Human Anatomy and Physiology Midterm 1

What is an irregular bone?

bones that make up your vertebral column, hence these bones are your vertebral bones.

What is the compact bone?

Makes up the outer part of the diaphysis region of bone.

What is vesicular transport?

Mode of transportation

Proteins

Most abundant biomolecule in our body and are building blocks of amino acids. Proteins help with support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense, control anatomical structure and physiological functions, determine cell shape and tissue properties and perform almost all cell functions. Proteins can be denatured through increase/decrease in pH and increase in temperature.

Nucleic acids

Most important biomolecule because they code for protein. The two most common nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. Another for of nucleic acid is ATP.

What are Organs?

Multiple tissue types.

How does your body MAINTAIN homeostasis?

Negative and positive feedback loops.

What is the cytoplasm?

Space inside of a cell and outside the nucleus. It consist of cytosol and its main function is to hold organelles in place within the cell. Also allows distribution of nutrients, ions, and proteins within the cell.

What is physiology?

The study of function of anatomical structures and individual and cooperative functions.

What is the cell membrane?

What is found wrapping around our cells, thus protecting it and isolating things on the inside from the outside, and things on the outside from the inside.

What is phospholipid bilayer?

What our cell membrane is made of. It is a double layer of phospholipid molecules. It is made up of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Does structure dictate function?

Yes because all physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures.

What are the three requirements that your body needs in order to REACH homeostasis?

1. A sensor that detects bodies condition. 2. A control Center. 3. An effector that causes a change

What are the four types of tissue?

1. Connective tissue: Bones, cartilage, ligaments and adipose tissue. 2. Epithelial tissue: tissue lining the outside of organs. 3. Muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle, heart muscles and smooth muscles. 4. Nervous tissue: Make up your brain and spinal cord.

What are the two types of vesicular transportation?

1. Endocytosis: Form of transportation when the cell membrane completely reaches our and engulfs a substance so as to bring it into the cell. Also consist of Phagocytosis (Engulf and destroy something) and Pinocytosis. 2. Exocytosis: Form of transportation when the cell membrane ejects a substance or molecule.

What are the three functions of lipids?

1. Energy storage. 2. Chemical messengers: Steroids which are important for cell growth and division, reproduction and digestion of fats. 3. Membrane structure: Help make up our cell membrane as do cholesterol. Our membrane is made up of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

What are the four tissue types in the human body?

1. Epithelial Tissue. 2. Muscle Tissue. 3. Nervous Tissue. 4. Connective Tissue.

What are the different forms of carbohydrates?

1. Monosaccharides: Building blocks of carbs and are also know as simple sugars. Can be formed through hydrolysis(breakdown) of disaccharides. 2. Disaccharides: Two Monosaccharide's combined through dehydration synthesis. 3. Polysaccharides: Made up of long chains of simple sugars. Most common polysaccharides are glycogen, cellulose(plants) and starch.

What are the four types of bone cells?

1. Osteocytes: Mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix. 2. Osteoblasts: Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix. Lays down(osteoid) new done during remodeling. 3. Osteoclasts: Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix. Breakdown/destroy old bone during remodeling. 4. Osteoprogenitor cells: Stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts.

What are the three processes of bone development?

1. Osteogenesis: Formation of new bone. 2. Ossification: Process of replacing other tissues with bone. 3. Calcification: Process of depositing calcium salts to complete bony matrix.

What are the two things that an enzyme requires in order for it to work?

1. Substrate: Reactant that is used up in the reaction. 2. Active site: Specific location on an enzyme that fits to a specific substrate.

What are the functions for Skeletal system?

1. Support. 2. Protection. 3. Storage of minerals(calcium). 4. Storage of lipids(yellow marrow). 5. Blood cell production(Red marrow). 6. Movement.

What are the two processes of proteins synthesis?

1. Transcription: One strand of DNA that gets copied through mRNA. 2. Translation: mRNA that was transcribed in the nucleus then comes out into the cytoplasm to meet up with a ribosome. The ribosome then binds with the mRNA and starts reading it, thus the mRNA will tell the ribosome which protein it needs to build through tRNA.

What is homeostasis?

A equilibrium state within the body

What are anaerobic processes?

A form of respiration that does not require oxygen. Therefore, not all living organisms need oxygen to survive.

What are tissues in the human body?

A group of multiple cell types

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Acts as a package and delivery system within the cell.

What is positive feedback loop?

Acts to exaggerate or enhance a change away from homeostasis..

What is a negative feedback loop?

Acts to restore something back to homeostasis.

