Human Biology Chapter 15 (Senses)

Order the steps involved in the activity of a muscle spindle: 1. Muscle spindle is stretched. 2. Reflex action occurs. 3. Contraction of muscle fibers adjoining the muscle spindle. 4. Nerve signals are generated. 5. The muscle relaxes. 6. The muscle's length increases. 1,6,2,4,5,3 2,3,1,4,5,6 5,6,1,4,2,3 2,1,6,3,4,5 5,1,2,4,3,6

5,6,1,4,2,3 *When the muscle relaxes and its length increases, the muscle spindle is stretched and nerve signals are generated. A reflex action then occurs, which results in contraction of muscle fibers adjoining the muscle spindle. (section 15.02)

What percentage of what we perceive as taste is due to smell? 80 - 90% 100% 40 - 50% 10 - 20% 0%

80 - 90% *80 - 90% of what we perceive as taste is due to smell. (15.03)

Which of the following statements is not true concerning rod and cone cells? Both have an outer segment jointed to an inner segment by a short stalk. Both contain a deep purple pigment called rhodopsin. Both have pigment molecules embedded in the membrane of the outer segment. Both contain retinal, a derivative of vitamin A. Both have synaptic vesicles at the synaptic endings of the inner segment.

Both contain a deep purple pigment called rhodopsin. *Rod cells contain rhodopsin but cone cells do not. (15.04)

Many rod cells share one bipolar cell but cone cells do not. Certain cone cells synapse with only one ganglion cell. What are the consequences of this arrangement? Rod cells distinguish color better than cone cells. Cone cells are better up close, while rod cells are better far away. Rod cells are better up close, while cone cells are better far away. Rod cells distinguish more detail than cone cells. Cone cells distinguish more detail than rod cells.

Cone cells distinguish more detail than rod cells. *Cone cells, in general, distinguish more detail than rod cells due to the arrangement of the neural connections. (15.04)

Which of the following statements is not true concerning olfactory cells? Olfactory cells are located in the roof of the nasal cavity. Olfactory cells are modified neurons. Each olfactory cell has only one out of several hundred different types of receptor proteins. Each olfactory cell has its own individual neuron leading to the olfactory bulb. Olfactory cells end in a tuft of about five cilia.

Each olfactory cell has its own individual neuron leading to the olfactory bulb. *Nerve fibers from similar olfactory cells lead to the same neuron in the olfactory bulb. (15.03)

How can you tell the difference between the sound of a tuba and that of a flute? Each part of the spiral organ is sensitive to different wave frequencies. The brain interprets pitches based on the strength of the sound waves. Lower pitches cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate while higher pitches vibrate the vestibular canal. Lower pitches activate all three bones of the middle ear, while higher pitches only activate one or two. The cochlear nerve fires more frequently for higher pitches and less frequently for lower pitches.

Each part of the spiral organ is sensitive to different wave frequencies. *Each part of the spiral organ is sensitive to different wave frequencies. The spiral organ responds to low pitches near the tip and to higher pitches near the base. (15.05)

Which of the following is not a type of cutaneous receptor? Merkel disks Meissner corpuscles Krause end bulbs Pacinian corpuscles Golgi tendon organs

Golgi tendon organs *Golgi tendon organs are a type of proprioceptor. (section 15.02)

If stereocilia move toward the kinocilium, which of the following occurs? Nerve impulses increase in the vestibular nerve. The cupula begins to move in the same direction. Fluid within the semicircular canal flows over and displaces the cupula. The otoliths in the utricle return to their resting position. The data is sent to the medulla oblongata for processing.

Nerve impulses increase in the vestibular nerve. *Nerve impulses increase in the vestibular nerve and the brain interprets these as motion. (15.06)

Which of the following cutaneous receptor is mismatched with its function? Pacinian corpuscles, fine touch Meissner corpuscles, fine touch Krause end bulbs, fine touch Ruffini endings, pressure free nerve endings, temperature

Pacinian corpuscles, fine touch *Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to pressure. (15.02)

Why does a heart attack radiate pain in the left shoulder and arm? The left shoulder and arm are the first to lose their blood supply and begin to hurt. Sometimes, stimulation of internal pain receptors is felt as pain from the skin. The nerves that innervate the heart go through the left shoulder and arm before going to the spinal cord. Damage to the heart muscle results in a flood of inflammatory products carried by the blood stream to the left shoulder and arm first. The heart will close off the blood supply to the arteries that supply the left arm, leading to the pain.

