Human Anatomy Nervous System
All reflexes share the property of being an involuntary response.
True
Each anterior root and corresponding posterior root unite within the intervertebral foramen to become a spinal nerve.
True
The dual innervation on visceral effectors of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions results in opposing effects.
True
The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division because its preganglionic neurons are housed within nuclei in the brainstem and within the lateral gray matter of the S2−S4 spinal cord segments.
True
The two-neuron chain allows increased communication and control of the effector organ.
True
What structures develop from the basal plates during embryonic development? a. Anterior and lateral horns of gray matter b. Anterior part of gray commissure c. Posterior horns of the gray matter d. Posterior part of the gray commissure
a. Anterior and lateral horns of gray matter b. Anterior part of gray commissure
Which of the following are ways in which white matter in the spinal cord conveys sensory and/or motor information between the body and the brain? a. Ascending tracts conduct sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the brain. b. Individual tracts contain sensory impulses and motor commands. c. Descending tracts conduct motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord. d. Each tract conducts either sensory impulses or motor commands, but not both. e. Each funiculus region contains either sensory or motor tracts, but not both.
a. Ascending tracts conduct sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the brain. c. Descending tracts conduct motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord. d. Each tract conducts either sensory impulses or motor commands, but not both.
Check all that are true statements regarding astrocytes. a. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the CNS. b. Astrocytes help form the blood-brain barrier by wrapping around capillaries in the brain. c. Astrocytes respond to infections in the CNS through phagocytic activity. d. Astrocytes assist in neuronal fetal development by secreting chemicals that regulate neuronal connections.
a. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the CNS. b. Astrocytes help form the blood-brain barrier by wrapping around capillaries in the brain. d. Astrocytes assist in neuronal fetal development by secreting chemicals that regulate neuronal connections.
When our esophagus contracts involuntarily to move a bolus of food down, it is acting based on which subdivision of the motor nervous system? a. Autonomic b. Sensory c. Somatic
a. Autonomic
Which midbrain region contains motor axons from primary motor cortex to the spinal cord? a. Cerebral peduncles b. Tegmentum c. Substantia nigra d. Tectum
a. Cerebral peduncles
Check all that apply to chemical synapses. a. Chemical synapses are the most numerous type of synapse in the human body. b. Chemical synapses are found primarily in smooth muscle cells. c. Chemical synapses are unidirectional (one way). d. Chemical synapses allow two-way signaling.
a. Chemical synapses are the most numerous type of synapse in the human body. c. Chemical synapses are unidirectional (one way).
Which of the following is not an example of a reflex? a. Closing your eyes in anticipation of receiving a shot b. Pulling your hand back from a hot burner immediately after touching it c. Flinching when you see an object coming rapidly toward your face d. Quickly putting out your arms when you suddenly lose your balance
a. Closing your eyes in anticipation of receiving a shot
Check all that are a function of the hypothalamus. a. Control of autonomic nervous system b. Control of the endocrine system c. Visceral response to odors d. Control of emotional behavior e. Control of food and water intake f. Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms g. Control of conscious skeletal muscle movements
a. Control of autonomic nervous system b. Control of the endocrine system d. Control of emotional behavior e. Control of food and water intake f. Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms
Which of the following are released in the adrenal medulla pathway as a result of sympathetic innervation? Check all that apply. a. Epinephrine b. ACh c. Norepinephrine d. ACTH
a. Epinephrine b. ACh c. Norepinephrine
The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the foramen magnum and ends at the level of the __________ vertebra. a. L1 b. L5 c. S1 d. S5
a. L1
You pull out of the school parking lot and almost enter the road in front of an oncoming truck. For the next several minutes, you experience an increase in your breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and vision sensitivity. What aspect of the sympathetic division is this attributed to? a. Mass activation b. One axon innervates one effector, called the "leader" effector c. Stimulation of the reticular activation system d. Numerous axons cause an effect in many effector organs
a. Mass activation c. Stimulation of the reticular activation system d. Numerous axons cause an effect in many effector organs
The central nervous system forms primarily from which of the following? a. Neural tube b. Neural canal c. Sulcus limitans d. Neural crest cells
a. Neural tube
Check all that occur at visceral effectors as a result of both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. a. Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate. b. Parasympathetic stimulation further increases the heart rate. c. Sympathetic innervation reduces blood flow to the GI tract. d. Parasympathetic stimulation increases activities relating to digestion of food.
a. Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate. c. Sympathetic innervation reduces blood flow to the GI tract. d. Parasympathetic stimulation increases activities relating to digestion of food.
