Human Development 7-12

_____ refers to an efficiency of information processing that appears with practice. a. Terminal drop b. Automatization c. Factor analysis d. The Flynn effect

b. Automatization

A teenager's difficulty in differentiating his own thoughts and feelings from those of other people is called adolescent a. class inclusion. b. reversibility. c. egocentrism. d. décalage

c. egocentrism

Paris spends the last week of summer vacation at the mall, looking for just the right outfit for the first day of 10th grade. Finally, she finds something she likes, and feels sure that everyone will notice her smashing outfit! This is an example of adolescent a. class inclusion. b. reversibility. c. egocentrism. d. décalage

c. egocentrism

An effective method for a school to positively influence motivation is to a. stress competition concerning class grades. b. discourage parental involvement, making children respond on their own. c. emphasize intrinsic motivation techniques. d. avoid adopting learning goals

c. emphasize intrinsic motivation techniques.

Allison is attempting to recall the code number that she uses to unlock her high school locker. As she tries different combinations, a part of her consciously keeps track of the combinations of numbers she has already tried. Information-processing theorists would refer to this aspect of Allison's cognitive system as her a. fuzzy-trace. b. sensory register. c. executive control process. d. implicit memory.

c. executive control process

Information-processing theorists use the term _____ to describe the part of the unique element of the cognitive system that plans and monitors problem-solving. a. fuzzy-traces b. sensory registers c. executive control processes d. implicit memory

c. executive control processes

Research on gender portrayals in of characters in picture and elementary school books found that a. age-old sexist portrayals of men and women are now virtually nonexistent. b. in most picture books, mothers are absent from families. c. female characters are often still portrayed as passive and helpless. d. male characters tend to promote non-violent solutions to problems

c. female characters are often still portrayed as passive and helpless.

The social-role hypothesis predicts that a. once formed, gender differences cannot be changed. b. men and women adopt different roles in society because they differ in basic traits and abilities. c. gender differences vary from culture to culture depending on the roles men and women hold in each society. d. gender differences are fairly universal because they originate in biological differences.

c. gender differences vary from culture to culture depending on the roles men and women hold in each society.

In the hypothetical country called Ozland, females drive trucks and males drive cars. This indicates that Ozland has a. androgyny. b. joint attention. c. gender roles. d. behavioral inhibition

c. gender roles

Males out-perform females on tests of mental rotation a. only until about 10 years of age. b. only during adolescence. c. only during adulthood. d. throughout the lifespan

d. throughout the lifespan

John has just developed the ability to convert a declarative sentence (e.g., "I like pizza") into both a question (e.g., "Do I like eating pizza?") and an imperative (e.g., "I must eat pizza!"). This would indicate that he now is aware of a. overregulation. b. functional grammar. c. overextension. d. transformational grammar

d. transformational grammar

Piaget's clinical method involves

a flexible question-and-answer technique.

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral schema?

Grasping a block or a bottle of milk

At which age do people do better on recall tasks than on recognition tasks? a. Adolescence b. Middle age c. Old age d. No age group does better on recall tasks

No age group does better on recall tasks

Milton is playing a game of "20 Questions" in which he has to try and guess what his friend Bradley is thinking about. Which of Milton's inquiries would best exemplify a constraint-seeking question? a. "Is it an animal?" b. "Is it green?" c. "Is it a frog?" d. "Is it a green frog?"

a. "Is it an animal?"

Research on the mastery of American Sign Language in deaf students seems to support the rule, a. "the earlier, the better." b. "hearing and speaking are unrelated variables." c. "starting late is the way to go." d. "parents can't sign, kids can't sign."

a. "the earlier, the better."

How many of the following ("d," "da," "dada," "daddy") are phonemes? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

a. 1

Estimates indicate that it takes about _____ of training and expertise to become a true expert in a field. a. 10 years b. 20 years c. 30 years d. a lifetime

a. 10 years

It was found that when they were in their 40s, _____ of the Camberwell Cohort lived with their families. a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%

a. 25%

If the scores from an intelligence test are normally distributed, then you would predict that the FEWEST number of people would receive an IQ score at or below _____ on that test. a. 70 b. 85 c. 100 d. 115

a. 70

Which best illustrates the concept of gender segregation? a. A "girls only" scout troop b. The statement "I am a boy and I will always be a boy" c. The belief that males are more aggressive d. The initial realization of the existence of two sexes (males and females)

a. A "girls only" scout troop

Which type of theorist would be most likely to describe intellectual development in terms of qualitative changes in thought with age (e.g., transformation from a caterpillar to a butterfly)? a. A Piagetian b. A Vygotskyian c. An information-processor d. A psychometrician

a. A Piagetian

Which statement concerning the development of genitalia and internal reproductive structures is true? a. A fertilized egg can acquire the anatomical and physiological features of either sex. b. Only an XY chromosome fetus can develop a penis. c. Only an XY chromosome fetus can develop testes. d. While both XY and XX chromosome fetuses can develop a penis, only the XX chromosome fetus can develop the internal reproductive system of a female.

a. A fertilized egg can acquire the anatomical and physiological features of either sex.