Sometimes, stimulation of internal pain receptors is felt as pain from the skin. *This is called referred pain. Stimulation of internal pain receptors is felt as pain from the skin, as well as the internal organs. (15.02)

In what way are the senses of taste and smell different? Taste buds are modified neurons and olfactory cells contain a pore with supporting cells and elongated cells. Taste buds contain cilia while olfactory cells contain microvilli. Taste depends on a "weighted average" of all the taste messages while smell depends on the signature of olfactory cells stimulated. There are hundreds of different tastes while only 5 different smell families. The sensation of taste occurs in the spinal cord while the sensation of smell occurs in the cerebral cortex.

Taste depends on a "weighted average" of all the taste messages while smell depends on the signature of olfactory cells stimulated. *A "weighted average" of all taste messages is used by the brain as the perceived taste. An odor contains many odor molecules, which activate a characteristic combination of receptor proteins. (15.03)

Which of the following is involved in rotational equilibrium? otoliths saccule utricle ampulla kinocilium

ampulla *The ampulla is associated with involved in rotational equilibrium. (15.06)

When blood pressure increases, what type of sensory receptor detects this? an exteroceptor called a chemoreceptor an exteroceptor called a osmoreceptor an exteroceptor called a nociceptor an interoceptor called a baroreceptor an interoceptor called a chemoreceptor

an interoceptor called a baroreceptor *Interoceptors receive stimuli from inside the body. Baroreceptors respond to changes in pressure. (section 15.01)

Which of the following is not a layer or coat of the eye? sclera choroid retina aqueous humor collagen fibers

aqueous humor *The aqueous humor fills the eye but is not one of the layers of the eye. (15.04)

Taste cells and the carotid bodies are alike in that both are chemoreceptors. are found in the mouth. utilize pressure to activate sensory receptors. respond to distant stimuli. respond to changes in pH.

are chemoreceptors. *Both taste cells and carotid bodies are chemoreceptors (15.03)

Taste buds are located on the tongue, hard palate, pharynx, and epiglottis. are responsible for 100% of what we perceive as "taste." respond to over 100 different types of taste. are actually naked nerve endings. have a direct connection with the limbic system and its centers for emotion and memory.

are located on the tongue, hard palate, pharynx, and epiglottis. *The approximately 3000 taste buds are located primarily on the tongue, but also on the hard palate, pharynx, and epiglottis. (15.03)

Which disorder of the eye is due to the cornea or lens being uneven resulting in a fuzzy image? astigmatism glaucoma color blindness nearsightedness farsightedness

astigmatism *An astigmatism is when the cornea or lens is uneven and images are fuzzy. Glaucoma is the accumulation of aqueous humor due to the blockage of the drainage ducts in the eye. Color blindness is due to a genetic mutation in which the cones are defective or deficient. Nearsightedness is due to the shape of the eye being elongated. Farsightedness is due to the eye being shortened. (15.04)

Which structure is associated with the outer ear? auditory canal tympanic membrane round ear semicircular canals cochlea

auditory canal *The auditory canal is part of the outer ear. The tympanic membrane and round window are part of the middle ear. The semicircular canals and cochlea are part of the inner ear. (15.05)

What structures, in order, are responsible for hearing, starting with a sound wave? auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea cochlea, tympanic membrane, auditory canal, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window tympanic membrane, incus, stapes, malleus, oval window, cochlea, auditory canal auditory canal, oval window, stapes, incus, malleus, tympanic membrane, cochlea tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, auditory canal, cochlea, oval window

auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea *Sound waves enter the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane. This causes the malleus, incus, and stapes to vibrate. The malleus strikes the oval window, which passes pressure to the fluid of the cochlea. (15.05)

The utricle is especially sensitive to what type of movements? back and forth up and down standing upside spinning around bending over

back and forth *The utricle is especially sensitive to horizontal or back and forth movements and the bending of the head. (15.06)

Rotational and gravitational equilibrium both involve all of the following except stereocilia. hair cells. calcium carbonate granules. a gelatinous substance within a chamber. the vestibular nerve.