Which division of the diencephalon acts as an information filter for sensory information that is forwarded to the cerebrum? a. Thalamus b. Hypothalamus c. Epithalamus
a. Thalamus
Check all that are true statements regarding the effects of the parasympathetic division. a. The lack of divergence in the preganglionic axons prevents the mass activation that is seen in the sympathetic division. b. The effects of the parasympathetic division tend to be widespread. c. Parasympathetic activity can affect only one group of organs without affecting all other organs. d. The parasympathetic division is most active when the body must process nutrients and conserve energy.
a. The lack of divergence in the preganglionic axons prevents the mass activation that is seen in the sympathetic division. c. Parasympathetic activity can affect only one group of organs without affecting all other organs. d. The parasympathetic division is most active when the body must process nutrients and conserve energy.
Check all that are true statements regarding the anatomy and structure of the sympathetic division. a. The neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of their spinal cord segments. b. The preganglionic sympathetic axons remain in the spinal cord for a large distance before leaving. c. The sympathetic trunk ganglia house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies. d. The splanchnic nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
a. The neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of their spinal cord segments. c. The sympathetic trunk ganglia house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies. d. The splanchnic nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
Check all of the statements that apply to the subdural space. a. The subdural space is between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater. b. The subdural space is filled with fluid in healthy individuals. c. The subdural space fills with fluid in the case of injury. d. The subdural space is a thin space that separates the two lateral ventricles of the cerebrum. e. The subdural space is a potential space.
a. The subdural space is between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater. c. The subdural space fills with fluid in the case of injury. e. The subdural space is a potential space.
Which is true of the anterior horns of the spinal cord? a. They house cell bodies of somatic motor neurons. b. They house cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons. c. They house cell bodies of sensory neurons. d. They serve as communication routes between left and right sides.
a. They house cell bodies of somatic motor neurons.
The sympathetic division is also called what? a. Thoracolumbar division b. Craniosacral division c. Thoracosacral division d. Craniolumbar division
a. Thoracolumbar division
Which of the following are prevented from entering the interstitial fluid of the brain, due to the blood-brain barrier? a. Waste products in the blood b. Some hormones c. Nicotine d. Alcohol
a. Waste products in the blood b. Some hormones
Damage to the ________ nerve may result in limited ability to move the eyeball laterally. a. abducens b. optic c. trochlear d. facial
a. abducens
A functional MRI scan reveals that the left and right cerebral hemispheres are not able to communicate directly. This may indicate damage to a. commissural tracts. b. arcuate tracts. c. projection tracts. d. longitudinal fasciculi.
a. commissural tracts.
The area of the brain that oversees all autonomic functions is the a. hypothalamus. b. cerebrum. c. cerebellum. d. thalamus.
a. hypothalamus.
Corticospinal tracts send motor commands from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Therefore, these are an example of _______ tracts. a. projection b. commissural c. association d. arcuate
a. projection
The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body. a. sensory; motor b. motor; sensory c. autonomic; visceral d. somatic; autonomic
a. sensory; motor
Lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves terminate at the a. superior mesenteric ganglion. b. celiac ganglion. c. inferior mesenteric ganglion.
a. superior mesenteric ganglion.
A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the: a. synaptic cleft. b. postsynaptic space. c. synaptic membrane. d. presynaptic space.
a. synaptic cleft.