What physiological event has been associated with the acquisition of Piaget's formal operation stage of thinking? a. A spurt in brain development b. Menopause c. Increased levels of androgens d. Spermarche

a. A spurt in brain development

_____ intelligence is defined as the ability to use your active mind to solve novel problems. a. Fluid b. Crystallized c. Primary d. Tertiary

a. Fluid

Which is best described as the overall sense of who you are? a. Identity b. Self-efficacy c. Looking-glass self d. Temperament

a. Identity

When her toddler holds her cup up and says, "Milk," her mother says, "You're ready for more milk." The mother's response is best described as an example of a. expansion. b. holophrastic speech. c. child-directed speech. d. babbling.

a. expansion

Piaget stated that adaptation involves the two major processes of

assimilation and accommodation.

Which statement best exemplifies the concept of self-esteem? a. "I am white, 52 years old, and live in Wisconsin." b. "All in all, I am a worthless individual." c. "Women find me highly physically attractive." d. "I can recognize my own voice when I hear it on tape."

b. "All in all, I am a worthless individual."

Which statement would indicate that an individual has a high level of surgency? a. "Paying attention to boring people is hard." b. "I am always excited, in a good way, to meet people." c. "Meeting people makes me nervous." d. "I hate people."

b. "I am always excited, in a good way, to meet people."

Which of the following utterances clearly demonstrates that an infant has developed a categorical sense of self? a. "My car" b. "I big girl" c. "Pick me up" d. "Daddy's book

b. "I big girl"

All forms of language are a. spoken. b. based on some agreed-upon set of rules. c. inherited. d. gesture-based.

b. based on some agreed-upon set of rules.

If you believe in mastery goals, then you believe that a. effort does not matter. b. you can learn to get better at a task. c. most abilities are inherited. d. superficial processing is the key to success

b. you can learn to get better at a task.

Which question demonstrates the correct placement of the auxiliary verb? a. "How pig?" b. "How big pig?" c. "How can the pig oink?" d. "How big the pig is?"

c. "How can the pig oink?"

As a typical three-year-old, when asked about his self-concept, Talisker's answer would most likely be, a. "I am smart." b. "I am funny." c. "I am small." d. "I am excitable."

c. "I am small."

Which statement would indicate that Elvis has adopted mastery goals concerning playing the guitar? a. "The key is to play better than my friend Costello." b. "If I can't learn to play, then I am a loser." c. "If I practice, I will get better." d. "Music is an innate talent."

c. "If I practice, I will get better."

Which statement indicates that Jade adheres to a collectivist culture philosophy? a. "It is important to be independent and self-reliant." b. "It's my way or the highway." c. "It's not about me, it's about my people." d. "The needs of the one outweigh the needs of the whole."

c. "It's not about me, it's about my people."

Which is the best example of telegraphic speech? a. "Baabaa" b. "Bottle" c. "Want bottle" d. "I would like you to hand me the bottle"

c. "Want bottle"

A list of the most common occupations held by women in the U.S., would be least likely to include a. "assistant." b. "teacher." c. "doctor." d. "cashier

c. "doctor."

If the scores from an intelligence test are normally distributed, then you would predict that the largest number of people would receive an IQ score of _____ on that test. a. 70 b. 85 c. 100 d. 115

c. 100

Self-esteem rating tends to be highest in people in their a. teens. b. 30s. c. 60s. d. 90s.

c. 60s

Creativity is usually defined as a. high intelligence (as defined by a high IQ) b. the ability to come up with the most bizarre answer to a problem c. the ability to produce novel responses that are valued by others d. factual information gained over years of experience

c. the ability to produce novel responses that are valued by others

Research investigating Erikson's claim that identity paves the way for the establishment of intimate relationships has revealed that a. there is no relationship between identity and intimacy. b. the acquisition of a well-formed identity does appear to facilitate intimacy in relationships equally well for both men and women. c. the acquisition of a well-formed identity does appear to facilitate intimacy in relationships, but the impact may vary somewhat by sex and gender-role. d. we can truly love another even though we do not "know ourselves."

c. the acquisition of a well-formed identity does appear to facilitate intimacy in relationships, but the impact may vary somewhat by sex and gender-role.

If Kirsten believes in the saying, "Boys and girls are more alike than different," she is clearly a fan of a. psychodynamic theory. b. a double standard. c. the gender similarity hypothesis. d. gender segregation

c. the gender similarity hypothesis

Dr. Gretzky defines himself as a cognitive psychologist. Given this information, you might predict that Dr. Gretzky is most interested in

children's thinking skills.

Which of Tela's statements best exemplifies a narrative identity? a. "I like who I am." b. "Whenever I go to a party, I have to remember not to drink too much." c. "I am introverted." d. "Given my past failures in school, graduating from college will make my life meaningful."

d. "Given my past failures in school, graduating from college will make my life meaningful."

While trying to solve a math problem, Vector is able to come up with a strategy that might work. Unfortunately, Vector's math performance does not improve by using the strategy. This situation best exemplifies a. autobiographical memory. b. cued recall. c. the method of loci. d. utilization deficiency.

d. utilization deficiency.

Five-year-old Penny draws clear lines between what types of games boys and girls should play and makes every effort to avoid playing with boys like her neighbor Pee Wee. Research has shown that preschoolers with attitudes like Penny tend to be a. aggressive. b. shy. c. rejected by peers. d. well adjusted.

d. well adjusted.

