Human Anatomy Chapter Three: Practice Questions

Unicellular exocrine glands are ________. A) mixed exocrine glands B) connected to a surface by ducts C) also called goblet cells D) arranged in a secretory sheet E) None of the answers are correct.

C) also called goblet cells

An epithelium always has an exposed surface, which is referred to as the ________ surface. A) basal B) lateral C) apical D) intercellular E) basolateral

C) apical

t/f - Multiple layers of cells, found where mechanical stresses are severe, are called simple cuboidal epithelium.

False

t/f - Transitional cells are relatively tall, slender cells with nuclei in a narrow band close to the basement membrane

False

What are the main structural differences between cartilage and bone?

In cartilage, blood vessels are absent and chondrocytes occupy lacunae; whereas, in bone, vascularity is extensive and osteocytes reside in lacunae. Cartilage has a matrix that is equivalent to a firm gel, consisting of chondroitin sulfates with proteins that form hydrated proteoglycans, and collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers whose proportions vary according to the type of cartilage. This combination gives cartilage the quality of limited strength in that it bends easily but is difficult to break. In contrast, bone matrix is comprised of insoluble crystals of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, and collagen fibers predominate. Together, these constituents attribute the quality of strength and limited flexibility to bone, making it very resistant to shattering. Other structural and characteristic differences are as follows: cartilage is externally covered by a 2-layered perichondrium; bone is covered by a 2-layered periosteum; cartilage has low oxygen demand and receives nutrients by diffusion through the matrix; whereas, bone has high oxygen demand and receives nutrients by diffusion through the cytoplasm and fluid in canaliculi.

t/f - Cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones and cartilage are called tendons.

True

t/f - Cuboidal cells resemble little hexagonal boxes, which appear square in typical sectional views.

True

t/f - Holocrine secretion occurs when a gland cell becomes packed with secretory products and then bursts apart; the secretion is released and the cell dies.

True

t/f - In merocrine secretion, secretory products are released from gland cells through exocytosis onto the surface of the cell

True

t/f - The supporting structural material of the epiglottis is elastic cartilage.

True

t/f - The tough but somewhat flexible material that covers the articular surfaces within synovial joints is hyaline cartilage.

True

t/f- Apocrine secretion occurs when gland cells shed the apical portion of their cytoplasm, which has become packed with secretory vesicles.

True

t/f - Endocrine secretions are discharged, often through a duct, onto the surface of the skin or on the epithelial lining of an internal passageway that communicates with the exterior.

false

t/f - Exocrine secretory products (hormones) are released, via exocytosis from the gland cells, into the fluid surrounding the cells.

false

t/f - Pads between the spinal vertebrae consist of the structural material called hyaline cartilage.

false

________ epithelium is the most delicate type in the body. A) Simple squamous B) Simple cuboidal C) Simple columnar D) Pseudostratified columnar E) Transitional

A) Simple squamous

Most energy storage in the body is accomplished by which of the following cells? A) adipocytes B) melanocytes C) macrophages D) fibroblasts E) lymphocytes

A) adipocytes

A(n) ________ consists of 3 fibrous protein subunits wound together like the strands of a rope; it is flexible, yet very strong when pulled by either end. A) collagen fiber B) parenchyma C) elastic fiber D) reticular fiber E) fibroblast

A) collagen fiber

The layer of dense connective tissue that is bound to capsules, tendons, and ligaments is called ________. A) deep fascia B) subserous fascia C) lamina propria D) reticular lamina E) subcutaneous layer

A) deep fascia

Tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments are all composed of ________ connective tissue, which contains tightly packed collagen fibers aligned parallel to applied forces. A) dense regular B) osseous C) cartilaginous D) reticular E) areolar

A) dense regular

Through the process of cell differentiation ________. A) each cell develops a characteristic set of structural features B) each cell becomes capable of performing all vital functions C) cells in nearby locations become unable to work together D) each cell becomes able to change its function throughout its life cycle E) None of the answers are correct.