By the end of the fourth week of embryonic development, the developing brain has formed __________ primary brain vesicles. a. three b. four c. five d. six
a. three
Spinal nerve splits into ___ branches. a. two b. four c. six d. eight
a. two
ANS consists of how many neurons in a pathway? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
b. 2
Check all of the brain structures that are composed of white matter. a. Cerebral cortex b. Corpus callosum c. Cerebral nuclei d. Septum pellucidum e. Internal capsule
b. Corpus callosum d. Septum pellucidum e. Internal capsule
Check all that are characteristics of the somatic nervous system (SNS). a. Consists of two neurons in the pathway b. Effector organs are skeletal muscle fibers c. Axons are myelinated and thick d. Either excites or inhibits effector organs
b. Effector organs are skeletal muscle fibers c. Axons are myelinated and thick
Which of the following parasympathetic nerves controls the production of tears, nasal secretions, and saliva? a. Oculomotor nerve (CN III) b. Facial nerve (CN VII) c. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) d. Vagus nerve (CN X)
b. Facial nerve (CN VII)
In what way does the cerebellum coordinate and "fine tune" skeletal muscle movements? a. It consciously coordinates minute muscle movements. b. It stores memories of previously learned movement patterns. c. It regulates activity along the voluntary and involuntary motor pathways. d. It coordinates visual information with skeletal muscle input. .
b. It stores memories of previously learned movement patterns. c. It regulates activity along the voluntary and involuntary motor pathways.
Check all that apply to myelinated axons. a. Myelinated axons have slower nerve impulse conduction than unmyelinated axons. b. Myelinated axons have faster nerve impulse conduction than unmyelinated axons. c. In myelinated axons, the nerve impulses "jump" from node to node, and do not have to travel the entire length of the axon membrane. d. Myelinated axons use more energy than unmyelinated axons. Myelinated axons use more energy than unmyelinated axons. e. Myelinated axons use less energy than unmyelinated axons.
b. Myelinated axons have faster nerve impulse conduction than unmyelinated axons. c. In myelinated axons, the nerve impulses "jump" from node to node, and do not have to travel the entire length of the axon membrane. e. Myelinated axons use less energy than unmyelinated axons.
Which of the following glial cells form a myelin sheath around axons? Check all that apply. a. Astrocyte b. Oligodendrocyte c. Ependymal cell d. Neurolemmocyte
b. Oligodendrocyte d. Neurolemmocyte
Myelin sheaths mainly consist of which part of the glial cells that form them? a. Nucleus b. Plasma membranes c. Cytoplasm d. Perivascular feet
b. Plasma membranes
In which sympathetic pathway does the preganglionic neuron synapse with a ganglionic neuron, but then the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus but instead goes directly to the effector organ? a. Splanchnic nerve pathway b. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway c. Adrenal medulla pathway d. Descending pathway
b. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
Check all that are a function of cerebrospinal fluid a. Production of cranial glial cells b. Provides bouyancy to the brain c. Protects the brain from sudden movements d. Transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain, and removes waste products.
b. Provides bouyancy to the brain c. Protects the brain from sudden movements d. Transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain, and removes waste products.
Which nerve of the sacral plexuses is the largest and longest nerve in the body? a. Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve b. Sciatic nerve c. Common fibular nerve d. Pudendal nerve
b. Sciatic nerve
Check all that are components of a monosynaptic reflex arc. a. Interneurons b. Sensory receptors c. Motor neurons
b. Sensory receptors c. Motor neurons
Autonomic reflexes consist of which of the following? a. Quadriceps femoris tendon reflex b. Smooth muscle contractions c. Changes in heart rate and contractility d. Secretion by glands
b. Smooth muscle contractions c. Changes in heart rate and contractility d. Secretion by glands
Intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of which spinal nerves? a. C1-C8 b. T1-T11 c. S1-S5 d. L1-L5
b. T1-T11
Check all that are factors that increase the chance of a damaged axon being able to regenerate. a. The damaged axon is in the CNS. b. The damaged axon is in the PNS. c. Some neurilemma remains. d. The distance between the site of the damaged axon and the effector organ is relatively short.
b. The damaged axon is in the PNS. c. Some neurilemma remains. d. The distance between the site of the damaged axon and the effector organ is relatively short.
Rhythmic oscillations between flexion and extension when the muscle reflex is tested is called a. a hyperactive reflex. b. clonus. c. an alternating reflex.
b. clonus.