Piaget was most interested in determining

how children learn.

Piaget refers to the process of combining existing schemas into new and more complex ones as

organization.

What 1960s event brought Piaget's theory into the mainstream of American science?

Flavell's summary of Piaget's work that was published in English

Who is most likely to experience a decrease in self-esteem in early adolescence? a. A white female b. A Latino female c. A white male d. A Latino male

a. A white female

The concept of stereotype threat is most often used to explain the lower IQ scores found in a. African Americans. b. the elderly. c. women. d. infants and toddlers

a. African Americans. b. the elderly.

Research would predict that _____ would show the largest intellectual declines in the coming years. a. 68-year-old Jay, who is married and leading an active social life, b. 69-year-old May, who lives alone and is socially inactive, c. 70-year-old Kay, who is married but socially inactive, d. 71-year-old Fay, who is lives alone but is socially active

b. 69-year-old May, who lives alone and is socially inactive

Based on research by Stoddart and Turiel, which two people would you expect to hold the most negative attitudes concerning the violation of gender roles (e.g., a boy wearing nail polish)? a. A 5-year-old and a 7-year-old b. A 5-year-old and a 13-year-old c. A 7-year-old and a 9-year-old d. A 9-year-old and a 13-year-old

b. A 5-year-old and a 13-year-old

Six-month-old Emir is sitting in his car seat and repeatedly saying "naanaa." Emir is best described as a. babbling. b. using pragmatics. c. cooing. d. holophrasing

a. babbling

Research by Kagan and his colleagues concluded that behavioral inhibition is _____ rooted. a. biologically b. socially c. subconsciously d. cognitively

a. biologically

Schaie's sequential study of stability of intellectual abilities showed that a. both cohort and age affect intellectual performance. b. cohort, but not age, affects intellectual performance. c. age, but not cohort, affects intellectual performance. d. neither cohort nor age affects intellectual performance

a. both cohort and age affect intellectual performance.

Colette is participating in a research study. In the first phase of the study, she is shown a list of 20 French words. She is then asked to count backwards from 50 to 1 by threes. Colette is then asked to write down all of the French words she can remember. She has taken part in a study of _____ memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. cued-recall d. recognition

a. explicit

According to Atchley's model, a month or so after retirement, most workers are in the _____ phase. a. honeymoon b. reorientation c. preretirement d. disenchantment

a. honeymoon

Gustav was born and raised in a small fishing village in Sweden. Vygotsky would argue that this experience will a. impact both how he thinks and what he thinks about. b. impact how he thinks but not what he thinks about. c. impact what he thinks about but not how he thinks. d. have no impact on this cognitive development

a. impact both how he thinks and what he thinks about.

Four-year-old Jackie often mutters to herself as she builds things with her blocks. Her utterances (e.g., "the blue one goes first") seem to be a running dialogue of her actions that are guiding her behavior. Vygotsky referred to this activity as _____ speech. a. private b. social c. egocentric d. telegraphic

a. private

Studies on _____ have shown that being in an impoverished environment has a direct impact on brain development. a. rats b. infants c. toddlers with Down syndrome d. older adults

a. rats

The key characteristic of a primary circular reaction is that they are a. repeated actions related to one's own body that originally happened by chance. b. a one-time event related to one's own body that originally happened by chance. c. repeated actions related to one's own body that originally happened by choice. d. a one-time event related to one's own body that originally happened by choice.

a. repeated actions related to one's own body that originally happened by chance.

Robert Siegler investigated the type of information that a child takes in during a problem-solving task and also what strategies he or she formulates when attempting to solve the problem. Siegler called his model the _____ approach. a. rule assessment b. fuzzy-trace c. autobiographical d. method of loci

a. rule assessment

Elkind suggested that adolescent egocentrism is due to increased a. self-consciousness. b. self-esteem. c. self-efficacy. d. self-confidence.

a. self-consciousness.

The tendency to actively approach a new situation in a positive way is referred to as a. surgency. b. negative affectivity. c. behavioral inhibition. d. neuroticism.

a. surgency.

The sentence, "I the text read Chapter 10 in" violates the English rules of a. syntax. b. pragmatics. c. joint attention. d. morphology

a. syntax

Goodness-of-fit is best defined as a. the extent to which the child's temperament is compatible with the social world to which the child must adapt. b. a child's ability to distinguish himself from his environment. c. the amount of impact genetic factors has on the development of personality. d. the extent to which a child develops an attachment to a caregiver

a. the extent to which the child's temperament is compatible with the social world to which the child must adapt.

The major focus of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development is to assess intelligence by measuring a. the rate at which infants achieve developmental milestones. b. vocabulary size. c. creativity. d. physiological status at birth (e.g., heart rate, respiration, muscle tone).

a. the rate at which infants achieve developmental milestones

According to Piaget, intelligence is the ability to

adapt to one's environment.

People living in individualistic cultures tend to define themselves as a. individuals, and put the good of society ahead of their own good. b. individuals, and put their own good ahead of that of society. c. group members, and put the good of society ahead of their own good. d. group members, and put their own good ahead of that of society

b. individuals, and put their own good ahead of that of society.

