Human Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Unit 1 Exam Studying

Which of the following is not an example of the body's use of homeostasis to regulate the internal environment? Being covered with a blanket when you are cold Jerking the hand away to withdraw from a painful stimulus Shivering Sweating

Being covered with a blanket when you are cold

Which of the following events is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

Blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured

Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. Correct The principle of the complementarity of structure and function states that what a structure can do depends on its specific form. For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits.

Which of the following is true concerning appropriate atmospheric pressure? Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure. The body will use as much oxygen that is available and this is why oxygen is often used in a medical setting to improve healing. The body is able to adapt to any atmospheric condition. The high water content of the body maintains the force that air exerts on the surface of the body.

Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure.

When considering nutrients as a survival need, which of the following is true? Carbohydrates are the major energy fuel for body cells and are found primarily in plant-derived foods. Carbohydrates provide a reserve of energy-rich fuel. Fats are the most essential for building cell structures. Carbohydrates are the major energy fuel for body cells and are found primarily in animal-derived foods. Fats are the major energy fuel for body cells, and are found primarily in animal-derived foods.

Carbohydrates are the major energy fuel for body cells and are found primarily in plant-derived foods.

What organ(s) are found in the right iliac?

Cecum and appendix

As blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense this change, and the pancreas (the control center) secretes insulin into the blood. This change in turn prompts body cells to absorb more glucose, removing it from the bloodstream. As blood sugar falls, the stimulus for insulin release ends. Which of the following best describes this example of a feedback system?

Endocrine system maintaining homeostasis by negative feedback

Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue? Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity. Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels. Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate.

Epithelial tissue is innervated. Correct Epithelial tissue is an innervated, avascular tissue that exhibits polarity. Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative.

Which of the following best defines anatomy?

It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another. Correct Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another.

Match the following: Example of negative feedback system Regulation of body temperature Provides the means to respond to the stimulus; intensity of the stimulus is increased Labor contractions during birth Monitors changes in the environment; sets off a series of events that may be self-perpetuating Formation of a platelet plug in blood clotting

Regulation of body temperature

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? Release of oxytocin to increase the strength of labor contractions Release of glucagon to increase a lower-than-normal level of glucose in the blood Release of insulin to decrease a high level of glucose in the blood Shivering to generate heat in a situation where body temperature is below normal

Release of oxytocin to increase the strength of labor contractions

Which of the following statements is correct? The sternum is posterior to the spine. The sternum is dorsal to the spine. The heart is posterior to the spine. The heart is dorsal to the sternum.

The heart is dorsal to the sternum. Correct The heart is dorsal (posterior) to the sternum. In humans, the terms dorsal and posterior are synonymous with one another, meaning "toward or at the back of the body," or behind.

Which of the following is the regional term that includes the head? superior coronal appendicular axial

axial Correct The axial part of the body, which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.

The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ________ to the vertebral cavity.

heart and lungs: anterior

Which is true concerning muscle tissue?

highly cellular and well vascularized

You are told to take an axillary temperature on a small child. You will place the thermometer ________.

in the armpit

The first step in tissue repair involves ________.

inflammation

The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is __________.

inflammation, organization, and regeneration

Movement ________.

is defined as both moving the organism through the environment using the muscular system as well as moving substances through the internal organs of the body

Smooth muscle __________.

is under involuntary control Correct Smooth and cardiac muscle are under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.

If the human body temperature drops below 37°C (98.6°F), the body's __________.

metabolic reactions become slower

Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells?

microscopic anatomy Correct Microscopic anatomy is the study of cells, which cannot be seen by the naked eye.

An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a __________.

multicellular simple gland Correct Multicellular exocrine glands with unbranched ducts are "simple"; those with branched ducts are "compound." Unicellular exocrine glands do not have ducts.

In connective tissue, the role of elastic fibers is to __________.

provide flexibility Elastic fibers contain elastin, a rubberlike protein that allows them to stretch and recoil like rubber bands, making them very flexible.

The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is a physiological ability known as __________.

responsiveness

With regards to a variation of a physiological value from its set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ the value back to the set point or normal limit.

returns Correct Correct. Regardless of the direction of the initial disturbance, returning to the original set point or normal limit is negative feedback.

Which of the following cuts could cross the umbilical, pelvic, and nasal regions?

sagittal section Correct A sagittal section is a cut made through the sagittal plane--a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. A midsagittal section would cross the nasal, umbilical, and pelvic regions.

You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen, the cells seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at?

simple columnar epithelia Correct The shoebox represents the columnar shape. Additionally, the fingerlike projections are likely to be microvilli.