The spinal cord is partitioned into an inner __________ matter region, and an outer ___________ matter region. a. white; gray b. gray; white c. arachnoid; pia d. dura; denticulate
b. gray; white
Norepinephrine (NE) a. always has an inhibitory effect on the effector. b. has either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the effector. c. always has an excitatory effect on the effector.
b. has either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the effector.
The anterior roots contain ____________ axons, while the posterior roots contain _____________ axons. a. sensory; motor b. motor; sensory c. sensory and motor; sensory d. motor; sensory and motor
b. motor; sensory
Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for the prolonged effect of the "fight or flight" response? a. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway b. Splanchnic nerve pathway c. Adrenal medulla pathway
c. Adrenal medulla pathway
Which of the following cells secrete nerve growth factors that stimulate outgrowth of severed axons? a. Astrocytes b. Oligodendrocytes c. Neurolemmocytes d. Microglial cells
c. Neurolemmocytes
The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located a. in the brainstem. b. in the lateral gray matter of the S2−S4 spinal cord segments. c. in the lateral horns of the T1−L2 spinal cord segments. d. in the lateral gray matter of the S1−S2 spinal cord segments.
c. in the lateral horns of the T1−L2 spinal cord segments.
As you are reading these words on the screen, what part of your brain is allowing you to perform the complex, conscious intellectual task of reading and comprehension a. Diencephalon b. Cerebellum c. Midbrain d. Cerebrum
d. Cerebrum
What is it called when axons from many preganglionic cells synapse on a single ganglionic cell? a. Ganglionic communication b. Ganglionic divergence c. Neuronal divergence d. Neuronal convergence
d. Neuronal convergence
The _________ sensory system includes sensory information such as touch, pain, pressure, vibrations, and the general senses. a. visceral b. motor c. peripheral d. somatic
d. somatic
The smaller structural units that contain bundles of axons within each white matter funiculus are called a. commissures. b. canals. c. funililiculi. d. tracts.
d. tracts.
Cerebrum; Identify the lobes.
(On diagram) 1) Frontal lobe -involved with voluntary motor function, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality 2) Parietal lobe -involved with general sensory functions 3) Temporal lobe -Involved with hearing and smell 4) Occipital lobe -Stores visual memories
Identify the external anatomy of the brain as assigned in lab.
(On diagrams)
Identify the internal anatomy of the brain as assigned in lab
(On diagrams)
Diagram a basic motor pathway.
(See diagram & video)
Diagram a basic sensory pathway.
(See diagram & video)
Identify the internal anatomy of the spinal cord as assigned in lab.
(See diagram)
Identify the spinal meninges
(See diagram)
Identify the spinal plexuses.
(See diagram)
Cranial Nerves: List the 12 pairs by name, number and function.
(See diagram) (Also slide 89 of ch. 15 pp)
Identify the cerebellum.
(See diagrams)
Identify the regions of the brainstem: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
(See diagrams)
Reflex Arc (the neural wiring of a single reflex)
**5 major components: 1) Always begins at a receptor in the PNS 2) Communicates with the CNS (to the spinal cord) 3) Nerve impulse is processed in the integration center by interneurons 4) Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector 5) Ends at a peripheral effector from motor neuron
Nervous System Pathways:
**Characteristics: A) The CNS communicates with peripheral body structures through pathways 1) Conduct either sensory or motor information 2) Processing and integration occur continuously 3) Travel through the white matter of the brainstem and/or the spinal cord as they connect various CNS regions with cranial and spinal nerves B) A pathway consists of a tract and a nucleus 1) A nucleus is a collection of neuron cell bodies located in the CNS 2) Each tract may work with multiple nuclei groups in the CNS C) Ascending pathways are sensory because they carry sensory information from the body to the brain D) Descending pathways are motor because they transmit motor information from the brain to muscles or glands E) Over 90% of all pathways decussate from one side to the other so that the left side of the brain processes information on the right side of the body, and vise versa 1) Contralateral: Opposite side 2) Ipsilateral: Same side
Rami (After leaving the intervertebral foramen, a typical spinal nerve splits into branches)
**Dorsal ramus: - **Ventral ramus: -
Neuroglial cells; List, and provide a function, for each of them.