If you believe in a language acquisition device, then you believe that a. language is acquired mostly though the process of modeling. b. infants have an inborn brain mechanism for processing language. c. parental reinforcement can explain most of language acquisition. d. the most difficult part of language acquisition involves grasping the rules of language.

b. infants have an inborn brain mechanism for processing language.

Piaget stated that the preoperational stage of development normally begins around a. 2 months of age. b. 12 months of age. c. 2 years of age. d. 12 years of age.

c. 2 years of age.

As a great architect, Mr. Brady has an amazing ability to visual and mentally transform a building in his mind. This suggests that he has superb _____ intelligence. a. bodily-kinesthetic b. spatial c. linguistic d. interpersonal

b. spatial

As a typical 80-year-old, Irvine would have the greatest number of autobiographical memories from his a. early childhood. b. teens and 20s. c. 30s and 40s. d. 50s and 60s.

b. teens and 20s.

When a person speaks using several critical content words but does not actually use full sentences, he or she is said to be engaging in a. underextension. b. telegraphic speech. c. babbling. d. joint attention.

b. telegraphic speech.

With regard to the Binet and Simon intelligence test, "age graded" refers to a. a test that is scored by same-age peers. b. the age at which an average child of a certain age can successfully complete an item. c. test items that are similar across cultures. d. a child who typically relies on divergent rather than convergent thinking.

b. the age at which an average child of a certain age can successfully complete an item.

Statistically, _____ students have the lowest high school graduation rate in the United States. a. Caucasian b. Hispanic c. Asian-American d. African-American

b. Hispanic

Eagly's social-role hypothesis argues that gender-role stereotypes a. result from biological differences between males and females. b. are driven by the social context in which males and females find themselves. c. are seldom unfounded. d. tend to be more negatively biased against males.

b. are driven by the social context in which males and females find themselves.

Three-year-old Anthony has just begun to throw tantrums when he does not get his way. Erikson would argue that this initial assertion of his will demonstrates that Anthony is in the _____ stage of development. a. generativity versus stagnation b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority

b. autonomy versus shame and doubt

When her mommy is sick in bed, Jenna brings her a pacifier and a rattle, thinking these will help mommy feel better since they always make Jenna feel better. Jenna's behavior best demonstrates a. centration. b. egocentrism. c. animism. d. formal thought.

b. egocentrism.

Wayne has trouble remembering the last four digits of his new phone number (4422) until he makes the connection that the last two digits are exactly half of the first two digits. Once he makes this connection, he has no trouble remembering the number! This best demonstrates the memory concept of a. chunking. b. elaboration. c. organization. d. rehearsal.

b. elaboration.

Static thought involves a fixation on the a. process of transformation. b. end state. c. process of egocentrism. d. beginning state.

b. end state.

Eighteen-month-old Gavin has just learned 10 new words in the past week. This brings his total vocabulary to 30 words. Gavin is best described as a. babbling. b. experiencing a vocabulary spurt. c. overextending. d. acquiring metalinguistic awareness.

b. experiencing a vocabulary spurt

Research on reading programs has shown that the most effective programs a. are phonics-only programs. b. are whole language-only programs. c. emphasize phonics but do include some whole language instruction. d. emphasize whole language but do include some phonics instruction.

c. emphasize phonics but do include some whole language instruction.

What is the most likely behavioral outcome of exposing a female rhesus monkey to testosterone during its prenatal time of development? a. It will be unable to become pregnant. b. It will show significant improvements in spatial skills. c. It will attempt to sexually "mount" male partners when it reaches sexual maturity. d. It will show significant declines in aggressive behavior.

c. It will attempt to sexually "mount" male partners when it reaches sexual maturity.

Which statement concerning vocational development in adolescence is true? a. The fit between one's self-concept, personality, and occupation is unimportant. b. Chance events seldom impact career decisions. c. Minority status may lead one to lower or compromise one's career plans. d. In women, holding traditional gender-role attitudes tends to lead to higher vocational aspirations.

c. Minority status may lead one to lower or compromise one's career plans.

Which statement best fits with a cohort difference explanation about the apparent loss of memory abilities in old age? a. The visual systems tend to slow with age. b. Implicit tasks tend to be easier than explicit tasks. c. Older individuals tend to have had less formal education than young people. d. Older individuals are more likely to use external memory aids

c. Older individuals tend to have had less formal education than young people

On which type of problem-solving task would the performance of a middle-aged adult be superior to that of a young adult? a. On unfamiliar, meaningless laboratory tasks b. On unfamiliar, but meaningful tasks c. On familiar and meaningful tasks d. Middle-aged problem-solvers never out-perform younger adults

c. On familiar and meaningful tasks

An average 10-year-old would have a. only a chronological age of 10. b. only a mental age of 10. c. both a chronological and mental age of 10. d. neither a chronological nor mental age of 10

c. both a chronological and mental age of 10.

Creative achievement requires a. only enthusiasm. b. only experience. c. both enthusiasm and experience. d. neither enthusiasm nor experience.

c. both enthusiasm and experience.

