. opening of calcium slow channels - plateau phase
closing of calcium slow channels - plateau phase
Fibrinolysis is responsible for
clot dissolution
Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis?
coagulation
Distributing arteries
contain a thick tunica media.
The blood-brain barrier is a special ________________, containing abundant tight junctions and no intercellular clefts.
continuous capillary.
Precapillary sphincters
control the blood flow into capillary beds.
Which of the following events is one of the three main stages of coagulation?
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
The great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein empty into a venous cavity called the
coronary sinus.
The epicardium
covers the surface of the heart.
The spontaneous opening of sodium fast channels marks the beginning of ____ of a myocardial cell.
depolarization
The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called
diapedesis
Which of these areas does NOT contain red marrow in the adult?
distal femur
Plasma is considered a colloid because it contains suspended substances that
don't settle out in solution
The tricuspid valve is closed
during ejection.
The blood vessels that are under the greatest pressure are the
elastic arteries.
The lining of a capillary is called the
endothelium.
These leukocytes produce enzymes that reduce the inflammatory response and are associated with allergies or parasitic infections.
eosinophils
Another name for the visceral pericardium is the
epicardium.
The most numerous formed element is the
erythrocyte
Lack of cytoplasmic organelles is important to red blood cells because
more space is available to carry hemoglobin
The muscle layer of the heart, whose fuction is to act as the pump for the cardiovascular system is the
myocardium
Which of the following layers forms the bulk of the heart wall?
myocardium
The most numerous of the leukocytes is the
neutrophil
Which leukocyte's main function is phagocytosis; these are the first cells to respond?
neutrophils
Where is oxygen attached on a hemoglobin molecule?
on the iron attached to the heme
The plateau phase seen during the action potential of a cardiac muscle cell is due to the
opening of calcium slow channels.
When large quantities of blood are lost, erythrocytes must be replaced to restore
oxygen-carrying capacity.
During platelet plug formation,
platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels.
The central nervous system ischemic response
plays an important role in controlling blood pressure under emergency conditions.
On this diagram label pulse point "E". A. femoral artery B. radial artery C. common carotid artery D. popliteal artery E. brachial artery
popliteal artery
Which of the following phrases would apply to cardiac muscle cells?
possess special cell-to-cell contacts called intercalated discs
Which of the following events occurs first?
prepotential
Contraction of the papillary muscles would
prevent the AV valves from protruding into the atria.
The long refractory period observed in cardiac muscle
prevents tetanic contractions of the cardiac muscle.
A blood clot that forms when a blood vessel is cut is an example of blood functioning in
protection
Afterload is
the arterial pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood.
When left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure
the bicuspid (mitral) valve opens.
A stab wound into the heart can result in cardiac tamponade. This means that
the heart is compressed by blood in the pericardial sac.
Increased vagal stimulation would cause
the heart rate to decrease.
What makes blood an unusual connective tissue is
the highly fluid nature of its extracellular matrix and the lack of fibers there.
E.Z. Goen is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When E.Z. asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in
the inner lining of the heart.
Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____.
the liquid portion of blood; the cells
In the extrinsic pathway, damaged tissues release
tissue factor (TF)
Stroke volume and heart rate may increase cardiac output to 40 l/ min in
trained athletes.
The outer layer of a blood vessel, composed of connective tissue and scattered elastic fibers is called the
tunica externa
This layer lines the lumen and is composed of endothelium and connective tissue.
tunica intima
Which coat of an artery contains endothelium?
tunica intima
Arteries can constrict or dilate as needed because of the smooth muscle found in the
tunica media.
Sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate blood vessel walls, allowing for vasoconstiction and vasodilation are found primarily in the
tunica media.
When the tissue needs oxygen and nutrients, the precapillary sphincters ________.
vasodilate, filling the capillary bed with nutrients and oxygen.
The middle layer of a blood vessel, contains smooth muscle that allows the vessel to increse in diameter, a property called ___________________.
vasodilation
The vessels carrying oxygen poor blood and waste products away from the tissues and all the way back to the heart are called ___________.
veins
Valves similar to semilunar valves are found in some
veins
The chemoreceptor reflexes help maintain homeostasis
when carbon dioxide levels increase.
bicuspid valve
when closed, prevents the back-flow of blood into the left atrium
aortic valve
when closed, prevents the back-flow of blood into the left ventricle