**Four types of glial cells in CNS 1) Astrocytes -Helping form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) -Regulating tissue fluid composition -Helping regulate synaptic transmission -Forming a structural network -Replacing damaged neurons -Assisting neuronal development 2) Ependymal cells -Ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord -In conjunction with other glial cells, the ependymal cells produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and form the choroid plexus 3) Microglial cells -Small cells that are motile -Wander through the CNS and exhibit phagocytic activity, removing cellular debris from dead or dying cells 4) Oligodendrocytes -Associated with CNS axons only -Wrap themselves around the axons like electrical tape wrapped around a wire -Produce myelin, which is an insulator of electrical activity **Two types of glial cells are found in the PNS: 1) Satellite cells -Flattened cells arranged around neuronal cell bodies in ganglia 2) Neurolemmocytes (Schwann Cells) -Also called Schwann cells -Associated with PNS axons only -Wrap themselves around the axons like electrical tape wrapped around a wire -Produce myelin, which is an insulator of electrical activity -Same structure and function as oligodendrocytes
Spinal cord
**Gross Anatomy: A) Length: 42-45 cm, 16-18 inches B) Roughly cylindrical, slightly flattened posteriorly and anteriorly C) Two longitudinal depressions on external surface: 1) Posterior median sulcus on posterior surface 2) Anterior median fissure on anterior surface D) Parts of the spinal cord: 1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral 5. Coccygeal E) The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral canal that houses it F) The tapering inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris 1) This is the official "end" of the spinal cord proper 2) (usually at the level of the first lumbar vertebra) G) Inferior to the conus medullaris, groups of axons called the cauda equina project from the spinal cord H) Within the cauda equina is the filum terminale, which is a thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx I) The diameter of the spinal cord changes along its length J) The cervical enlargement is located in the inferior cervical part of the spinal cord and innervates the upper limbs K) The lumbosacral enlargement extends through the lumbar and sacral parts of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs L) The spinal cord is associated with 31 total pairs of spinal nerves: 1) 8 cervical nerves (C1-C8) 2) 12 thoracic nerves (T1-T12) 3) 5 lumbar nerves (L1-L5) 4) 5 sacral nerves (S1-S5) 5) 1 coccygeal nerve (Co1)
Nervous Systems (Somatic & Autonomic):
**SNS (general fiber pathways): -a single lower motor neuron axon extends uninterrupted from the spinal cord to one or more muscle fibers **ANS (general fiber pathways): -a two-neuron chain innervates muscles and glands -Preganglionic and ganglionic neurons
Nervous Systems (Somatic & Autonomic)
**Somatic nervous systems (SNS): -includes processes that are perceived or controlled consciously -motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle fibers, causing conscious voluntary movement **Autonomic nervous systems (ANS): -includes processes regulated below the conscious level -motor neurons innervate smooth muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers, or glands -motor neurons can either excite or inhibit cells in the viscera
Nervous System (Autonomic)
**Two divisions: 1) Parasympathetic division: a) Conservation of energy and replenishment of nutrient stores b) "rest-and-digest" c) maintains homeostasis 2) Sympathetic division: a) Preparation of body for emergencies b) "fight-or-flight" c) increased alertness and metabolic activity
Neurons, Classify Functionally
*According to the direction that the nerve impulse is traveling relative to the CNS: 1) Sensory (afferent): Transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS 2) Motor (efferent): Transmit impulses from CNS to muscles or glands 3) Interneurons: Facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons
Spinal nerve:
*Structure: A) 31 pairs B) Made up of motor and sensory axons C) Contain connective tissue wrappings: 1) Endoneurium 2) Perineurium 3) Epineurium D) Multiple anterior rootlets arise from the spinal cord and merge to form a single anterior root E) Anterior roots contain motor axons only F) Motor axons arise from cell bodies in the anterior and lateral horns of the spinal cord G) Multiple posterior rootlets are derived from a single posterior root H) Posterior roots contain sensory axons only I) Sensory axons arise from cell bodies in the posterior root ganglion, which is attached to the posterior root J) Each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the intervertebral foramen to become a spinal nerve K) A spinal nerve contains both motor and sensory axons (spinal nerves are MIXED nerves)
Cerebral nuclei:
-A collection of cell bodies in the CNS -Paired masses of gray matter found deep within the central white matter -Specific nuclei include: 1) Caudate nucleus 2) Amygdaloid body 3) Lentiform nucleus **Composed of putamen and globus pallidus 4) Claustrum
Match the type of glial cell with its description.