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple cuboidal epithelium Correct Yes, the simple cuboidal cells line the kidney tubules (nephrons) so that secretion and absorption can take place.

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous epithelium Correct Yes, this single layer of squamous cells is ideal for the diffusion of gases in the lungs.

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?

skeletal Correct Yes, skeletal muscle cells are elongated and many can be quite long; therefore, they have multiple nuclei.

Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions?

smooth muscle

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?

soma Correct Yes, the soma or cell body receives inputs (signals) from other cells and sends the information to the axon. But unlike a dendrite, it also is the main metabolic and nutritional center of the cell.

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

stratified squamous epithelium Correct Yes, this epithelium protects underlying tissues from the wear and tear of constant swallowing in the esophagus.

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function? stratified squamous epithelium; absorption simple cuboidal epithelium; secretion simple squamous epithelium; filtration simple columnar epithelium with microvilli; absorption

stratified squamous epithelium; absorption Correct Stratified squamous epithelium (like you would find in the skin) is adapted for protection, not absorption from the external environment.

What function do transitional epithelia have?

stretching Correct Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary system. It lines the ureters, bladder, and proximal part of the urethra--organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them.

Function of Respiratory System

takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system?

the receptor, the control center, and the effector Correct Regardless of the factor or event being regulated--the variable--all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least three components that work together. The first component, the receptor, is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by signaling (providing input to) the control center. The control center compares the input to the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained, and signals the appropriate effector(s). The effector produces the effect (change) that counteracts the initial problem (stimulus).

The dorsal body cavity is divided into which of the following subdivisions?

the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities Correct The dorsal body cavity, which protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions: the cranial cavity and the vertebral, or spinal, cavity.

Reproduction refers __________.

to both cellular reproduction (where a cell divides producing two identical daughter cells) and organismal reproduction (making a new person)

What is the role of the serous membranes covering some organs?

to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall Correct The two serous membrane layers are separated by a cavity containing serous fluid. This fluid allows organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions.

function of cardiovascular system

via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs

What organ(s) are found in the umbilical?

Transverse colon of large intestine and small intestine

The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region.

True

All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity.

True Correct All epithelia exhibit polarity, which is defined by the presence of an apical, or free, surface and a basal, or attached, surface that differ in both structure and function.

Which of the following is true for the positive feedback mechanism shown? Typically only a local effect, not spreading to the entire circulation Likely to race out of control throughout the body Attraction of platelets to the damaged area reverses the initial stimulus Requires continuous adjustments to main a physiological function

Typically only a local effect, not spreading to the entire circulation

What organ(s) are found in the hypograstric?

Urinary bladder

Failure of homeostatic mechanisms often lead to pathological symptoms. Which of the following represent an inaccurate pairing between parts of a homeostatic mechanism and disease? Vitamin deficiencies that damage nerves and cause numbing in the hands may lead to failure to withdraw from a painful stimulus. This represents a failure in the effector portion of the homeostatic mechanism. A person born with a reduced number of sweat glands would be missing a key effector in reducing body temperature. Low blood pressure caused by a lack of thirst represents a failure of the receptor portion of the homeostatic mechanism. Consuming alcohol is a depressant that slows activity in the region of the brain controlling breathing rate. Thus, alcohol affects the control center of the homeostatic mechanism for breathing.

Vitamin deficiencies that damage nerves and cause numbing in the hands may lead to failure to withdraw from a painful stimulus. This represents a failure in the effector portion of the homeostatic mechanism. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Vitamin deficiencies that damage nerves and cause numbing in the hands may lead to failure to withdraw from a painful stimulus. This represents a failure in the receptor portion, not the effector portion, of the homeostatic mechanism. A person born with a reduced number of sweat glands would be missing a key effector in reducing body temperature. In a feedback cycle, the effector is the component that brings about change, such as body cooling by sweat glands. The receptor detects a stimulus, such as lack of water, and sends this input to the brain as a stimulus of thirst. The control center of a feedback cycle processes incoming input from receptors and directs the activity of the effectors. Portions of the brain direct the respiratory rate.

Funtion of urinary system

eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

How are endocrine and exocrine glands different from each other?

Endocrine glands have no ducts. Correct Endocrine glands secrete substances (hormones) into blood without the use of ducts, whereas exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment.

What organ(s) are found in the left hypochondriac?

Diaphragm and spleen

Approximately what percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen?

20%

What organ(s) are found in the right lumbar?

Ascending colon of large intestine

Cutaneous

Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Which of the following describes a holocrine gland?

Correct Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Sebaceous (oil) glands are the only example of holocrine glands in the body.