The idea of remaining effective by developing ways to get around the need for other skills than the ones you already possess best fits with the _____ component of the selective optimization with compensation theory. a. selective b. optimization c. compensation d. integrity

c. compensation

The best summary concerning differences in verbal abilities is that a. males appear to have a large advantage. b. males appear to have a small advantage. c. females appear to have a small advantage. d. females appear to have a large advantage.

c. females appear to have a small advantage.

Some theorists have proposed the existence of a stage of cognitive development beyond the highest level proposed by Piaget. This hypothesized level of thinking is referred to as _____ thought. a. private b. hypothetical c. postformal d. decontextualized

c. postformal

Haynes, Rovee-Collier (1997) research on infant memory involved recording kicking behavior when a ribbon was tied to the infant's foot, demonstrating that young children have _____ memory. a. repressed b. implicit c. recall d. elaborative

c. recall

When information is taken out of long-term memory, it is being a. scripted. b. encoded. c. retrieved. d. stored.

c. retrieved

A _____ circular reaction is a repetitive action that involves something in an infant's external environment. a. coordination b. primary c. secondary d. tertiary

c. secondary

Jeff is a low achiever. After doing well on an exam, he is LEAST likely to say a. "Boy, did I get lucky!" b. "That was an easy test." c. "I really studied hard for that." d. "I knew I was smart enough!"

d. "I knew I was smart enough!"

The intent of the original Binet and Simon intelligence test was to be able to identify a. effective soldiers. b. women who would make the best teachers. c. geniuses. d. "dull" children in need of special education

d. "dull" children in need of special education

By age _____, most infants first begin to verbalize events that happened months earlier. a. 6 months b. 12 months c. 18 months d. 2 years

d. 2 years

The two-factor model argues that intelligence is highly influenced by a factor simply designated as "g." What does "g" stand for? a. Global self-worth b. Genetic inheritance c. Goodness-of-fit d. General mental ability

d. General mental ability

For the first time in his young life, Nemo is able to look at photos of aquatic animals and classify them as mammals or fish. He is also able to order them from smallest to largest. These skills indicate that Nemo has likely just entered the _____ stage of cognitive development. a. formal operations b. sensorimotor c. preoperational d. concrete operations

d. concrete operations

People with savant syndrome illustrate that intelligence a. is a single unified ability. b. has no genetic basis. c. cannot be measured. d. consists of multiple and distinct abilities.

d. consists of multiple and distinct abilities.

The process during which information is organized into a form suitable for long-term storage is called a. retrieval. b. utilization. c. recognition. d. consolidation.

d. consolidation.

College attendance appears to provide the _____ that Erikson believed was essential to identity formation. a. imaginary audience b. sense of despair c. dispositional traits d. moratorium period

d. moratorium period

When asked to describe his sister Maggie, Jake says, "It's like she is afraid all of the time." If accurate, this statement indicates that Maggie would likely score high on a measure of a. extraversion. b. conscientiousness. c. effortful control. d. negative affectivity

d. negative affectivity

Toddlers substantially increase their vocabulary when they a. have an older sibling to whom they can listen. b. turn one year of age. c. attend preschool. d. realize that everything has a name

d. realize that everything has a name

Fidel is a college student who is currently experiencing a moratorium period. This means that he is most likely a. depressed. b. highly focused on a specific major. c. experiencing a crisis of trust. d. relatively free of responsibilities.

d. relatively free of responsibilities.

The process of mentally "undoing" an action is referred to as a. assimilation. b. a personal fable. c. egocentrism. d. reversibility

d. reversibility

Information typically stays in _____ for the briefest amount of time. a. working memory b. short-term memory c. long-term memory d. sensory register

d. sensory register

Which of the following is the best description of a schema?

An organized way of thinking or acting that allows us to interpret our experiences

Ten-year-old Chester has just been asked, "What is 10 plus 10?" He says, "The answer is 22." How would a researcher best use Piaget's clinical method to follow-up this response?

She would ask Chester to explain how he came up with the answer

The fact that some forms of amnesia destroy explicit memory but not implicit memory indicates that a. these forms of memory operate independently. b. implicit memory is learned and explicit is innate. c. explicit memory develops earlier than implicit memory. d. long-term memory lacks organization

a. these forms of memory operate independently

Semantic memories are for a. specific events. b. general facts. c. early childhood experiences. d. how to perform an action

b. general facts.

Research on early temperament and later development suggests that a. temperament and personality are developmentally unrelated concepts. b. there is a meaningful relationship between early childhood temperament and later adult personality. c. behavioral inhibitions in early life are related to extraversion in later life. d. "easy" children may turn out to be maladjusted adults, but "difficult" children are certain to do so.

b. there is a meaningful relationship between early childhood temperament and later adult personality.

On Piaget's famous pendulum task, most concrete operations thinkers use a _____ approach. a. random guessing b. trial-and-error c. guided participation d. hypothetical-deductive reasoning

b. trial-and-error

For the first time in her life, little Glenda looks at her mom and says, "Glenda is a girl." This statement indicates that Glenda has just achieved a. gender intensification. b. gender segregation. c. gender identity. d. gender stability.

c. gender identity

Research on individuals from the Dominican Republic who are raised as girls (due to the ambiguous genitalia) but become males following puberty has challenged the Money and Ehrhardt argument that a. genes play a key role in gender development. b. reconstructive surgery and sex reassignment always result in gender dysfunction. c. males have superior spatial and math skills. d. socialization during the first three years of life is critical.

d. socialization during the first three years of life is critical.