-Astrocytes: Most abundant glial cells in the CNS -Ependymal cells: Line internal cavities of the brain -Microglial cells: Respond to infection in the CNS -Oligodendocytes: Form myelin in the CNS -Satellite cells: Surround somas in ganglia -Neurolemmocytes: Form myelin in PNS
Cerebellum (Second largest part of brain):
-Basic Functions: 1) Coordinates and fine-tunes skeletal muscle movements 2) Stores memories of previously learned movement patterns 3) Adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture 4) Receives proprioceptive (sensory) information from the muscles and joints and uses this information to regulate the body's position 5) Monitors the position of each body joint and its muscle tone
Match the subdivision of the nervous system with its components.
-Central nervous system: Consists of the brain and spinal cord -Peripheral nervous system: Includes cranial and spinal nerves
Check all that are a function of the nervous system. a. Processing and evaluating information b. Collecting information c. Responding to information
-Processing and evaluating information -Collecting information -Responding to information
Match the function with its associated nervous system category.
-Somatic sensory: Receives information from skin -Somatic motor: Innervates skeletal muscles -Visceral sensory: Receives information from the intestines -Autonomic motor: Innervates cardiac and smooth muscle
Neuron, Describe the anatomy:
-The basic structural unit of the nervous system -Conduct nerve impulses from one part of the body to another -3 main structural regions: 1) Cell body 2) Dendrites 3) Axon
Match the postganglionic neuron with the neurotransmitter it releases.
1) ACh -Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers 2) NE -Postganglionic sympathetic fibers
Myelination; explain its role in the nervous system.
1) Affects the ability of neurons to conduct nerve impulses, also called action potentials (speeds them up!) 2) Myelination is the process of wrapping the axon with a myelin sheath 3) Serves as insulation
Distinguish between the three types of tracts or fibers. Tracts: Bundles of myelinated axons in the CNS.
1) Association tracts -Connect separate cortical areas within the same hemisphere 2) Commissural tracts -Connect corresponding lobes of the right and left hemispheres 3) Projection tracts -Connect cerebral cortex to the diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Match the cranial nerve number with its name.
1) CN I: Olfactory 2) CN II: Optic: Vision 3) CN III: Oculomotor 4) CN IV: Trochlear 5) CN V: Trigeminal: Controls muscles of mastication 6) CN VI: Abducens 7) CN VII: Facial: Control of facial muscles 8) CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear:Equilibrium & hearing 9) CN IX: Glossopharyngeal: Innervates pharynx 10) CN X: Vagus: Controls visceral & cardiac muscle 11) CN XI: Accessory 12) CN XII: Hypoglossal: Innervates tongue muscles
Match the nerve with the parasympathetic effector organs it innervates.
1) CN III (Oculomotor) -Ciliary muscles 2) CN VII (Facial) -Lacrimal glands 3) CN X (Vagus) -Thoracic and abdominal viscera 4) Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves -Most pelvic viscera
Place in order the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. a. CSF flows from the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle. b. CSF flows through the paired lateral apertures or the single medial aperture and into the central canal of the spinal cord. c. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space and removes waste products. d. CSF flows into the arachnoid villi and drains into the dural venous sinuses. e. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles.
1) CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles. 2) CSF flows from the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle. 3) CSF flows through the paired lateral apertures or the single medial aperture and into the central canal of the spinal cord. 4) CSF flows through the subarachnoid space and removes waste products. 5) CSF flows into the arachnoid villi and drains into the dural venous sinuses.
Match the region of the spinal cord with the number of spinal nerve pairs that are associated with it.
1) Cervical -Eight 2) Lumbar -Five 3) Coccygeal -One 4) Thoracic -Twelve
Match the component of the limbic system with its function.