Which of the following statements is true? Dense connective tissue includes a great deal of collagen. Dense connective tissue includes a large amount of reticular fibers. All subclasses of loose connective tissue do not contain collagen fibers. Loose connective tissue includes cartilage.

Dense connective tissue includes a great deal of collagen. Correct Correct, the prominent element of dense connective tissue are the fibers. Dense regular connective tissue primarily has parallel collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers. Dense irregular connective tissue primarily has irregularly arranged collagen fibers and some elastic fibers. Elastic connective tissue contains a high proportion of elastic fibers.

What organ(s) are found in the left lumbar?

Descending Colon of large intestine

Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body. If the body is to operate as we expect it to, it must get rid of nonuseful substances produced during digestion and metabolism. Which of the following is untrue with regards to excretion? Every organ system plays a direct role in excretion. Carbon dioxide, a by-product of cellular respiration, is carried in the blood to the lungs, where it leaves the body in exhaled air. The urinary system disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes, such as urea, in urine. The digestive system rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces.

Every organ system plays a direct role in excretion.

The elbow is proximal to the shoulder.

False

The knee is proximal to the thigh.

False Correct Proximal means "closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk." Distal means "farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk." In this case, because the thigh is closer to the body trunk than the knee, the knee is distal (not proximal) to the thigh.

Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption.

False Correct Pseudostratified epithelia are found in the respiratory linings. Cilia are used for movement, not increasing surface area. Provide FeedbackNext

All muscle cells contain striations.

False Correct Smooth muscle cells do not contain striations. Although they do contain myofilaments, their arrangement is not regular enough to generate the striations seen in skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.

Digestion includes breaking substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP.

False Correct This is the definition of metabolism (not digestion). Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking substances into their simpler building blocks (e.g., breaking down glycogen into molecules of glucose), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (e.g., building a protein from amino acids), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. Digestion is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

Which of the following is not true of the necessary life function of growth? In growth, destructive activities must occur at a faster rate than constructive ones. Similar to reproduction, growth usually involves the division of cells. True growth involves an increase in the number of cells or an increase in the size of cells. Growth is usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells.

In growth, destructive activities must occur at a faster rate than constructive ones.

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

In positive feedback, the effector enhances the initial stimulus, whereas in negative feedback, the effector reverses the initial stimulus. Blood clotting is a normal response to a break in the wall of a blood vessel and is an excellent example of an important body function controlled by positive feedback. Once a vessel has been damaged, blood elements called platelets immediately begin to cling to the injured site and release chemicals that attract more platelets. This rapidly growing pileup of platelets temporarily "plugs" the tear and initiates the sequence of events that finally forms a clot. Figures B. and C. depict negative feedback cycles as a variable returns to a set point.

Which of the following does not represent a negative feedback mechanism? Increasing the muscle in the heart to cope with high blood pressure Increasing breathing rate to counter an increase in carbon dioxide Increasing urine output to bring down blood pressure Decreasing the depth of breathing when carbon dioxide levels are low

Increasing the muscle in the heart to cope with high blood pressure

What organ(s) are found in the left iliac?

Initial part of sigmoid colon

Which of the following is not a necessary human life function? Intelligence Metabolism Responsiveness Excretion Movement

Intelligence

Nutrients and wastes pass between the blood plasma and cells via the ______________

Interstitial fluid

What is the function of serous fluid?

It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction. Correct The slippery serous fluid allows the organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions. This freedom of movement is especially important for mobile organs, such as the pumping heart and the churning stomach.

Which of the following is true of digestion?

It involves the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules. Digestion is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. The nutrient rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by the cardiovascular system. In a simple, one-celled organism such as an amoeba, the cell itself is the "digestion factory," but in the multicellular human body, the digestive system performs this function for the entire body.

Endothelium

Lines blood vessels and the heart.

What organ(s) are found in the right hypochondriac?

Liver and gallbladder

The human body as a whole is enclosed and protected by the integumentary system. This is an example of a necessary life function. Select the correct function from the list below.

Maintaining boundaries

Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking down substances into simpler building blocks (the process of catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities. Given what you know about metabolism, which of the following statements is false? Metabolism is regulated largely by the nervous system. Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood. Metabolism depends on the cardiovascular system to distribute nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. Endocrine glands secrete hormones that control many aspects of metabolism.

Metabolism is regulated largely by the nervous system. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW It is false to say that metabolism is regulated largely by the nervous system. Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood, and on the cardiovascular system to distribute them throughout the body. Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands.