The main role of the arcuate fasciculus is to help produce a. memories. b. mathematical analysis. c. achievement motivation. d. speech

d. speech

While observing her mother bake cookies, Lorna ignores the process by which eggs, flour, and sugar are combined and baked, but focuses on the end product of a cookie. Lorna's thought best exemplifies a. conservation. b. class inclusion. c. reversibility. d. static thought.

d. static thought.

One-year-old Markus loves interacting with his peers. A developmental theorist would most likely describe Markus as being high on the _____ dimension of temperament. a. slow-to-warm-up b. effortful control c. negative affectivity d. surgency

d. surgency

Learning theory does the poorest job of explaining the _____ aspect of language development. a. morphology b. phonology c. semantics d. syntax

d. syntax

A language can be best defined as a(n) _____. a. limited number of signals producing infinite number of messages b. unlimited number of signals producing infinite number of messages c. limited number of signals producing finite number of messages d. unlimited number of signals producing finite number of messages

. limited number of signals producing infinite number of messages

Which statement about sex differences is true? a. Although actual psychological gender differences are small, they make a major difference in a society. b. Although actual psychological gender differences are large, they make little difference in a society. c. Actual gender psychological differences are small, and they make little difference in a society. d. Actual gender psychological differences are large, and they make a major difference in a society.

a. Although actual psychological gender differences are small, they make a major difference in a society.

Which is the best example of a test of recall memory? a. An essay test with no hints b. An essay test with some hints c. A multiple-choice test with no hints d. A multiple-choice test with hints

a. An essay test with no hints

Which is a type of language disorder? a. Aphasia b. Apoptosis c. Dysphoria d. Anoxia

a. Aphasia

Which statement best describes the impact of genetics and environment on a child's IQ? a. At age two, maternal IQ best predicts the IQ of a child; by age four, the impact of the quality of the home environment becomes as good a predictor as maternal IQ. b. At age two, the quality of the home environment best predicts the IQ of a child; by age four, maternal IQ becomes as good a predictor as the quality of the home environment. c. At age two, paternal IQ best predicts the IQ of a child; by age four, the impact of the quality of the home environment becomes as good a predictor as paternal IQ. d. At age two, of the quality of the home environment best predicts the IQ of a child; by age four, paternal IQ becomes as good a predictor as the quality of the home environment.

a. At age two, maternal IQ best predicts the IQ of a child; by age four, the impact of the quality of the home environment becomes as good a predictor as maternal IQ

Which statement is true? a. At five months of age, deaf and hearing children from all cultures make similar sounds. b. At five months of age, deaf and hearing children produce very different sounds. c. At five months of age, children from different cultures produce very different sounds. d. At five months of age, deaf children produce no sounds while hearing children produce many sounds.

a. At five months of age, deaf and hearing children from all cultures make similar sounds

Which famous statement best illustrates the concept of relativistic thinking? a. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. b. Truth is absolute. c. What goes up must come down. d. All men are created equal

a. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder

Why can't a lack of language be used to fully account for infantile amnesia? a. Because the "amnesia" includes the inability to recall non-verbal information like faces b. Because language skills do not impact memory abilities, even in adults c. Because mute children (those who never speak) do not display infantile amnesia d. Because mothers who talk to infants are recalled longer than those who don't

a. Because the "amnesia" includes the inability to recall non-verbal information like faces

Which best illustrates the actions of a behaviorally inhibited individual? a. Being extremely fearful in a room full of strangers b. Being the talkative kid who "won't shut up" c. Being the smartest kid in the class d. Being wild at the beach and quite in home

a. Being extremely fearful in a room full of strangers

Modern models of memory have their roots in the work of a. Broadbent b. Piaget c. Freud d. Skinner

a. Broadbent

A group of English individuals with intellectual disabilities who participated in a long-term study are referred to as the a. Camberwell Cohort. b. Termites. c. Gang of Six. d. Flynn Family

a. Camberwell Cohort

Which pair is best associated with concepts of fluid intelligence? a. Cattell and Horn b. Atkinson and Shiffrin c. Fechner and Weber d. Spearman and Thurstone

a. Cattell and Horn

Which of the following is evidence for a critical period for language acquisition? a. Children denied access to language often have difficulty mastering language skills in later life. b. Deaf children who never hear language can learn to speak. c. Adults are more likely to acquire multiple languages than are children. d. Children do not acquire large vocabularies until they learn to read.

a. Children denied access to language often have difficulty mastering language skills in later life.

Which memory strategy is being used when a long number is memorized by breaking it into manageable subunits each containing three digits? a. Chunking b. Method of loci c. Implicit memory d. Rehearsal

a. Chunking

Which is the typical order of linguistic attainment (from earliest to latest)? a. Coo, then babble, then word, then holophrase b. Babble, then coo, then word, then holophrase c. Coo, then babble, then holophrase, then word d. Babble, then coo, then holophrase, then word

a. Coo, then babble, then word, then holophrase

What is a legitimate question concerning the lack of success of older adults on Piagetian tasks? a. Could it be due to a lack of motivation to solve tasks that are so rarely encountered in real life? b. Could it be due to the over emphasis on IQ testing common to Piagetian tasks? c. Could it be due to slower reaction times commonly found in older study participants? d. Could it be due to the fact that normal hearing is required to solve all of Piaget's tasks?

a. Could it be due to a lack of motivation to solve tasks that are so rarely encountered in real life?