1) Cingulate gyrus. -Emotionally significant events 2) Hippocampus -Long-term memory 3) Amygdaloid Body -Emotion, especially fear
Nervous System (CNS & PNS), General Functions (3):
1) Collecting info 2) Processing & evaluating info 3) Responding to info
Match the region of the cerebellum with its component.
1) Cortex -Outer gray matter 2) White matter -Internal region 3) Cerebellar nuclei -Deepest layer
Match the type of synapse with the description
1) Electrical synapse -Requires gap junctions 2) Chemical synapse -Utilizes neurotransmitters
Match the lobe of the cerebrum with its function.
1) Frontal lobe -Voluntary motor functions 2) Parietal lobe -Sensory functions such as touch 3) Temporal lobe -Involved with hearing and smell. 4) Occipital lobe -Processes visual input
Distinguish between gray and white matter.
1) Gray matter: -Houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, unmyelinated axons -Forms the cortex, which covers the surface of most of the adult brain -Forms discrete internal clusters called cerebral nuclei 2) White matter: -Made up of myelinated axons -Deep to the gray matter of the cortex
Match the type of abnormal reflex with its description.
1) Hypoactive reflex -Response is diminished or absent 2) Hyperactive reflex -Response is abnormally strong
Reflex Arc (types)
1) Ipsilateral reflexes: -Both the receptor and effector organs are on the same side 2) Contralateral reflexes: -The sensory impulses from a receptor organ cross over through the spinal cord to activate effector organs on the opposite limb
Cerebral functional areas; Identify 3.
1) Motor areas: Control voluntary motor functions 2) Sensory areas: Provide conscious awareness of sensation 3) Association areas: Integrate and store information
Place the events of a chemical synapse in order. a. Nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob. b. Change in the postsynaptic cell voltage causes a nerve impulse to begin in the postsynaptic cell. c. Calcium ions move into the synaptic knob. d. Sodium ions move into the postsynaptic cell. e. Neurotransmitters attach to receptors in the postsynaptic cell, causing ion gates to open. f. Synaptic vesicles bind to the inside of the membrane and neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
1) Nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob. 2) Calcium ions move into the synaptic knob. 3) Synaptic vesicles bind to the inside of the membrane and neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft 4) Neurotransmitters attach to receptors in the postsynaptic cell, causing ion gates to open. 5) Sodium ions move into the postsynaptic cell. 6) Change in the postsynaptic cell voltage causes a nerve impulse to begin in the postsynaptic cell.
Nervous System: Describe 2 types of cells that make up nervous tissue.
1) Neurons (nerve cells): Electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses 2) Glial cells: Nonexcitable cells that support and protect the neurons
Match the division of the autonomic nervous system with its function.
1) Parasympathetic division -Helps maintain homeostasis 2) Sympathetic division -Prepares the body for stress
Put the events of axon regeneration into the correct order. a. The proximal part of the axon seals off and swells; the distal part degenerates. b. Peripheral nerve injury results in the severing of an axon. c. Axon regenerates and myelination occurs. d. Reinnervation of the skeletal muscle fibers by the axon. e. Glial cells that myelinate the axon form a regeneration tube.
1) Peripheral nerve injury results in the severing of an axon. 2) The proximal part of the axon seals off and swells; the distal part degenerates. 3) Glial cells that myelinate the axon form a regeneration tube. 4) Axon regenerates and myelination occurs. 5) Reinnervation of the skeletal muscle fibers by the axon.
Meninges; list the layers
1) Pia mater 2) Arachnoid mater 3) Dura mater
Put the cranial meninges in order, from deep (closest to the brain) to superficial (farthest from the brain). a. Pia mater b. Arachnoid mater c. Dura mater
1) Pia mater (deep) 2) Arachnoid mater 3) Dura mater (superficial)
Match the nuclei in gray matter with an example of their function.
1) Sensory nuclei -Contain interneuron cell bodies 2) Somatic sensory nuclei -Receive pain information from the skin 3) Visceral sensory nuclei -Receive stretch information from viscera 4) Somatic motor nuclei -Innervate skeletal muscles 5) Autonomic motor nuclei -Innervate smooth and cardiac muscles
Put the events involved with a reflex arc into the correct order. a. Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord. b. Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector. c. Information is processed in the integration center by interneurons. d. Effector responds to nerve impulse from motor neuron. e. Sensory receptors respond to external and internal stimuli.
