Human bio CH 6and7 study guide

1. Place the following events involved in initiating a muscle contraction in the appropriate order: 1. Action potential reaches T tubule 2. Active site exposure and cross-bridge formation 3. ACh released 4. Contraction cycle begins 5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ ions

3,1,5,2,4,

1. The following are functions of the vertebrae except:

. prevent any movement of the spine

1. How many curves does a fetal vertebral column have?

1

1. Select the appropriate sequence of events for intramembranous ossification: 1. Development of ossification center 2. Development of periosteum 3. Calcification 4. Formation of trabeculae

1,3,4,2,

1. How many vertebrae are found in the thoracic region?

12

1. Osteocytes are located in pockets called ________.

Lacunae

opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

protraction

Moving a part forward

1. Hematopoiesis occurs in the __________ and results in an increase of red blood cells, white blood cells, and ________.

Red marrow; platletes

1. A motor neuron initiates skeletal muscle contraction by first:

Releasing acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction

elevation/depression

Shoulder girdle movement upward/downward

extension

Straightening of a joint

1. Functional classifications of joints are:

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

1. The command to contract is distributed throughout the muscle fiber by the:

T tubules

reposistion

Thumb away from Pinky

T or F: Bones provide attachments for soft tissues and organs.

True

rotation

Turning around an axis or center point.

1. Muscles connect to each other by sheets of collagen fibers called __________.

aponeuroses

1. If the periosteum covers all bone surfaces except inside joint capsules, what protects the opposing bone surfaces here?

articular cartilage

1. Tendons are bundles of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that:

attach muscle to bone

1. C2 of the cervical vertebrae is formally known as the:

axis

1. Which cervical vertebrae has a body and a spinous process, as well as a dens that creates a pivot for head rotation?

axis

1. The hip is an example of which type of joint?

ball and socket

Dosiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

lateral flexion

bends vertebral column from side to side

1. Bones are remodeled in response to two factors, which are:

blood calcium levels; pull of gravity & muscles on skeleton

While observing bone tissue, you notice that osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity. What are you observing?

bone growth

David's body temperature rises far above normal during his surgery. Which of the following structures plays a role in regulating body temperature?

both skin and skeletal muscle

1. Which facial muscle is responsible for the the suckling motion?

buccinator

1. What are sac-like structures, similar in structure to joint capsules, which reduce friction in joints such as the elbow and knee?

bursae

1. If blood calcium levels are too high, the thyroid gland releases ____________, which decreases resorption of calcium by kidneys and decreases osteoclast activity.

calcitonin

1. Active sites on the actin filaments become available for binding when:

calcium binds to troponin

The majority of the weight of the bone is due to

calcium salts

Channels within bone, involved with cell-to-cell communication, are called

canaliculi

1. Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and has intercalated discs?

cardiac

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

The pectoral girdle consists of the

clavicle and scapula

1. Which of the following cells account for approximately 99% of the myocardium?

contractile cells

1. Which structure within the cranium attaches the brain?

crista galli

1. Freely moveable joints are called:

diarthrosis

1. The internal and external intercostals are primarily responsible for:

elevate/depress ribs

1. Which connective tissue layer covers the entire muscle?

epimysium

1. Which bone structure allows for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood?

epiphyseal plates

1. Which portion of a long bone is covered with articular cartilage?

epiphysis

1. Imagine you are sitting on the couch with your feet on the floor. Your roommate wishes to vacuum underneath your feet. You kick both legs out in front of you. This leg movement is an example of:

extension

1. T or F: Skeletal muscle fibers are elongated cylindrical cells and have a single nucleus.

false

T or F: The pectoral and pelvic girdle make up the axial skeleton.

false

A muscle ________ contains a sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofilaments, and myofibrils.

fiber

1. A female's pelvis varies from a male's pelvis in many ways. Regarding the pubic arch, a female's pelvis will be _______ than 90 degrees, whereas a male's pelvis is _______ than 90 degrees.

greater; less

Skeletal muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that these muscle fibers

have many nuclei

1. The elbow and knee are considered which type of joint?

hinge

1. Smooth muscle tissue functions involuntarily, but can respond to:

hormones motor neurons pacesetter cells

1. The glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle provides an articulation surface for the:

humerus

1. Which bone does not articulate with any other bone and is attached solely by ligaments and muscles?

hyoid

1. Which type of ossification is responsible for forming the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle?

intramembranous-

1. Vertebra and facial bones are examples of which type of bone?

irregular

Unlike skeletal tissue, cardiac muscle tissue __________.