Which statement is true? a. During adolescence, IQ scores become more predictable but creativity seems to wax and wane. b. During adolescence, creativity becomes more predictable but IQ scores seem to wax and wane. c. During adolescence, both IQ scores and creativity become more predictable. d. During adolescence, both IQ scores and creativity seem to wax and wane.

a. During adolescence, IQ scores become more predictable but creativity seems to wax and wane.

Eight-year-old Hawthorne has several accurate, well-developed scripts, including one for a visit to the doctor's office. Which is the most likely example of her doctor's office script? a. Enter clinic, tell mom she feels better, sit in waiting room, see doctor, get shot (inoculation) in arm, cry b. Realizing that doctors earn money so that they can buy things c. Envisioning herself performing brain surgery on a patient d. Remembering that her favorite television show, ER, is also about doctors

a. Enter clinic, tell mom she feels better, sit in waiting room, see doctor, get shot (inoculation) in arm, cry

Ten-year-old Elisa has several accurate, well-developed scripts, including one for grocery shopping. Which is the most likely example of her shopping script? a. Enter store; see piece of candy; beg for candy; parent buys candy b. Realize that people work to earn money; look at them buying things in a store c. Envision the size of the candy bar that she ate yesterday; compare it to the candy bars in the store d. Remember that she needs to buy a carton of chocolate milk; mentally picture a brown cow drinking out of a glass

a. Enter store; see piece of candy; beg for candy; parent buys candy

If you tested 1,000 infants on a valid test that generated a DQ, what expectation would you have concerning the correlation between the DQ and an IQ taken when these individuals reach age 20? a. Expected correlation around 0 b. Expected correlation around +.5 c. Expected correlation around -1.0 d. Expected correlation around +1.0

a. Expected correlation around 0

Which is the best definition of wisdom? a. Expert knowledge in the fundamental pragmatics of life b. Superb habituation speed c. Scoring at least two standard deviations above the norm on an IQ test d. The ability to generate many novel but potentially impractical answers

a. Expert knowledge in the fundamental pragmatics of life

Which trait is best associated with the tendency to systemize? a. Exploration of how things work b. Worry about how others treat you c. Depression over academic failure d. Joy over having lots of friends

a. Exploration of how things work

Which is the best description of a typical short-term memory? a. Fairly brief duration (seconds) and small capacity (seven or so items) b. Fairly long duration (minutes) and small capacity (seven or so items) c. Fairly brief duration (seconds) and large capacity (seventy or so items) d. Fairly long duration (minutes) and large capacity (seventy or so items)

a. Fairly brief duration (seconds) and small capacity (seven or so items)

Which of the following is an example of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development? a. Figuring out the answer to your math homework after your sister gives you a hint b. Getting a better grade on the math test than you usually get c. Using trial and error to eliminate incorrect answers to a problem d. Thinking about a purely abstract problem like how many digits there are in infinity

a. Figuring out the answer to your math homework after your sister gives you a hint

Who would be most likely to argue that the vast majority of personality is formed between birth and age six? a. Fred, who is a psychodynamic theorist b. Barney, who is a psychometric theorist c. Wilma, who is a social learning theorist d. Betty, who is a behavioral theorist

a. Fred, who is a psychodynamic theorist

Which statement concerning career issues is FALSE? a. Gender-role expectations have little impact on one's career. b. Personality factors can influence vocational development in adulthood. c. Mentors can be of great assistance in launching a career. d. An individual's work experience can change one's personality

a. Gender-role expectations have little impact on one's career.

In what area of mathematics do females show a slight edge? a. Grades in math class b. Understanding math concepts c. Problem-solving skills d. Scores on standardized math tests

a. Grades in math class

How did Sternberg include the notion of confluence into his theory? a. He believed that several factors combined to create intelligence. b. He saw intelligence as based on cultural differences. c. He suggested that the presence of a member of the same race would improve the intelligence score of children from minority groups. d. He saw intelligence as a "use it or lose it" proposition

a. He believed that several factors combined to create intelligence.

What would indicate that LeBron's free-throw-shooting has undergone automatization? a. He has practiced so many times that he does not even have to pay that much attention to make the shot. b. He has never seen the behavior before, but he is busy committing it to memory. c. He can show someone else how to shoot free-throws. d. He now becomes distracted if fans wave banners while he is shooting.

a. He has practiced so many times that he does not even have to pay that much attention to make the shot.

Which best described the average of Terman's "Termites" when they reached adulthood? a. Healthy, happy, productive b. Healthy, unhappy, productive c. Unhealthy, happy, productive d. Healthy, happy, unproductive

a. Healthy, happy, productive

Which of the following is the strongest piece of evidence showing that genetic factors influence intelligence (as measured by IQ tests)? a. Identical twins reared apart are more alike than fraternal twins reared together. b. Fraternal twins reared together are more alike than identical twins reared apart. c. Fraternal twins reared together are more alike than fraternal twins reared apart. d. Identical twins reared apart are more alike than identical twins reared together.

a. Identical twins reared apart are more alike than fraternal twins reared together.