calcium carbonate granules. *Only gravitational equilibrium involves calcium carbonate granules called otoliths. (15.06)

Which layer of the eye contains an extensive blood supply? sclera choroid retina lens cornea

choroid *The middle layer, the choroid, contains an extensive blood supply, and its dark pigment absorbs stray light rays. (15.04)

Which structure in the eye plays a role in accommodation by holding the lens in place? ciliary body pupil sclera lens optic nerve

ciliary body *The ciliary body plays a role in accommodation by holding the lens in place. The pupil admits light. The sclera protects and supports the eye. The lens refracts and focuses light rays. The optic nerve transmits impulses to the brain (15.04)

What controls the shape of the lens? ciliary muscle cornea iris pupil fovea centralis

ciliary muscle *The ciliary muscle within the ciliary body controls the shape of the lens (15.04)

Which of the following structures of the eye does not touch the lens? cornea suspensory ligaments aqueous humor vitreous humor pupil

cornea *The cornea does not touch the lens. The suspensory ligaments hold the lens, which separates the anterior compartment filled with aqueous humor from the posterior compartment filled with vitreous humor. (15.04)

Which of the following is not involved in gravitational equilibrium? vestibular nerve saccule utricle otoliths cupula

cupula *The cupula is involved in rotational equilibrium. (15.06)

What is the correct order of cells within the retina starting in the posterior compartment and ending in the choroid? rod and cone cell layer, bipolar cell layer, ganglion cell layer sclera, rod and cone cell layer, ganglion cell layer bipolar cell layer, rod and cone cell layer, sclera ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, rod and cone cell layer ganglion cell layer, rod and cone cell layer, sclera

ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, rod and cone cell layer *The ganglion cell layer is innermost (next to the posterior compartment), followed by the bipolar cell layer, and the rod and cone cell layer. The sclera is not part of the retina. (15.04)

Which disorder of the eye is due to an accumulation of aqueous humor? glaucoma color blindness nearsightedness farsightedness astigmatism

glaucoma *Glaucoma is the accumulation of aqueous humor due to the blockage of the drainage ducts in the eye. Color blindness is due to a genetic mutation in which the cones are defective or deficient. Nearsightedness is due to the shape of the eye being elongated. Farsightedness is due to the eye being shortened. An astigmatism is when the cornea or lens is uneven and images are fuzzy. (15.04)

Where are thermoreceptors located? aorta and vena cava muscles, joints, and tendons hypothalamus and skin nasal cavity and tongue semicircular canals of the ear

hypothalamus and skin *Thermoreceptors are located in the hypothalamus and skin. (section 15.01)

Which structure in the eye refracts and focuses light rays? lens humors cone cells retina pupil

lens *The lens refracts and focuses light rays. Humors transmit light rays and support the eye. Cone cells make color vision possible. The retina contains sensory receptors for sight. The pupil admits light to the eye. (15.04)

Which of the following is part of the middle ear? pinna auditory canal malleus cochlea semicircular canals

malleus *The malleus is a bone in the middle ear. (15.05)

What type of exteroceptors are located in the ear? mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors photoreceptors thermoreceptors none of these

mechanoreceptors *Hair cells in the inner ear are mechanoreceptors. (section 15.01)

Which receptors are associated with the sense of equilibrium? mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors photoreceptors thermoreceptors nociceptors

mechanoreceptors *Mechanoreceptors are associated with the sense of equilibrium. Chemoreceptors are associated with the sense of taste and smell. Photoreceptors are associated with the sense of vision. Thermoreceptors are associated with the sense of temperature. Nociceptors are associated with the sense of pain. (15.06)

Proprioceptors are classified as which type of receptor? mechanoreceptors cutaneous receptor nociceptor photoreceptor chemoreceptor

mechanoreceptors *Proprioceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor. (15.02)

The receptors involved in our sense of equilibrium are mechanoreceptors. chemoreceptors. nociceptors. thermoreceptors. pain receptors.

mechanoreceptors. *Mechanoreceptors are located within the inner ear and are responsible for our sense of balance. (15.06)

Nerve signals from taste buds go primarily to the __________ while those for olfactory cells go primarily to the ___________. hypothalamus, thalamus thalamus, hypothalamus temporal lobe, parietal lobe spinal cord, cerebral cortex parietal lobe, temporal lobe

parietal lobe, temporal lobe *Taste signals reach the taste cortex, located primarily in the parietal lobe, while the olfactory cortex is located in the temporal lobe. (15.03)

