human cognition exam 1

The painting Paris Street; Rainy Day in the textbook is used to illustrate which phenomenon in visual perception? Color and light consistency Object and size disparity Binocular disparity Monocular depth cues

Monocular depth cues correct

Children from immigrant families learn their adopted language better than their parents. This example supports _______ argument. Miller's Skinner's Chomsky's Tolman's

Chomsky's

The results of Tolman's experiments with rats in cross-shaped mazes were consistent with _______ views. Chomsky's Neisser's Miller's Skinner's

Chomsky's

_______ is the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals.

Cognitive control

The idea of dualism was first introduced by Plato. Descartes. Socrates. Aristotle.

Descartes

______ proposed that behavior and neural function are perfectly correlated. René Descartes David Eagleman Donald Hebb Demertzi

Donald Hebb

Based on a series of experiments, _______ concluded that perception relies on the availability of attention. Most and Astur Becklen and Cervone Mack and Rock Mitroff et al.

Mack and Rock

. _______ showed that even when people try to ignore emotional stimuli, those stimuli affect their ability to process other things. Schwabe and Wolf Pessoa et al. Most et al. Harris and Pashler

Most et al.

Which of the following about multitasking is true?

Multitasking impairs performance.

_______ studies the behavioral consequences of brain damage. Neuropathology Neuropsychology Cognitive neurology Neuroscience

Neuropsychology

_______ involves making sense of the raw stimulation conveyed by the senses. Perceiving Sensing Understanding Recognizing

Perceiving

Which of the following statements is true? Recent research supports the dissociative explanation of mental imagery. Perception and imagery share common representations in the brain. Perception and imagery are processed in completely different areas of the brain. Recent research supports the propositional explanation of mental imagery.

Perception and imagery share common representations in the brain.

According to the textbook, the origins of cognitive psychology can be traced back to Plato (402 BCE). Socrates (469 BCE). René Descartes (1632). Chomsky (1957).

Plato (402 BCE)

Which of the following best describes the principle of functional specialization? Specific brain areas work together only for very difficult tasks. Each cognitive behavior is supported by an independent module in the brain. While different brain areas perform different roles, they have to work together to perform any act. Each cognitive behavior is performed in a localized area in the brain.

While different brain areas perform different roles, they have to work together to perform any act. correct

The flow of visual information from photoreceptors through the fovea and onto the primary visual cortex is referred to as information completion. visual cognition. a feedforward system. top-down processing.

a feedforward system

One function of attention is the transfer of information to working memory. parallel processing of information. modulation. storage of sensory information.

modulation

Visually assigning the elements of a scene to separate objects and backgrounds is referred to as object recognition. figure-ground organization. object segmentation. contextual object processing.

object segmentation.

Individuals with _______ cannot attend to objects on one side of their visual field. damage to brain areas involved in processing topographic information aphantasia spatial neglect damage to brain areas involved in mental rotation

spatial neglect

Functional _______ is the idea that the different brain areas support different cognitive processes. localization distribution differentiation specialization

specialization

Neuroscience methods differ in terms of all of the following except invasiveness. temporal resolution. spatial resolution. structural resolution.

structural resolution

Studies have shown that anxiety and stress interfere with the content of the episodic memory needed for problem-solving. do not affect problem solving-performance. take up working memory capacity that is needed for problem-solving. interfere with processes in the phonological loop, thereby affecting problem-solving performance.

take up working memory capacity that is needed for problem-solving.

The _______ lobe is important for language. parietal temporal occipital frontal

temporal

Aspects of the information-processing approach were consistent with the earlier approach to psychology that focused on the contents of consciousness. were proposed by Chomsky. accounted for the results of Tolman's experiments. were not consistent with Wundt's approach.

were not consistent with Wundt's approach. correct

Cognitive load is higher for _______ tasks than it is for automatic tasks. procedural controlled process cognitive

controlled

Daydreaming is an example of

internal attention

The two approaches to the study of object recognition are the _______ approach and the _______ approach. template-based; holistic geon-based; holistic view-based; structural-based holistic; multiple-trace

view-based; structural-based

There are approximately _______ billion neurons in the human brain. 50 100 150 200

100

Which of the following is not a method used to measure electrical activity in the brain? Electroencephalography (EEG) Single-cell electrode recording Action potentiometer (APm) Electrocorticography (ECoG)

Action potentiometer (APm) correct

Which of the following statements is true? Alan Turing built a Turing machine. Simon and Newell built a Turing machine. Alan Turing showed that a small set of operations could be used to achieve any possible calculation. Simon and Newell showed a small set of operations could be used to achieve any possible calculation.