A) each cell develops a characteristic set of structural features

Membranes are formed by the combination of which tissues? A) epithelial and connective B) epithelial and muscle C) connective and muscle D) muscle and neural E) connective and neural

A) epithelial and connective

Loose connective tissue proper contains ________. A) fixed and wandering cells B) a tight framework C) parallel, packed fibers D) a solid ground substance E) only elastic fibers

A) fixed and wandering cells

During embryological development, the actual embryo is formed by the ________. A) inner cell mass B) trophoblast C) blastocyst D) mesoderm E) zygote

A) inner cell mass

The presence of large numbers of microvilli on the exposed surfaces of epithelial cells indicates that ________. A) it is an area where absorption and secretion occur B) these cells provide energy for transport activities C) these cells are probably located along portions of the respiratory tract from the lungs toward the throat D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) it is an area where absorption and secretion occur

Skeletal muscle tissue contains large fibers that are ________. A) multinucleated B) involuntary C) nonstriated D) controlled by pacesetter cells E) connected by intercalated discs

A) multinucleated

What type of epithelium makes up the endothelium of blood vessels? A) simple squamous B) stratified cuboidal C) transitional D) simple columnar E) pseudostratified columnar

A) simple squamous

Muscle tissue located in layers around the digestive tract is called ________. A) smooth muscle B) crenulated muscle C) skeletal muscle D) cardiac muscle E) All of the answers are correct.

A) smooth muscle

In cartilage, ________ growth occurs when stem cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium divide repeatedly; the innermost cells differentiate into chondroblasts that produce new matrix. A) superficial B) appositional C) subserous D) interstitial E) synovial

B) appositional

The least specialized connective tissue in the adult body is ________, which contains all the cells and fibers found in connective tissue proper. A) hyaline cartilage B) areolar connective tissue C) reticular tissue D) fibrous cartilage E) dense regular connective tissue

B) areolar connective tissue

The ________ is a complex structure produced by the epithelium and cells of the underlying connective tissue. A) apical surface B) basal lamina C) ciliated epithelium D) microvillus E) stereocilium

B) basal lamina

Which membrane is thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry? A) hypodermis B) cutaneous membrane C) deep fascia D) subserous fascia E) synovial membrane

B) cutaneous membrane

The fibers in ________ connective tissue form an interwoven meshwork that does not show any consistent pattern, but maintains tensile strength in all directions. A) reticular B) dense irregular C) periosteal D) areolar E) elastic

B) dense irregular

Hormones are examples of ________ secretion. A) exocrine B) endocrine C) holocrine D) merocrine E) apocrine

B) endocrine

In the formation of a(n) ________, the connecting cells disappear, and the cells secrete into blood vessels or into the surrounding tissue fluids. A) loose connective tissue B) endocrine gland C) respiratory epithelium D) exocrine gland E) cutaneous membrane

B) endocrine gland

The type of cartilage that is specialized to resist compression is ________. A) osteocartilage B) fibrocartilage C) elastic cartilage D) hyaline cartilage E) All of the answers are correct.

B) fibrocartilage

Extracellular fibers and ________ comprise the matrix that surrounds the cells of a connective tissue. A) melanocytes B) ground substance C) fibroblasts D) mesenchymal cells E) neutrophils and eosinophils

B) ground substance

Although skeletal muscle fibers cannot divide, new muscle fibers can be produced through the division of ________, which are mesenchymal cells that persist in adult skeletal muscle. A) pacemaker cells B) myosatellite cells C) osteocytes D) periosteal stem cells E) mast cells

B) myosatellite cells

The ________, a type of serous membrane, covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. A) peritoneum B) pleura C) parenchyma D) pericardium E) periosteum

B) pleura

Muscle tissue is unique in its ability to ________. A) repair itself after damage B) produce powerful contractions C) transmit electrical impulses D) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid E) All of the answers are correct.

B) produce powerful contractions

What is the simplest multicellular exocrine gland called? A) tubular glands B) secretory sheet C) acinar glands D) alveolar glands E) simple coiled tubular

B) secretory sheet

The tissue lining the small intestine of the digestive tract is called ________. A) stratified squamous epithelium B) simple columnar epithelium C) stratified columnar epithelium D) simple squamous epithelium E) None of the answers are correct.