What type of receptor is involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone and, thereby, the body's equilibrium and posture? proprioceptors cutaneous receptors pain receptors chemoreceptors nociceptors

proprioceptors *Proprioceptors are mechanoreceptors involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone, equilibrium, and posture. (section 15.01)

Which of the following is a genetic mutation that affects males more than females? astigmatism farsightedness nearsightedness red green color blindness blindness

red green color blindness *Red green color blindness is caused by a genetic mutation that affects 5-8% of the male population. (15.04)

The rod and cone cells are located within which layer of the eye? sclera choroid retina lens iris

retina *Rod cells and cone cells are located within the retina. (15.04)

The type of taste called umami allows us to enjoy what type of flavor? sweet savory sour salty bitter

savory *Umami allows us to enjoy the savory flavors of certain cheeses, beef, and mushrooms. (15.03)

If the nerves between the eyes and the ears were switched, stimulation of the mechanoreceptors in the ear would result in hearing sounds. seeing lights. both hearing sounds and seeing lights. deafness. blindness.

seeing lights. *Stimulation of the mechanoreceptors would eventually arrive in the visual cortex if the nerves were switched. Therefore, the result would be seeing lights. The individual could still hear if the receptors in the eyes were stimulated and they could hear if the receptors in the ears were stimulated. (section 15.01)

When you entered the room, there was a faint smell of smoke, but after about an hour, you no longer noticed the smell. What happened? sensory reception sensory adaptation mechanoreception nociception thermoreception

sensory adaptation *Sensory adaptation, a decrease in response to a continuing stimulus, occurred. (section 15.01)

The summing up of nerve signals by _____________________ is called __________________. the reticular activating system, perception the cerebral cortex, sensation sensory receptors, sensation the cerebral cortex, perception sensory receptors, integration

sensory receptors, integration *Before sensory receptor initiate nerve signals, they also carry out integration, the summing up of signals. (section 15.01)

Which of the following is found within the cochlea? stapes spiral organ tympanic membrane semicircular canals incus

spiral organ *The sense organ for hearing, called the spiral organ, is located in the cochlear canal. (15.05)

What do nociceptors detect? stimuli of pain stimuli of smell stimuli of touch stimuli of pressure stimuli of taste

stimuli of pain *Nociceptors detect the stimuli of pain. Chemoreceptors detect the stimuli of smell. Cutaneous receptors detect the stimuli of touch. Mechanoreceptors detect the stimuli of pressure. Chemoreceptors detect the stimuli of taste. (15.02)

Which type of sensory receptor responds to chemicals? taste cells rod and cone cells in the retina hair cells in the spiral organ of the inner ear hair cells in the semicircular canal of the inner ear hair cells in the vestibule of the inner ear

taste cells *The taste cells are sensory receptors that respond to chemicals. They are classified as a chemoreceptor. Rod and cone cells in the retina respond to light. Hair cells in the spiral organ of the inner ear respond to sound waves. Hair cells in the semicircular canal of the inner ear respond to motion. Hair cells in the vestibule of the inner ear respond to gravity. (15.01)

When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, the suspensory ligament is taut and the lens is flattened. relaxed and the lens is flattened. taut and the lens is rounded. relaxed and the lens is rounded. taut and the lens is oval.

taut and the lens is flattened. *When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, this causes the suspensory ligament to become taut and the lens remains flattened. (15.04)

Which region of the brain contains the olfactory cortex? temporal lobe frontal lobe parietal lobe brain stem pons

temporal lobe *The olfactory cortex is located in the temporal lobe. (15.03)

Which part of the brain is involved in sensory adaptation? ventricles cerebellum medulla oblongata pons thalamus

thalamus *The thalamus is the gatekeeper that passes on information to the cerebral cortex. (section 15.01)

In farsightedness, the cornea is uneven. rays do not focus evenly. rays focus in front of the retina. the eyeball is shorter than normal. a concave lens corrects vision.

the eyeball is shorter than normal. *In farsightedness, the eyeball is shorter than normal and rays focus behind the retina when viewing close objects. (15.04)