1) Sensory receptors respond to external and internal stimuli. 2) Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord. 3) Information is processed in the integration center by interneurons. 4) Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector. 5) Effector responds to nerve impulse from motor neuron.
Match the nervous system with its function.
1) Somatic Nervous System -Voluntary control of skeletal muscle 2) Autonomic Nervous System -Involuntary control of visceral muscle
Match the brain vesicle that has developed by the fifth week of development with the structures that they will eventually form.
1) Telencephalon: -Forms the cerebrum 2) Diencephalon -Forms the thalamus 3) Mesencephalon -Does not form a secondary vesicle 4) Metencephalon -Forms the cerebellum 5) Myencephalon -Forms the medulla oblongata
Match the parasympathetic ganglia with their descriptions.
1) Terminal ganglia -Located close to the target organ 2) Intramural ganglia -Located within the target organ wall
Neurons, Classify Structurally (3 types)
1) Unipolar: Single, short process that branches like a T 2) Bipolar: Two processes, one dendrite and one axon 3) Multipolar: Many dendrites and a single axon; most common type of neuron
Match the rami communicates with their description.
1) White rami -Carry preganglionic axons 2) Gray rami -Carry postganglionic axons
Nervous System Organization:
A) CNS: Brain & Spinal Cord, Control center B) PNS: Cranial & Spinal Nerves, communication b/w CNS & rest of body C1) Sensory (afferent) division: -Somatic & Visceral Sensory nerve fibers -Conducts impulses from receptors to CNS C2) Motor (efferent) division: -Motor nerve fibers -Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles & glands) C2-D1) Somatic Nervous System: -Voluntary (somatic motor) -Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles C2-D2) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): -Involuntary (visceral motor) -Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, & glands D2-E1)Sympathetic Division: -Mobilizes body systems during ER situations D2-E2) Parasympathetic Division: -Conserves energy -Promotes nonemergency functions
Peripheral nerve; describe the structure of.
A) Cablelike bundle of parallel axons B) Surrounded by three connective tissue wrappings 1) Endoneurium: Around each axon 2) Perineurium: Around individual fascicles 3) Epineurium: Around the entire nerve
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space)
A) Functions: 1) Buoyancy: Brain floats in the CSF 2) Protection: CSF provides liquid cushion 3) Environmental stability: CSF transports nutrients and removes waste from brain B) Production: -Produced by the Choroid Plexus in the ventricles C) Flow: 1) Flows from the 3rd ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct into the 4th ventricle 2) In the 4th ventricle, flows into the subarachnoid space by passing through the paired lateral apertures of the single median aperture, & into the central canal of the spinal cord 3) As CSF flows through the subarachnoid space, it removes waste products & provides buoyancy to support the brain 4) Excess CSF flows into the arachnoid villi, then drains into the dural venous sinuses.
Synapse; Describe the structure of.
A) Specialized junctions between one axon and another neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell B) A typical synapse consists of: 1) Presynaptic neuron 2) Postsynaptic neuron 3) Synaptic cleft
Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS.
False
The postganglionic axons in the sympathetic division are myelinated, while in the parasympathetic division, the postganglionic axons are unmyelinated.
False (In both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, the preganglionic axons are myelinated and the postganglionic axons are unmyelinated.)
The spinal cord functions as a pathway for motor impulses, but sensory impulses travel directly to the brain, entering the brain between the C1 vertebrae and the occipital bone.
False. (The spinal cord is a pathway for motor and sensory impulses, as well as being responsible for reflexes)
Myelination; distinguish between in the PNS vs the CNS.
Formed by Schwann Cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS
Ventricles (cavities within the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid) (4)
Four ventricles in the brain: 1 & 2) One in each hemisphere of cerebrum, separated by a thin septum pellucidum 3) In diencephalon 4) Between pons and cerebellum
Spinal reflex:
Rapid, automatic, involuntary reactions of muscles or glands to a stimulus