Human Anatomy Module 2: CH. 5

The continual life cycle of keratinocytes being sloughed and replaced by cells undergoing mitosis takes about _________.

40-50 days

What does cyanosis signify?

A person has oxygen-starved skin.

What is the medical term used for baldness?

Alopecia

What stands hairs on end, causing piloerection?

Arrector pili muscle

What is the most common type of skin cancer that results in the formation of a nodule with a central "crater" that ulcerates?

Basal cell carcinoma

Which of the following characteristics is not part of the ABCDE rule?

Border regularity

Which of the following molecules is responsible for yellow-orange skin pigment?

Carotene

What modified apocrine glands secrete ear wax?

Ceruminous glands

What cells of the epidermis function as phagocytes of the immune system?

Dendritic cells

What tissue composes the reticular layer of the dermis?

Dense irregular connective tissue

Where are blood vessels housed that nourish the epidermis?

Dermal papillae

What are the main components of the cutaneous membrane?

Epidermis and dermis

Which of the following sensations is not detected by the skin?

Equilibrium

Which of the following characteristics is typical of a first-degree burn?

Erythema

Which of the following cells is associated with the dermis?

Fibroblast

Which of the following cells are associated with the dermis?

Fibroblasts

Which of the following structures is not found in thick skin?

Hair follicles

In which of the following locations are dead keratinized cells found?

Hair shaft

What type of secretion do sebaceous glands use?

Holocrine secretion

What is the main tissue of the epidermis?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What is the most numerous cell type in the epidermis?

Keratinocyte

What type of hair does a fetus have?

Lanugo

The __________ is the opaque crescent-shaped area near the proximal nail fold.

Lunula

What is the primary pigment found in skin?

Melanin

Which of the following components do vellus hairs lack?

Pigment

What is the oily waxy substance secreted by sebaceous glands called?

Sebum

What stimulates the secretion of sebum?

Sex hormones

Where are melanocytes located?

Stratum basale of the epidermis

From superficial to deep, what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin?

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

Which layer of the epidermis is not present in thin skin?

Stratum lucidum

What is the thickest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum spinosum

What are the sensory receptors in the dermal papillae that respond to light touch stimuli called?

Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

What is the thicker, coarser, more pigmented hair found on the scalp?

Terminal hair

Why do keratinocytes in the superficial strata of the epidermis die?

They are too far away from the blood supply in the dermis.

What is the primary function of melanin?

To protect the DNA of keratinocytes from mutations induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation

What enzyme plays a major role in skin color?

Tyrosinase

Which of the following functions is not associated with the skin?

Vitamin A synthesis

What is the primary function of vitamin D?

Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine.

Glands that secrete products into hair follicles are called __________.

apocrine glands

Humans often purchase antiperspirants and deodorants to suppress and mask the odors of secretions from the __________.

apocrine glands

Keratinocytes in the stratum corneum __________.

are dead and filled with keratin

The majority of cells in the epidermis arise from mitotic activity in stratum __________.

basale

The rule of nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by __________.

burns

We have unique patterns on our fingers, toes, palms, and soles created by __________.

epidermal ridges

The most superficial component of the skin is the __________.

epidermis

Tommy fell and skinned his knee. The scrape did not bleed. He must have only damaged the __________.

epidermis

The cuticle around a nail is the __________.

eponychium

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from __________.

keratinocytes in stratum spinosum

The ABCDE rule is used to distinguish normal moles from ____________________.

melanomas

The nail body covers the __________.

nail bed

The __________ is the part of the nail root that contains actively dividing cells.

nail matrix

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the __________.

papillary layer

Extreme stretching of the reticular layer of the dermis results in_______________.

permanent stretch marks

The ____________ is the largest organ in the body.

skin

The _______________ is a location of thick skin.

sole of the foot

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is called the __________.

stratum corneum

Eccrine glands produce __________.

sweat containing mostly water

Mammary glands are specialized __________.

sweat glands

Skin without keratin would be more likely to __________.

tear upon being mechanically stressed

Melanin is produced upon exposure to __________.

ultraviolet (UV) radiation