B) simple columnar epithelium

The connective tissue type that has a distinctive population of cells suspended in a fluid matrix that contains formed elements is called ________. A) cartilage B) reticular tissue C) blood D) lymph E) osseous tissue

C) blood

Which of the following is a cell process that receives incoming electrical impulses? A) soma B) neuroglia C) dendrites D) nerve fibers E) axon

C) dendrites

In the neck and limbs, the deep fascia ________. A) covers the external surface of the body B) is a layer of loose connective tissue, which prevents the distortion of the delicate lining of organs during movement of muscles or muscular organs C) divides the muscles into compartments or groups that are different functionally and developmentally D) is lined by simple epithelium that performs absorptive or secretory functions E) consists of areolar connective tissue, minimizing friction between opposing surfaces

C) divides the muscles into compartments or groups that are different functionally and developmentally

Which of the following is the study of groups of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to perform specific functions? A) cytology B) anatomy C) histology D) physiology E) embryology

C) histology

The areolar tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the ________. A) lamina lucida B) transudate C) lamina propria D) mesothelium E) lamina densa

C) lamina propria

Elastic connective tissues ________. A) are comprised of collagenous sheets or ribbons that resemble flat, broad tendons B) often contain significant numbers of elastic fibers as well as collagen fibers; and usually connect cartilage-to-cartilage, bone to cartilage, or one bone to another bone C) often underlie transitional epithelia; and are also found in the walls of blood vessels and surrounding the respiratory passageways D) are actually cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones and cartilage E) form an interwoven meshwork and do not show any consistent pattern; it provides strength and support to areas subjected to stresses from many directions

C) often underlie transitional epithelia; and are also found in the walls of blood vessels and surrounding the respiratory passageways

Stereocilia are described by which of the following? A) present in the epithelium of the female reproductive tract B) very short microvilli C) present on receptor cells of the inner ear D) manufactured by the Golgi apparatus E) All of the answers are correct.

C) present on receptor cells of the inner ear

Exocrine glands, which secrete a watery solution that usually contains enzymes are called ________. A) mucous glands B) endocrine glands C) serous glands D) mixed exocrine glands E) None of the answers are correct.

C) serous glands

Merocrine sweat glands are classified as which of the following? A) simple alveolar B) simple tubular C) simple coiled tubular D) simple branched alveolar E) simple branched tubular

C) simple coiled tubular

Which of the following terms means two or more layers? A) pseudostratified B) columnar C) stratified D) cuboidal E) None of the answers are correct.

C) stratified

Which type of epithelium lines the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder? A) cuboidal B) columnar C) transitional D) squamous E) glandular

C) transitional

Why is the ability of cardiac muscle to repair itself more limited than that of smooth muscle?

Cardiac muscle fibers are incapable of dividing, and cardiac muscle tissue lacks myosatellite cells, which divide to produce new muscle fibers. Thus, cardiac muscle tissue damaged by injury or disease cannot regenerate. However, smooth muscles cells can divide, and smooth muscle tissue can therefore regenerate after an injury.

Connective tissues form the internal framework of the body that does which of the following? A) provides strength and stability B) maintains the relative positions of internal organs C) provides a route for the distribution of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

________ epithelia are quite rare; they are found lining the ducts of sweat glands and in larger ducts of some other exocrine glands, such as mammary glands. A) Simple cuboidal B) Simple squamous C) Stratified columnar D) Stratified cuboidal E) Stratified squamous

D) Stratified cuboidal

Which of the following exclusively describes stratified epithelia? A) They consist of a single cell layer. B) They always have a free surface exposed to some inner chamber or passageway. C) They are avascular. D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical and chemical stress. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical and chemical stress.

Which type of epithelium is present where easy exchange of materials out of the blood is most important, such as that in the lining of the heart and all blood vessels? A) stratified squamous epithelium B) columnar epithelium C) cuboidal epithelium D) endothelium E) simple epithelium

D) endothelium

The relatively few ________ residing in connective tissues engulf damaged or dead cells or invading pathogens, and release chemicals that attract many more cells to activate the immune system. A) mast cells B) mesenchymal cells C) fibrocytes D) fixed macrophages E) monocytes

D) fixed macrophages

The superficial fascia, also called the ________, is the layer of loose connective tissue that separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs. A) cutaneous fascia B) dermis C) intermuscular fascia D) hypodermis E) reticular lamina

D) hypodermis

Cardiac muscle fibers form extensive connections with one another at specialized regions called ________. A) sarcolemmae B) intermuscular fascia C) soma D) intercalated discs E) striations

D) intercalated discs

Mucous membranes ________. A) line the ventral body cavities that are enclosed B) keep connective tissue surfaces moist at all times C) are lined by stratified epithelia that perform absorptive or secretory functions D) line passageways that communicate with the exterior and form a barrier that resists the entry of pathogens E) None of the answers are correct.