is involuntary, and contains branched cells and intercalated discs

As you unsuccessfully attempt to lift the 300-pound weights off the ground, you are demonstrating ________.

isometric contraction

Compared with the male pelvis, the female pelvis has a

larger pelvic outlet

1. The purpose of paranasal sinuses is to:

lighten the skull

Regarding lactic acid regulation, which cells in the body consume extra oxygen and produce ATP for the conversion of excess lactate absorbed from the blood back to glucose?

liver cells

1. The humerus and femur are examples of which type of bone?

long

Which is the anatomical term for a passageway through a bone?

meatus

During activities requiring aerobic endurance,

most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria.

abduction

movement away from the midline

Adduction

movement toward the midline

Retraction

moving a part backward

1. Myofibrils are made of bundles of proteins that contract called:

myofilaments

1. The thick filaments of a sarcomere consist of:

myosin

1. By touching your pollex to your 5th digit, you are exhibiting:

opposition

1. Which of the following bone cells produce new bone through ossification?

osteoblast

1. Which of the following bone cells release minerals through osteolysis?

osteoclast

1. Which of the following bone cells secrete acid and enzymes that break down the matrix?

osteoclast

What is the name of the bone cell that secretes acids and enzymes that dissolve the bony matrix and release the stored minerals through osteolysis?

osteoclast

_______________ cells establish the rate of contraction of the heart

pacemaker

1. If blood calcium levels are too low, _____________ is released, causing the bones to release more calcium into the blood.

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

1. Which connective tissue layer contain blood vessels and nerves?

perimysium

1. To which bone layer do tendons and ligaments attach?

periosteum

1. Which of the following is a major mineral reserve found in bone?

phosphate

1. The atlantoaxial joint is considered which type of joint?

pivot

1. When a ballerina stands on her tip toes, this is an example of:

plantar flexion

1. All of the following are components of each coxal bone except for:

pubis

1. Which of the following is a graded addition of more and more motor units to produce adequate tension and produce desired response?

recruitment

1. By moving your head side to side, you are exhibiting:

rotation

1. The smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber is the:

sarcomere

1. Which cell structure contains myoglobin?

sarcoplasm

The terminal cisternae are structural features of the

sarcoplasmic reticula

1. In response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, calcium ions are released from the:

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The major cause of malignant hyperthermia is uncontrolled release of calcium into the sarcoplasm of muscle cells. What intracellular organelle functions to store and release calcium?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

1. Which structure within the cranium holds the pituitary gland?

sella turcica

The pituitary gland is located in the

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

1. Carpals and tarsals are examples of which type of bone?

short

1. Which joint allows for the greatest range of motion but is also the most frequently dislocated?

shoulder

1. Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control and has a striated appearance?

skeletal

1. Bones of the axial skeleton include:

skull, facial bones, and hyoid

A person whose genetic makeup makes him or her a better marathon runner than a sprinter probably has more ________ in his or her leg muscles.

slow fibers

1. Slow twitch fibers (red muscles) are _______ and ________ in diameter than fast twitch fibers (white muscles).

slower; smaller

_____________ muscle tissue lacks myofibrils, sarcomeres, and striations.

smooth

1. Each skeletal muscle consists of all of the following except:

smooth muscle tissue

1. Vitamin D3 deficiency leads to ________________, which is a condition called osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children.

softening of bones

The ridges that can be felt along the backbone, on the dorsal aspect of the body, are produced by the

spinous processes

1. Joints that allow no movement at the joint area are called:

synarthrosis

1. All diarthroses are:

synovial

condylar

term that describes joints that can bend, straighten, and move side to side

1. In smooth muscle, _______ filaments are ___________ throughout the sarcoplasm.

thick, scattered

Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony rods or plates called

trabeculae

Skeletal muscle contraction is calcium dependent. The protein ________ binds calcium and is part of the _________ myofilament.

troponin; thin

1. T or F: Calcification occurs during ossification.

true

1. T or F: Muscles control the volume within organs by use of sphincters.

true

1. T or F: Spongy bone contains no osteons.

true

1. T or F: The shoulder joint is the only joint in the body that allows for 360 degree movement.

true

1. T or F: amount of tension produced in an individual muscle fiber depends on number of cross-bridges in muscle fiber.

true

Ribs that are connected to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions are called ________ ribs.

true

inversion

turning inward

eversion

turning outward

1. A hole located in the vertebra is known as:

vertebral foramen

1. Appositional growth refers to an enlargement in the ________ of bones as it is growing in length.

width

gliding

wrist and ankle

1. Locating the __________ helps first responders to properly position hands for CPR.

xiphoid process

1. Which facial muscle is known as the "kissing muscle"?

zygomaticus

1. Why do you continue to breathe heavily for a few minutes after ceasing exercise?

⎝ Due to oxygen debt: by breathing harder, you are restoring the oxygen levels in your body.

