Human Body - Chapter 22

A deficiency in which of the following minerals leads to thyroid enlargement and a decrease in the metabolic rate? a. Potassium b. Iodine c. Calcium d. Phosphorus

B

Carbohydrates must be converted to which molecule before entering the citric acid cycle? a. Citric acid b. An acetyl group c. Coenzyme A (CoA) d. Pyruvic acid

B

Diets high in saturated fats and cholesterol tend to increase the blood ____ concentration. a. HDL b. LDL c. VLDL

B

Glucose phosphorylation describes the: a. combination of phosphate with glucose. b. release of glucose from phosphate. c. movement of glucose through the cell membrane. d. formation of ATP.

B

If four molecules of glucose were broken down by glycolysis, the cell would receive how much ATP? a. 4 molecules b. 8 molecules c. 12 molecules d. 16 molecules

B

If one molecule of glucose were broken down completely, one of the end products would be: a. one molecule of oxygen. b. six molecules of carbon dioxide. c. one molecule of carbon dioxide. d. six molecules of oxygen.

B

The preferred energy fuel of the body is: a. cellulose. b. glucose. c. amino acids. d. fatty acids.

B

The process by which proteins are synthesized by the ribosomes in all cells is called protein: a. catabolism. b. anabolism. c. metabolism.

B

Which of the following is not part of "basal conditions"? a. Awake but lying down and not moving a muscle b. In a preabsorptive state c. In a warm, comfortable environment d. All of the above are basal conditions.

B

Which of the following is true of catabolism? a. It is a synthesis process involving the release of energy. b. It is a decomposition process involving the release of energy. c. It is a synthesis process involving the use of energy. d. It is a decomposition process involving the use of energy.

B

Which of the following minerals is important in blood cell production? a. Magnesium b. Iron c. Manganese d. Iodine

B

Which of the following is a characteristic of an unsaturated fat? a. It is a solid at room temperature. b. It contains all the hydrogen it can hold. c. It has at least one double bond. d. None of the above is a characteristic of an unsaturated fat.

C

Which of the following is not considered a micronutrient? a. Zinc b. Iodine c. Phosphorus d. All of the above are considered micronutrients.

C

Which of the following is true of metabolism? a. It involves both a physical and a chemical breakdown of foods. b. It occurs both inside and outside of cells. c. It involves anabolism and catabolism. d. Energy is released from the process of anabolism and catabolism.

C

Which of the following minerals is important in bone formation, blood clotting, and nerve function? a. Phosphorus b. Iron c. Calcium d. Cobalt

C

Which of the following minerals is important in stomach acid production? a. Iron b. Calcium c. Chlorine d. Sodium

C

Which of the following vitamins is not stored in significant amounts in the body and must be continually supplied to the diet? a. D b. K c. C d. E

C

Which of the following cannot be considered a macronutrient? a. Carbohydrates b. Calcium c. Iron d. Neither B nor C is considered a macronutrient.

C

Which of the following hormones is not hyperglycemic? a. Glucagon b. Glucocorticoids c. Insulin d. Epinephrine

C

Deamination, the splitting off of an amino group from an amino acid molecule to form a molecule of ammonia and one of keto acid, is the first step in protein: a. catabolism. b. anabolism. c. metabolism.

A

Which of the following is not true of glycolysis? a. It occurs in the mitochondria. b. Glucose is split into two pyruvic acid molecules. c. It is an anaerobic process. d. None of the above is true of glycolysis.

A

Which of the following is true of energy released by the breakdown of food substances? a. It is used to synthesize ATP. b. It is used to decompose ATP. c. It is changed to heat energy and used for cell functioning. d. It is used directly for cell functioning.

A

Which of the following minerals is important in the production of ATP, RNA, and DNA? a. Phosphorus b. Iron c. Calcium d. Cobalt

A

Which of the following stimulates protein synthesis? a. Testosterone b. Estrogen c. Glucagon d. ACTH

A

Which of the following substances is not transported as part of a chylomicron? a. Glucose b. Cholesterol c. Phospholipid d. All of the above are transported in a chylomicron.