Alan Turing showed that a small set of operations could be used to achieve any possible calculation. correct

_______ conducted the first study that demonstrated the role of saccades in attention. Apollo Robins William James Alfred Yarbus Jones and Klin

Alfred Yarbus

If _______ is damaged, the patient will not be able to speak but will be able to understand language. Wernicke's area the fusiform Broca's area the temporal lobe

Broca's area correct

_______ showed that prefrontal cortex is more active during trials that involved task switching than during trials with no task switching. Meyer and Kieras Rogers and Monsell Allport et al. Braver et al.

Braver et al.

The findings reported by Palmer et al. are an illustration of which phenomenon? Figure-ground organization Partial processing Boundary extension Incomplete processing

Boundary extension correct

Which of the following is not part the central executive system? Phonological loop Episodic buffer Articulatory buffer Visuospatial sketchpad

Articulatory buffer

_______ developed an influential model for working memory. Shiffrin Atkinson Baddeley Braver

Baddeley

What was the dominant school of thought in psychology in the United States in the early 1950s? Connectionism Functionalism Behaviorism Structuralism

Behaviorism

Which of the following people is reported to have prosopagnosia? Charles Whitman Paul Broca Brad Pitt Carl Wernicke

Brad Pitt

Which brain area is involved in cognitive control processes? Dorsolateral temporal cortex Anterior fusiform cortex (AFC) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Anterior prefrontal cortex

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

_______ is a field of study that involves measuring electrical activities among neurons. Applied psychology Neuropsychology Electrophysiology Electroneurophysiology

Electrophysiology

Which of the following do researchers use to study attention? Retinal imaging Neural electrometer Three-dimensional models of visual fields Eye tracking

Eye tracking

_______ is a formula that relates subjective experience to changes in physical stimulus intensity. Weber's Law Helmholtz's measurement Unconscious inference formula Fechner's Law

Fechner's Law

Which of the following about Wundt's research is false? He used the method of introspection in his experiments. He did not acknowledge the subjectivity of introspection as a limitation. He is known for conducting the first psychology experiment. He believed introspection could provide insight into the nature of consciousness.

He did not acknowledge the subjectivity of introspection as a limitation. correct

Which of the following statements about cognitive psychology is true? In the 1940s, most of the research related to cognitive psychology was conducted outside of the United States. In the 1940s, most of the research related to cognitive psychology was conducted in the United States. Research related to cognitive psychology was not conducted during the 1940s. Cognitively-oriented research began in the 1950s.

In the 1940s, most of the research related to cognitive psychology was conducted outside of the United States. correct

Which of the following is not a challenge in the visual perception of objects? Inverse processing Occlusion Object segmentation Inverse projection

Inverse processing

Which of the following statements about reflexive attention is true? It occurs only in vision. It allows us to attend to a stimulus that is relevant to our goal. It allows us to actively choose among competing information. It allows us to attend to a particular stimulus that has seized our attention.

It allows us to attend to a particular stimulus that has seized our attention

Which of the following statements about attention is true?

It allows us to select and prioritize some information over other information

Which of the following statements about attention is true? It only enhances information at a given location. It is not involved in spatial perception. It enhances information to a particular location and suppresses information that is not at that location. It does not suppress information at other locations.

It enhances information to a particular location and suppresses information that is not at that location.

Which statement about emotion is true? It has always been a topic of interest in cognitive psychology research. It is now among the topics of interest in the field of cognitive psychology. It is not considered to play a role in our experience of the world. It is not considered to play role in human behavior.

It is now among the topics of interest in the field of cognitive psychology.

Which of the following about visual perception is false? It depends on bottom-up processing. Our visual perception is restricted to what our mind chooses to see. It depends on top-down processing. It is possible because our views of objects are always complete.

It is possible because our views of objects are always complete.