What is a gene?

An area on DNA that codes for 1 protein.

Carbohydrates

Are in a 1:2:1 ratio that consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. When consumed, carbohydrates are converted into glucose and glucose is the preferred energy source for cells within our body.

What are biomolecules?

Are organic compounds that must contain Carbon in order to be considered an organic compound.

How are humans organized?

Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system and organism.

What is DNA?

Blueprint and stores genetic code

What is a short bone?

Bones in your wrist like scaphoid bone and trapezoid bone.

What is your sutural bone?

Bones that make up your skull

What are the four types of biomolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

What is the nucleus?

Cells control center because it contains DNA, which is the code for how to construct proteins.

What is chromatin?

DNA that is loosely coiled form

What is anatomy?

Describes the structures of the body.

What is a somatic cell?

Every single type of cell in our body besides sex cells. They undergo mitosis which is when a parent cell multiplies and results in two identical daughter cells. The undertow mitosis in order for growth and to replace old/damaged/dead cells.

What is Microscopic anatomy and the two types of microscopic anatomy?

Examines cells and molecules. 1. Cytology: Cells and their structure (Cyt = cell). 2. Histology: Tissues and their structures

What is Gross anatomy (Macroscopic anatomy)?

Examines large and visible structures.

What is bone matrix?

Extracellular matrix of bone that is 1/3 collagen fibers and 2/3 mineral content such as calcium.

What is your long bone(humerus)?

Femur, tibia, fibula, radius and ulna

What is a chromosome?

Form of DNA that it likes to be in when DNA is located in the IS dividing stage because it is tightly coiled form.

Where is intracellular fluid found and what is it?

Found in the inside of a cell and helps with regulation

Where is extracellular fluid found and what is it?

Found in the outside of the cell and helps with regulation.

What is active transport?

Going against its concentration gradient (Low to high concentration). It requires ATP!! Impermeable. Ions and polar molecules

What is passive transport and what are the two forms of diffusion that is consist of?

Going down its concentration gradient (High to low concentration). The two types of passive transport are: 1. Simple diffusion: Substances can easily pass through the cell membrane and are freely permeable. Non-polar molecules, gases, fat-soluble molecules and water. 2. Facilitated diffusion: Substances can not easily pass through the cell membrane and require a sort of channel protein or carrier protein to let them through. Impermeable. Ions and polar molecules

What is the rough ER?

Helps synthesis and modify proteins. It contains a lot of fixed ribosomes and once synthesized, it will send proteins off to the golgi apparatus.

What is ATP and how is it produce?

High energy molecule that is used to power the many different functions in our body, such as muscle contraction, protein synthesis, sodium and potassium pumps. It is produced through food sources that we eat.

Lipids

Hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, steroids and phospholipids.

What is a sex cell?

Important for reproduction. Men = sperm and women = eggs. Sex cells undergo meiosis which is similar to mitosis but it results in 4 different daughter cells.

What is RNA?

Important player in the formation of proteins through protein synthesis.

What is the skeletal system?

Made up of bones, but also made up of joints and ligaments.

What is cilia?

Main function is to help move fluids across a cell surface. Common places to find cilia are lining our lower respiratory tract, or even along our esophagus.

What is microvilli?

Outfolding's of the plasma membrane that help increase surface area, which in turn increase absorption rate for diffusible substances.

What is a sesamoid bone?

Patella bone

What is the simplest level of organization to the most complex?

Phospholipid>Cell Membrane>Epithelial Cell>Small Intestine>Digestive System>Human

What is Mitochondria?

Powerhouse of the cell because it provides the cells with energy for life in the form of ATP. It requires oxygen and organic molecules. As a result, ATP and C02 are made as byproducts.

What are ribosomes and what are the two types of ribosomes?

Protein builders within a cell and consist of: 1. Free ribosomes: produce proteins that stay within the cell and are found freely within the cytoplasm. 2. Fixed ribosomes: Fixed to the drought ER and these ones produce proteins that eventually leave the cell to go wherever within the body.

What are enzymes?

Proteins that have specific functions based off of their structure. They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

How can one design a roast experiment with results that can be trusted and generalized?

Remove cofounding variables, control groups, large sample size, double blind, replicated and credentials.

What are flat bones?

Sternum

What is the Cytoskeleton?

Structural component of the cell that are made up of structural proteins that help give a cell its shape and strength. Also acts as a "zip line" for organelles to move around on within the cell.

What is the smooth ER?

Synthesis lipids and carbohydrates.

What is spongy bone?

is trabecular which makes up the epiphysis region of the bone.