A

Which process begins with acetyl CoA and produces high-energy electrons and hydrogen carrier molecules? a. Citric acid cycle b. Carbohydrate anabolism c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain

A

Which of the following statements is not true? a. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of all human cells. b. Glycolysis requires the use of oxygen. c. Glycolysis breaks the chemical bonds in glucose molecules and thereby releases 2 ATPs of energy. d. Glycolysis is an essential process because it prepares glucose for the second step in catabolism—namely, the citric acid cycle.

B

Which statement best compares the processes of anabolism and catabolism? a. Both catabolism and anabolism take place outside of the cells in the GI tract. b. Catabolism breaks down food molecules into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them. Anabolism does the opposite. c. Anabolism breaks down food molecules into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them. Catabolism does the opposite. d. Anabolism occurs when nutrient molecules enter cells, undergo many chemical changes, and release ATP for energy; catabolism doesn't release ATP.

B

The citric acid cycle takes place in the: a. ribosome. b. cytoplasm. c. mitochondria. d. Golgi apparatus.

C

The most common lipids in the diet are: a. phospholipids. b. cholesterol. c. triglycerides. d. prostaglandins.

C

What process has pyruvic acid and 2 gained ATPs as end products? a. Citric acid cycle b. Carbohydrate anabolism c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain

C

"Occurs when nutrient molecules enter the cell and undergo many chemical changes" is the textbook definition of: a. metabolism. b. anabolism. c. assimilation. d. catabolism.

C

ADP is an abbreviation for: a. aniline diphosphate. b. adenine diphosphate. c. adenosine diphosphate. d. adenosine triphosphate.

C

All of the following hormones control lipid metabolism except: a. ACTH. b. glucocorticoids. c. epinephrine. d. insulin.

C

An increase of body temperature of 1° Celsius will necessitate an increase in metabolism of approximately: a. 7%. b. 11%. c. 13%. d. 15%.

C

Excess glucose and amino acids are converted to: a. fatty acids. b. glycerol. c. triglycerides. d. phospholipids.

C

The appetite center is located in the: a. stomach. b. small intestine. c. hypothalamus. d. cerebrum.

C

The basal metabolic rate is higher in all of the following situations except: a. youth compared with adult. b. male compared with female. c. hypothermia compared with fever. d. excess of thyroid hormone compared with the normal level.

C

A term for substances such as sodium, chloride, calcium, and potassium is: a. bulk nutrient. b. trace element. c. macromineral. d. both A and C.

D

ACTH affects metabolism by stimulating the release of: a. epinephrine. b. thyroxine. c. glucagon. d. glucocorticoids.

D

If one molecule of glucose were broken down completely, the cell would gain how much adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? a. 4 molecules b. 36 molecules c. 38 molecules d. Both B and C.

D

Malnutrition includes a deficiency or imbalance of: a. water. b. food. c. vitamins. d. both B and C.

D

Metabolic rates are expressed as: a. normal or as a percentage above or below normal. b. the number of kilocalories of heat energy expended per hour or per day. c. kilocalories per pound of body weight. d. both A and B.

D

The hormone that raises blood sugar level by causing a shift to fat catabolism is: a. ACTH. b. growth hormone. c. thyroid hormone. d. both A and B.

D

The oxygen debt as a result of exercise is caused by the: a. use of oxygen to convert lactic acid to glucose. b. use of oxygen to rebuild the supply of ATP. c. reoxygenation of hemoglobin and myoglobin. d. All of the above.

D

What process uses high-energy electrons and hydrogen carriers to release energy? a. Citric acid cycle b. Lipid anabolism c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain

D

Which of the following carbohydrates cannot be absorbed directly into the cells? a. Cellulose b. Polysaccharides c. Disaccharides d. None of the above carbohydrates can be absorbed directly into the cells.

D

Which of the following is a characteristic of a saturated fat? a. It is a solid at room temperature. b. It contains all the hydrogen it can hold. c. It has at least one double bond. d. Both A and B are characteristics of a saturated fat.

D

Which of the following is not true of ATP? a. It is a high-energy substance. b. It is formed by the synthesis of ADP and phosphate. c. It releases energy when split. d. It cannot be recycled after it is broken down.

D