In one experiment, _______ was able to show that people are faster and more accurate in their ability to identify a target location when a cue predicts the target location. Klein Eriksen Corbetta Posner

Posner

_______ proposed the propositional explanation of mental imagery. Pylyshyn Shepard Metzler Kosslyn

Pylyshyn

The results of the work of _______ indicated that the mind appears to rotate objects at a fixed speed. Pylyshyn Kosslyn Shepard and Metzler Mishkin and James

Shepard and Metzler

_______ argued that children's language development can be accounted for by behaviorist principles. Chomsky Miller Tolman Skinner

Skinner

_______ refers to our ability to pay attention to points in time. Time-stamped attention The attentional spotlight Temporal attention Temporal focus

Temporal attention

______ is the ability to pinpoint when a neural activity occurs. Temporal precision Time modulation Temporal resolution Neural timing

Temporal resolution

Which event is considered to be the beginning of the Cognitive Revolution? The Symposium on Information Theory at Harvard University (1956) The Symposium on Information Theory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1956) The International Conference on Mind and Machine in Switzerland (1958) The International Conference on Mind and Machine in Belgium (1955)

The Symposium on Information Theory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1956) correct

_______ describes how performance suffers as a result of anxiety. The dual-task anxiety curve Error-related negativity The Yerkes-Dodson curve The anxiety performance curve

The Yerkes-Dodson curve

_______ is a storage location where information from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad are combined. The episodic buffer Working memory Long-term memory The executive center

The episodic buffer

Which statement about the two brain hemispheres is false? They are somewhat structurally symmetrical. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body. There are no functional differences between the two hemispheres. The two hemispheres are connected.

There are no functional differences between the two hemispheres

Which of the following statements is true? There is a strong association between cognitive control and intelligence. Working memory capacity does not predict success in school. Cognitive control has been shown to predict success in school. There is a strong association between intelligence and working memory capacity.

There is a strong association between intelligence and working memory capacity.

Which of the following statements about cognitive psychology is true? There is a clear boundary between cognitive psychology and other areas of psychology. Cognitive psychology is best defined by the topics it covers. There is no clear boundary between cognitive psychology and other areas of psychology. Cognitive psychology is best defined in terms of other areas of psychology.

There is no clear boundary between cognitive psychology and other areas of psychology. correct

Which of the following statements is false? Broadbent's filter model of attention was influenced by the information-processing approach. Tolman's experiments were inspired by the information-processing approach. Miller's work was influenced by the information-processing approach. Piaget's work was influenced by the information-processing approach.

Tolman's experiments were inspired by the information-processing approach. correct

_______ is the knowledge and expectations that influence and enhance interpretation of sensory input. Implicit processing Amodel completion Top-down information Transduction

Top-down information

______ allows researchers to temporarily disrupt brain activity in different areas of the brain. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Neuroelectro stimulation (NS) Action potentiometer (APm) Electrocorticography (ECoG)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) correct

Based on their experimental results, _______ concluded that working memory capacity is linked to an ability to control external attention. Ruff et al. Vogel et al. Klin et al. Jones and Klin

Vogel et al.

If _______ is damaged, the patient will not be able to understand language but will be able to speak. the fusiform the temporal lobe Wernicke's area Broca's area

Wernicke's area

Research has shown that spatial information is held in the visuospatial sketchpad. the spatial buffer. the phonological loop. a separate working memory system.

a separate working memory system.

A(n) _______ is an electric signal that travels the length of the axon. neurotransmitter neural signal action potential axon potentiation

action potential

Neuroscience is closely linked to cognitive psychology because advances in technology allow neuroscientists to observe the brain in action. neuroscience offers techniques that allow cognitive psychologists to run controlled experiments. neuroscience offers measurement tools that are more accurate. neuroscience provides advanced modelling techniques.

advances in technology allow neuroscientists to observe the brain in action. correct

Our ability to perceive an object even if part of the object is obstructed is referred to as feedforward processing. brain plasticity. bottom-up processing. amodal completion.

amodal completion.

People with _______ are not able to generate images in their minds. visual agnosia agnosia aphantasia aphasia

aphantasia

On average, the _______ can hold about seven plus or minus two items. articulatory rehearsal loop episodic buffer visuospatial sketchpad phonological sketchpad

articulatory rehearsal loop

Research in the area of _______ seeks to understand the kinds of stimuli that can draw our attention reflexively. attentional capture attentional saliency saliency maps a competition model of attention

attentional capture

All of the following are failures of awareness in the absence of attention, except inattentional blindness. change blindness. attentional overload. the attentional blink.

attentional overload.