In feedback, which statement is true? Most medical situations can be viewed from the point of view of a failure of homeostasis. Disease can be regarded as a disturbance of homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the process of positive feedback. Most homeostatic control mechanisms are positive feedback mechanisms. Positive feedback is, in most cases, beneficial as the example of enhancing labor contractions during birth. Due to less developed homeostatic mechanisms, young adults are more prone to homeostatic imbalances than older adults.

Most medical situations can be viewed from the point of view of a failure of homeostasis. Disease can be regarded as a disturbance of homeostasis.

__________ are water-soluble, complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells.

Mucins Correct Like mucous cells, goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus. In goblet cells, the cuplike accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making these cells look like a glass with a stem, thus "goblet" cell. This distortion does not occur in mucous cells.

In feedback, which statement is true?

Positive and negative feedback mechanisms are named for the direction of the response relative to the initial stimulus. In negative feedback, the effector reverses the initial stimulus, whereas in positive feedback, the effector enhances the initial stimulus. In contrast to the more common negative feedback controls, which maintain some physiological function or keep blood chemicals within narrow ranges, positive feedback mechanisms usually control infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments. Typically, they set off a series of events that may be self-perpetuating and that, once initiated, have an amplifying or waterfall effect. Because of these characteristics, positive feedback mechanisms are often referred to as cascades.

Which choice below is not one of the three components of homeostatic control systems? Positive feedback Receptor Control center Effector

Positive feedback

Function of Integumentary System

Protects the body as a whole from the external environment

Which of the following is correct regarding a feedback cycle? Receptor perceives a stimulus by sending input along the afferent pathway. Effector responds to a stimulus by sending input along the afferent pathway. Receptor responds to a stimulus by sending input along the efferent pathway. Effector responds to a stimulus by sending input along the efferent pathway.

Receptor perceives a stimulus by sending input along the afferent pathway.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Stratified squamous epithelia are found in areas subjected to wear and tear. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. Simple squamous epithelia are associated with filtration and exchange. Simple columnar epithelia are associated with absorption and secretion. Submit

Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. Correct This statement is false, so it is the correct answer. Transitional (not simple cuboidal) epithelia are found in areas that stretch, in particular the ureters and urinary bladder. Simple cuboidal epithelia are adapted for absorption and secretion. We find that most glands consist of cuboidal epithelia.

What organ(s) are found in the epigastric?

Stomach

Function of Digestive System

Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates absorbed matter (feces)

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body. Serous membranes line body cavities and organs. The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air.

The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium Correct The cutaneous membrane, a "dry" membrane exposed to air, consists of a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium called the epidermis, and an underlying layer of connective tissue called the dermis.

Mucous membrane

The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior membrane Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts.

Serous membrane

The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body. Makes up the pleura and pericardium.

Which of the following is false concerning the survival need of water? The body is 98% water and is thus crucial to survival. Water is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body. Water is obtained chiefly from ingested foods or liquids. We lose water from the body by evaporation from the lungs and skin and in body excretions.

The body is 98% water and is thus crucial to survival. It is untrue that the body is 98% water. Water accounts for 50-60% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body. It provides the watery environment necessary for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions. We obtain water chiefly from ingested foods or liquids. We lose it from the body by evaporation from the lungs and skin and in body excretions.

Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position?

The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. Correct In the anatomical position, the body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms at the sides. This position is easy to remember because it resembles "standing at attention," except that the palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body.

Which of the following is true of positive feedback mechanisms?

The result or response enhances the original stimulus, and the response is accelerated.

Which of the following statements regarding the umbilicus and the chin is true? The umbilicus is medial to the chin. The umbilicus is superior to the chin. The chin is caudal to the umbilicus. The umbilicus is caudal to the chin.

The umbilicus is caudal to the chin. Correct The terms caudal and inferior are synonymous, meaning "away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below." The umbilicus is caudal (inferior) to the chin.

Which of the following is FALSE? The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located. With some exceptions, matter can be seen, smelled, and felt. Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. The mass of matter remains constant wherever it is located.

The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located.

Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue? transport absorption insulation support

absorption Correct Absorption, the movement of substances into the body, is a role of epithelial tissue. Roles of connective tissue include binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation of substances, via blood, within the body.

Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type?

bone; osteoblast Osteoblasts/cytes are the primary cell type for bone.

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

cardiac Correct Yes, cardiac cells, like skeletal cells, have visible striations but are not under voluntary control.

Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?

cardiovascular physiology

A result of homeostatic imbalance could be __________.

disease

A home heating system connected to a temperature-sensitive thermostat is a nonbiological example of a negative feedback system. Which of the following best describes the heating element of the furnace?

effector