D) line passageways that communicate with the exterior and form a barrier that resists the entry of pathogens

When a local injury or infection damages or destroys connective tissues, the ________ respond by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, or other connective tissue cells. A) resting macrophages B) fibrocytes C) mucoid connective tissue D) mesenchymal cells E) mast cells

D) mesenchymal cells

A serous membrane consists of ________ (a simple squamous epithelium), which is supported by areolar connective tissue rich in blood and lymphatic vessels. A) lamina propria B) basal lamina C) deep fascia D) mesothelium E) sarcoplasm

D) mesothelium

What type of tissue comprises the inner lining of the ventral body cavity? A) simple squamous epithelium B) stratified epithelium C) columnar epithelium D) mesothelium E) endothelium

D) mesothelium

Connective tissue layers that lie between deep fascia and serous membranes, and line body cavities is called ________. A) superficial fascia B) intermuscular fascia C) subcutaneous layer D) subserous fascia E) hypodermis

D) subserous fascia

In epithelial tissues ________. A) cells that are damaged or lost at the surface cannot be replaced B) cells obtain nutrients via blood vessels found in the tissues C) extracellular fluid or fibers separate the individual cells D) there is little or no intercellular space between the cells E) the organelles and other cytoplasmic components are evenly distributed between the exposed and attached surfaces of the epithelial cells

D) there is little or no intercellular space between the cells

In what regions of the body could you expect to find dense irregular connective tissue, and why would the tissue be located in these regions?

Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the dermis, where it gives the skin strength and allows it to resist stresses from many directions. Except at joints, dense irregular connective tissue also forms a sheath around cartilage (the perichondrium) and bone (the periosteum), thus mainly providing external protection. It also forms a thick, fibrous capsule that surrounds many internal organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and spleen. And it encloses the cavities of joints. Its function in these cases is to also provide strength and support to such areas subjected to stresses from many directions.

Epithelia ________. A) provide sensation B) control permeability C) provide physical protection D) produce specialized secretions E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Epithelial cells usually have ________. A) a basal lamina B) unevenly distributed organelles C) apical and basal plasmalemmae with different associated proteins and functions D) an exposed apical surface E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Functions of connective tissue include ________. A) establishing a structural framework for the body B) transporting fluid and dissolved materials from one body region to another C) protecting delicate organs D) supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting tissue types E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Neural tissue is characterized by ________. A) extremely long cells B) cells with branching processes C) neuroglia with varied functions D) the ability to transmit electrical impulses E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Neuroglia ________. A) provide a supporting framework for neural tissue B) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid C) provide nutrients to neurons D) provide a supporting framework for neural tissue and provide nutrients to neurons E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Normal aging causes many effects on the body, including ________. A) repair and maintenance activities become less efficient B) connective tissue becomes more fragile C) hormone and lifestyle alterations affect the structure and chemical composition of many tissues D) epithelia become thinner E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Which feature(s) provides great strength and stability to epithelia? A) intercellular cement B) cell adhesion molecules C) cell junctions D) physical interlocking E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following cells can be found in connective tissue? A) mesenchymal cells B) fibroblasts C) eosinophils D) mast cells E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

________ is highly vascularized, very active biochemically, and its individual cells contain numerous mitochondria, which gives the tissue a deep, rich color. A) Elastic tissue B) Reticular tissue C) White adipose tissue D) Areolar connective tissue E) Brown adipose tissue

E) Brown adipose tissue

________ tissue provides a supporting framework, forming the stroma of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. A) Dense irregular B) Areolar C) Multilocular adipose D) Elastic E) Reticular

E) Reticular

Which of the following describes the major function of serous membranes? A) Each consists of a mesothelium supported by dense connective tissue. B) They line body cavities that communicate with the exterior. C) They are loosely attached to the body wall and to the organs they cover. D) Their parietal and visceral portions never touch. E) Tiny amounts of transudate formed on the surfaces of the membrane reduce friction.

E) Tiny amounts of transudate formed on the surfaces of the membrane reduce friction.

t/f - Flat sheets of collagen that attach superficial muscles to another muscle or structure are called ligaments.

