Human Anatomy Chapter 7

the wrist consists of

8 carpal bones

describe and give an example of a saddle joint

Biaxial, each joint surface is convex and concave, thumb

describe and give an example of condyloid joint

Biaxial, one convex surface w/ a hallow concave surface, flexion/extension, rotation, femur on tibia

List the tissues found in bones

Connective tissue

Where are blood cells formed in the embryo? In the infant? In the adult?

In infants mostly by the yolk sac then the liver; in adults it is mostly by bone marrow

what is the function of the ischial tuberosity

Major weight-bearing structure for sitting

describe and give an example of a hinge joint

Uniaxial, allows flexion and extension motion, humeroulnar joint

describe and give an example of a pivot joint

Uniaxial, spinning of one member around another, radial head on capitulum

What is osteoporosis?

a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

the function of bursae is to

act as shock absorbers

what is the function of the acetabulum

articulates with head of femur

what are the two major divisions of the skeleton?

axial and appendicular

the type of joint that permits the widest range of motion is

ball-and-socket

When a bone is fractured, a hematoma is formed from blood escaping from

blood vessels within the bone

The hardest and most enduring human tissue is?

bone

the hormone associated with the development of osteoporosis is

calcitonin

which of the following inorganic salts are normally stored in bone?

calcium

describe and give an example of cartilaginous joint

cartilage or disks of fibrocartilage unite the bones in cartilaginous joints; pubic joints and sternum joints

the gap between broken ends of a fractured bone is filled by?

cartilaginous callous

bone that consists mainly of tightly packed tissue is called___

compact

what is the structural difference between compact and spongy bone?

compact is the diaphysis and no holes and spongy is holy and the epiphysis of the bone.

describe and give an example of synovial joint

covered with hyaline cartilage; fluid sacs are called bursae; most joints

the shaft of a long bone is the?

diaphysis

bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage are called?

endochondral bones

The band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers in long bones is called the

epiphyseal disk

When is ossification complete and how can an X ray show that the long bone growth is complete?

epiphytical growth plate disappears when it is done growing so the doctors will know if your done growing or not

the longest bone in the body is the

femur

moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them is increased is called?

flexion

the membranous areas (soft spots) of an infant's skull are called?

fontanels

what bones are intramembranous bones? How do these develop?

form within sheet like layers of connective tissue; flat bones

synovial membrane is found in

freely movable joints

describe and give an example of ball-and-socket joint

globular or egg-shaped head articulating with a cup shaped cavity; Head of femur

describe and give an example of fibrous joint

held together by dense connective tissue and are immovable or slightly movable; Tibia and fibula

when the hands are placed on the hips, they are placed over the

iliac crest

list the bones of the pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

What part of the vertebral column acts as a shock absorber?

intervertebral disks

bones that develop from layers of membranous connective tissue are called?

intramembranous bones

describe a bone marrow transplant

it is to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells to regrow.

in what ways are the structures of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae unique?

larger, stronger, and support the weight of the body

To accomplish movement, bones and muscles function together to act as

levers

which of the vertebrae support the most weight?

lumbar

the only movable bone of the skull is the

mandible

damaged bone marrow can be replaced by a

marrow transplant

the upper jaw is formed by the ____ bones.

maxillae

the bone that forms the back of the skull and joins the skull along the lambdoidal suture is the ___ bone.

occipital

describe the differences between a infant and the adult skull.

one is fused, the other is not

the medullary cavity of a long bone is filled with?

osteoclasts

list the major parts of the appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, arms or upper limbs, pelvic girdle, legs or lower limbs

to what part of the bone do tendons and ligaments attach?

periosteum

the functions of the thoracic cage include

production of blood cells, contribution to breathing, protection of heart and lungs, and support of the shoulder girdle

the _____ crosses over the ulna when the palm of the hand faces backward.

radius

What is the difference between red and yellow marrow?

red marrow contains white, red blood cells, and platelets; yellow marrow sometimes has white blood cells

one bone formation is complete, the bone (remains stable, or is remodeled) throughout life.

remodeled

What are endochondral bones? How do they develop?

replace masses of cartilage; normal bones

the pectoral girdle is made of two _____ and two_______.

scapulae and clavicles

which of the following bones contain red marrow for blood cell formation in a healthy adult?

shaft of long bones

list the major parts of the axial skeleton

skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Bone that consists of numerous branching bony plates separated by irregular spaces is called?

spongy bone

what is the function of the ischial spine?

supports weight

describe and give an example of gliding joint

surfaces are nearly flat and allowing a back and forth motions.

the lower end of the fibula can be felt as the ankle bone. The correct name is the

talus

true ribs articulate with_____ ______ and the ______.

thoracic vertebrae and sternum

Relief of pressure with the skull is accomplished with___?

treparation

describe the differences between true and false ribs

true ribs are connected to the sternum and false ribs are connect by another rib.

the bones most often affected by osteoporosis are the

vertebrae

how is calcium released from bone so that it is available for physiologic processes?

when blood levels are low, osteoclasts release calcium from bone.

describe a lifestyle that may prevent the development of osteoporosis. Include: genetic endowment, nutrition, activity, and health education.

you can't do anything about your genetics, but you can exercise and do weight lifting