Computational modelling allows researchers to use mathematical techniques to measure human behavior. write mathematical formulas to compute the speed of mental processes. better understand information theory. build theoretical models that can be used to make predictions about cognitive processes.

build theoretical models that can be used to make predictions about cognitive processes. correct

Exogenous cues can correctly or incorrectly indicate the target location. can only correctly indicate the target location can only incorrectly indicate the target location. are not involved in indicating where the target location is.

can correctly or incorrectly indicate the target location.

We can only process a subset of information that we encounter at any given time, thus our attention is referred to as capacity-limited. time-limited. processing-limited. memory-limited.

capacity-limited.

All of the following play a role as a top-down information in visual perception, except cognitive flexibility. context. experience. visual brain making predictions.

cognitive flexibility

Two factors that determine whether effective multitasking is possible are cognitive demand and task difficulty. task demand and working memory capacity. working memory capacity and task difficulty. cognitive load and cognitive overlap.

cognitive load and cognitive overlap.

The study of the neural basis of cognition and behavior is called cognitive neuroscience. cognitive psychology. cognitive science. neuroscience.

cognitive neuroscience

Some researchers argue that perceptual processing proceeds without influence from high-level cognition and suggest that perception is experience-dependent. context-dependent. highly selective. cognitively impenetrable.

cognitively impenetrable

One of the tasks used to test attentional vigilance is called inattentional practice. sustained attentional task. continuous performance task. multimodal load task.

continuous performance task.

The three major components of a neuron are the dendrite, axon, and synapse. dendrite, cell body, and synapse. dendrite, glial cell, and synapse. dendrite, cell body, and axon.

dendrite, cell body, and axon

The main focus of research in the area of attention has been to determine the point at which the attention selection occurs. identify different types of attention. measure the speed of attention selection. locate where attention is processed in the brain.

determine the point at which the attention selection occurs.

In 2002, Daniel Kahneman was awarded the Nobel Prize in cognitive psychology. economic science. psychology. cognitive science.

economic science

_______ refers to mental fatigue due to excessive mental activity. Ego depletion Working memory overload Cognitive control overload Mental exhaustion

ego depletion

It is difficult to study the role of emotion in cognition because researchers have not been able to find a link between emotion and cognition. emotion is distinct from cognition. cognition occurs before emotion. emotion is difficult to measure objectively.

emotion is difficult to measure objectively

The Rubin vase illustration in the textbook is a demonstration of object segmentation. contextual object processing. experience-based processing. figure-ground organization.

figure-ground organization

The _______ was the first model that applied information theory to understanding a mental process. attenuation model of attention cocktail party model filter model of attention perceptual load model

filter model of attention

The _______ task has been used to demonstrate both perceptual and response interference. Simon spatial interference flanker perceptual interference

flanker

Studies have shown that the capacity of visual short-term memory is about six units. four features. seven items. five images.

four features.

_______ provide structural and functional support to the neuron. Glial cells Neurotransmitters Presynaptic neurons Postsynaptic neurons

glial cells

According to the textbook, studies have shown that the best cognitive enhancers are improving short-term memory by targeted practice. good life habits. exercises that improve task switching involved in cognitive control. managing emotions by performing exercises targeted to improve cognitive control processes.

good life habits.

Individuals with apperceptive agnosia are not able to store sense data for further processing. are not able to process top-down information. have impaired early vision. have damage to brain areas involved in late stage categorization.

have impaired early vision

One limitation of Donders's research approach was that he measured the differences in reaction times and not the actual reaction time. he presented his participants with a discrimination task only. his experiment was based on the assumption that cognitive processes take place serially. he presented his participants with a choice task only.

his experiment was based on the assumption that cognitive processes take place serially. correct

All the following fields of study made direct contributions to the cognitive revolution except psychology. neuroscience. history. computer science.

history

Daniel Kahneman received the Nobel Prize for his work on economic models of decision making. problem-solving and risk management. human reason and decision making. higher level cognitive processes.

human reason ans decision making

Neuropsychology allows researchers to map the neural circuits involved in specific functions. compute the exact location of brain damage. identify brain regions involved in specific functions compute the extent of brain damage.

identify brain regions involved in specific functions correct

One line of support for feature integration theory has come from a series of experiments based on a phenomenon known as visual integration. dichotic conjunction. binding elements. illusory conjunction.

illusory conjunction.