False

Which epithelial feature, dominated by glycoproteins and a network of five microfilaments, functions in providing a barrier that restricts the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the underlying connective tissue? A) basolateral surface B) apical surface C) dense layer of basal lamina D) intercellular connections E) clear layer of basal lamina

E) clear layer of basal lamina

Synovial membranes ________. A) consist of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by a basal lamina B) consist of a cellular layer complete with tight junctions between adjacent cells C) cover the entire surface of the body and consist of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue that is reinforced by a layer of dense connective tissue D) are comprised of areolar tissue component called lamina propria and often lined by simple epithelia that perform absorptive or secretory functions E) contain "epithelial cells" derived from macrophages and fibroblasts of the adjacent connective tissue

E) contain "epithelial cells" derived from macrophages and fibroblasts of the adjacent connective tissue

A transitional epithelium ________. A) provides specialized protection along the pharynx, urethra, and anus B) is a simple epithelium whose exposed epithelial cells typically possess cilia C) is usually found where mechanical stresses are severe D) provides limited protection and occurs in regions where absorption and secretion occur E) has a special characteristic that allows for considerable distention of the epithelium without damaging the component cells

E) has a special characteristic that allows for considerable distention of the epithelium without damaging the component cells

Features of smooth muscle tissue include ________. A) its exclusive location in the heart B) multiple nuclei (usually) for each cell C) the ability to regenerate after injury D) intercalated discs and multinucleated E) having a single nucleus (usually) for each cell and regenerative capabilities

E) having a single nucleus (usually) for each cell and regenerative capabilities

Small, mobile connective tissue cells that release chemicals (after injury or infection), which mediate the inflammatory response, are known as ________. A) lymphocytes B) adipocytes C) microphages D) free macrophages E) mast cells

E) mast cells

In aging women, the reduction in bone strength known as ________ is often caused by a combination of inactivity, low dietary calcium intake, and diminished circulating estrogen levels. A) arthritis B) lipolysis C) ossification D) abrasion E) osteoporosis

E) osteoporosis

Almost all bone surfaces are sheathed by ________. A) stratified squamous epithelial tissue B) hyaline cartilage C) loose connective tissue D) lacunae E) periosteum

E) periosteum

Which type of epithelium is found in portions of the respiratory tract and includes a mixture of cell types whose nuclei are situated at varying distances from the surface? A) simple squamous B) simple cuboidal C) stratified columnar D) stratified cuboidal E) pseudostratified columnar

E) pseudostratified columnar

Which of the following comprises a list of the most closely related connective tissue types? A) adipose tissue, tendon, blood, lymph, bone B) elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, skin C) tendon, blood, lymph, reticular tissue D) areolar tissue, tendon, bone, cartilage E) reticular tissue, dense elastic connective tissue proper, adipose tissue

E) reticular tissue, dense elastic connective tissue proper, adipose tissue

Which of the following consists of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by an incomplete superficial layer of squamous or cuboidal cells? A) superficial fascia B) cutaneous membrane C) sarcolemma D) mucous membrane E) synovial membrane

E) synovial membrane

Why is skeletal muscle called striated voluntary muscle?

Skeletal muscle fibers are called striated because they have a banded, or striated, appearance due to the presence of actin and myosin filaments, which are arranged in parallel within organized functional groups. Skeletal muscle is considered a voluntary muscle because the fibers normally will not contract unless stimulated by nerves, and the nervous system provides voluntary control over their activities.

How does a ligament differ from a tendon?

Tendons are cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones and cartilage. The collagen fibers run along the longitudinal axis of the tendon and transfer the pull of the contracting muscle to the bone or cartilage. Although ligaments resemble tendons, they function solely to connect cartilage-to-cartilage, bone to cartilage, and one bone to another. Ligaments may contain significant numbers of elastic as well as collagen fibers, and therefore can tolerate a modest amount of stretching. Elastic ligaments have a higher proportion of elastic fibers and are found in such locations as along the spinal column, to stabilize the positions of the vertebrae.

Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue? A) consists of a branching network of interconnected muscle cells B) individual cells have many, irregularly shaped nuclei C) can replace cells and regenerate after an injury D) contracts only with nervous stimulation E) also called striated voluntary muscle

consists of a branching network of interconnected muscle cells

t/f - Relatively long, cylindrical, and multinucleate cells are characteristic of skeletal muscle cells.

true