1. Compact bone can withstand force applied on either end of a long bone but tolerates very minimal stress applied to side of the shaft. Explain why.

⎝ The parallel arrangement of osteons resists stress in a specific direction

1. Select the appropriate sequence of events for endochondral ossification: 1. Growth of cartilage model 2. Development of medullary cavity 3. Development of cartilage model 4. Formation of articular cartilage 5. Development of secondary ossification center 6. Development of primary ossification center

3,1,6,2,5,4

1. If pyruvate can enter the mitochondria and go through glycolysis with oxygen, it is very efficient, producing approximately ____ ATP units.

34

1. How many vertebrae are found in the lumbar region?

5

1. How many vertebrae are found in the cervical region?

7

During malignant hyperthermia, there is an increased amount of calcium released into the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle cells. Question part a: What organelle stores calcium in muscles cells? Question part b: Describe the events that must occur in the muscle cell before calcium is released from this organelle.

An action potential reaches the synaptic terminal. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft. ACh molecules land on receptors on the motor end plate. An action potential is generated and travels across the sarcolemma surface. The action potential travels down t tubules. Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm.

1. C1 of the cervical vertebrae is formally known as the:

Atlas

flexion

Bending a body part

1. Which hormone causes the digestive tract to take up more calcium while simultaneously reducing the amount of calcium lost in the urine?

Calcitriol

Which salt hardens the matrix, giving 2/3 of the weight to bones?

Calcium phosphate

1. Structural classifications of joints are:

Cartilaginous, synovial, fibrous

1. Muscle fatigue is caused by which of the following?

Depletion of energy (ATP) low pH Low levels of creatine phosphate (CPK)

1. Which of the following statements are true of cardiac muscle tissue:

Found only in the heart Contains one central nucleus Communicate through gap junctions

Which of the following is ranked from smallest to largest?

H-band, sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle

The drug Dantrolene treats malignant hyperthermia by blocking calcium release into the sarcoplasm and terminating skeletal muscle contractions. Which of the following statements best describes why skeletal muscle relaxes in the absence of calcium?

The active site on actin is blocked by tropomyosin.

The hormone calcitonin functions to

a hormone from the thyroid gland that decreases calcium levels in body fluids.

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of a fracture hematoma:

a. Closes off the injured blood vessels b. Kills off osteocytes in that area c. Results in dead bone extending on either side of the fracture

1. A closed, or simple, fracture is a(n):

aFractured bone that does not break through the skin

1. Imagine you lift both arms up to offer a hug to a friend. This type of arm movement is an example of:

abduction

1. The neurotransmitter released from the synaptic vesicles that initiates an action potential in the sarcolemma is:

acetylcholine

1. The thin filaments of a sarcomere consist of:

actin

1. What gives skeletal muscle fibers their characteristic striated appearance?

actin and myosin filaments

Malignant hyperthermia causes a high demand for ATP within the muscle cells. Which of the following ATP-consuming events causes skeletal muscles to relax?

active transport of Ca2+ back into the terminal cisterns

Pads of ________ are often found around the edges of diarthrotic joints to provide protection for the articular cartilages.

adipose tissue

During David's hyperthermic crisis, Dr. Hodges reports that he has an elevated level of exhaled carbon dioxide. Which ATP-generating metabolic pathway produces carbon dioxide as a by-product?

aerobic metabolism

1. Slightly moveable joints are called:

amphiarthrosis

1. The following are all characteristics of a synovial joints except:

fibrous membrane

1. The sternum and cranial bones are examples of which type of bone?

flat

1. Which structure within the cranium allows the spinal cord to pass through and connect with the brain?

foramen magnum

1. An open, or compound, fracture is a(n):

fractured bone with ends that protrude through the skin

1. Which facial muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows?

frontalis

1. Waving is a side to side movement and is an example of which type of joint?

gliding