One of the functions of cognitive control is to facilitate parallel processing. to process automatic tasks. to speed up the process of resource allocation. inhibition.

inhibition.

Behaviorists argue that introspection is a valid method of investigation in psychology. focusing on stimulus and response in understanding behavior is consistent with observing people while they report on their internal mental processes. investigations in the field of psychology must be limited to manipulating and measuring environmental conditions and observable behaviors. experiments in psychology must focus on subjective measures as well as objective measures.

investigations in the field of psychology must be limited to manipulating and measuring environmental conditions and observable behaviors. correct

Perception does not depend on prior knowledge. is a cognitive act. does not rely on memory relies on brain plasticity.

is a cognitive act

Each of our eyes has a blind spot but we don't notice the gap in our visual experience, which supports the idea that perception involves brain plasticity. is a top-down process only. does not depend on information from the senses. is a construction.

is a construction

In visual perception, the mind factors in illumination conditions when perceiving the brightness of things. This is known as brightness processing. brightness invariance. lightness constancy. lightness invariance.

lightness constancy

Studies have shown that ego depletion is associated with higher blood glucose levels. higher blood pressure. lower blood glucose levels. lower blood pressure.

lower blood glucose levels.

In the field of psychology, our current understanding of the nature of the human mind is consistent with the position of

materialism

Among other contributions, Helmholtz was able to write the formula to show the relationship between a physical stimulus and the mind's ability to perceive. formalize the process of perceiving a physical stimulus. write the formula for the time it takes to encode an event in the environment. measure the speed of nerve impulses.

measure the speed of nerve impulses

In visual perception, our views of objects are often partially blocked by other objects. This is referred to as occlusion. partial processing. incomplete sense data. incomplete processing.

occlusion

When looking at an image on a computer screen, the way we organize the scene into figures and ground is influenced by the clarity of the image. the size of the image. our previous experience. how close we are to the screen.

our previous experience.

The way we organize an image of a scene in on a computer screen into figures and ground is influenced by the clarity of the image. the size of the image. our previous experience. how close we are to the screen.

our previous experience. correct

What we attend to and what we become aware of depends on all of the following except the salience of the features present in our environment. our sensory memory capacity. our individual learning histories. our emotions.

our sensory memory capacity

The _______ lobe plays a major role in controlling action. parietal temporal occipital frontal

parietal

Researchers measure phonological memory capacity based on phonological length. articulation size. verbal items. lexical items.

phonological length.

Patients who are diagnosed with working memory deficits typically have problems with their articulatory rehearsal loop. episodic buffer. phonological loop. visuospatial sketchpad.

phonological loop.

The processing that takes place before attentional selection is referred to as _______ processing. parallel preattentive prior serial

preattentive

In cognitive psychology, how information is encoded, transformed, and stored is referred to as representation. process. computation. cognition.

process

Rumination shortens depression. has no effect on depression. prolongs depression. is not a symptom of depression.

prolongs depression.

Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize scenes. recognize objects. process visual signals. recognize faces.

recognize faces

Which of the following is not one of the levels of analysis that David Marr (1982) proposed to study cognition? Computational Algorithmic Implementational Representational

representational

It is important to understand the difference between overt and covert attention for directing attention. clarity of perception. safety reasons. speed of processing.

safety reasons

Early challenges to structuralism came from the Gestalt movement and functionalism. behaviorism and empiricism. functionalism and nativism. classical conditioning theory and behaviorism.

the Gestalt movement and functionalism

The ability to manage emotions is a function of adequate access to long-term memory. a function of working memory capacity. the function of cognitive control. the function of the episodic buffer.

the function of cognitive control.

We live in a three-dimensional world but the input to our eyes is two-dimensional. This is referred to as dimensional reduction. the inverse projection problem. incomplete sensory information. transformation loss.

the inverse projection problem.

Dualists believe that

the mind exists outside the brain

One of the limitations of information processing in the brain is due to what is referred to as the psychological refractory period. prediction error delay. conflict monitoring delay. conflict resolution assessment.

the psychological refractory period.