Which factor is associated with a NEGATIVE retirement experience? a. Involuntary retirement b. Good physical health c. Being married d. Having strong financial resources

a. Involuntary retirement

Which is a common challenge to Piaget's theory? a. It failed to distinguish between competence and performance. b. It overestimated young minds. c. It placed too much emphasis on explaining development rather than describing development. d. It overemphasized the role of social influence on cognitive development.

a. It failed to distinguish between competence and performance.

Which is NOT an example of metamemory? a. Knowing the difference between metaphysics and meta-analysis b. Knowing which memory strategies are most effective for you c. Knowing which memorization tasks are most difficult for you d. Being able to plan and control your memory processes as you learn

a. Knowing the difference between metaphysics and meta-analysis

Who developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale? a. Lewis Terman b. Alfred Binet c. John Stanford d. Theodore Simon

a. Lewis Terman

What is the best conclusion about psychological differences between the sexes? a. Males and females are far more similar than different. b. Gender stereotypes that are not supported by research can have no effect on actual behavioral or psychological differences between males and females. c. Most gender-role stereotypes have been eliminated in our society. d. When differences are found between males and females, it means that nearly all members of one gender perform better or worse than nearly all members of the other gender.

a. Males and females are far more similar than different.

According to Howard Gardner, intelligence consists of at least eight distinct abilities. Which of the following is among Gardner's distinct types of intelligence? a. Musical b. Memory capacity c. Creative d. Interracial

a. Musical

Which word can be used as a mnemonic cue for recalling the Big Five traits that is based on the first letter in each trait? a. OCEAN b. HOMES c. LINKS d. PSYCH

a. OCEAN

Which of the following statements is true regarding cognitive capacities during later adulthood? a. Older adults do not perform as well as younger adults on formal operational tasks. b. Older adults perform better than younger adults on novel tasks. c. Older adults perform better on laboratory tasks than on applied, everyday tasks. d. Older adults perform just as well as younger adults on concrete-operational and formal operational tasks.

a. Older adults do not perform as well as younger adults on formal operational tasks.

Which statement is true regarding the development of learning and memory in children? a. Older children have a greater information-processing capacity and know more about their memorization strategies than younger children do. b. Older children have a greater information-processing capacity, but younger children know more about their memorization strategies than older children do. c. Older children know more about their memorization strategies, but younger children have a greater information-processing capacity. d. Older children have a lesser information-processing capacity and know less about their memorization strategies than younger children do.

a. Older children have a greater information-processing capacity and know more about their memorization strategies than younger children do.

Which statement best summarizes the pattern of IQ-score change in childhood? a. Overall age group stability but large individual variation b. Significant rise in average group IQ score from early to late childhood c. Significant drop in average group IQ score from early to late childhood d. Overall individual stability but large age-group variation

a. Overall age group stability but large individual variation

The interactionist perspective concerning language acquisition is most like the position taken by a. Piaget. b. Bandura. c. Chomsky. d. Skinner

a. Piaget

Reba has been accurately diagnosed as being affected by organic intellectual disability. Which statement about Reba would ALWAYS be true? a. Reba's disability is due to some identifiable biological cause. b. Reba's level of disability would be either severe or profound. c. Reba was raised in an understimulating environment. d. Reba has three 21st chromosomes

a. Reba's disability is due to some identifiable biological cause.

Which appears to have the LEAST impact on a school's effectiveness? a. Reduced class size from 35 to 25 b. Tutoring students in the early grades c. An effective discipline program d. A strong emphasis on academics

a. Reduced class size from 35 to 25

Frances brings home a math assignment from kindergarten and shows it to her mom, who says, "Wow, Frances, that assignment looks really rough!" Frances runs her hand over the paper and says, "No, mommy, it's not rough; it's smooth!" Which aspect of language is causing Frances and her mom to have some communication difficulties? a. Semantics b. Pragmatics c. Phonology d. Syntax

a. Semantics

Maria has made a performance goal decision concerning her ability to play tennis. What is the most likely impact of this decision? a. She will try to prove that she can play tennis. b. She will feel little anxiety if she fails at tennis. c. She will not care how others play, but rather focus only on increasing her ability. d. She will avoid playing tennis.

a. She will try to prove that she can play tennis.

Which have been shown to be the best predictors of effectiveness of schools? a. Small classes, an academic focus, and grouping by ability level b. High expectations for success, rewarding good work, and a high funding base c. Task-oriented atmosphere, strong emphasis on academics, and effective discipline d. Mixed-ability grouping, high expectations for success, and small classes

a. Small classes, an academic focus, and grouping by ability level

Al and Peggy believe that their children should have the freedom to be whom and what they want to be. They are loving and warm parents who respect their children's opinions and encourage their participation in decision-making. What effect is Al and Peggy's parenting likely to have on their adolescent child's identity status? a. Their children are likely to be classified in the identity status group. b. Their children are likely to be classified in the diffusion status group. c. Their children are likely to be classified in the foreclosure status group. d. Their parenting will most likely have little effect on their children's identity status, as parent-child interactions have been shown to be unrelated to identity formation.

a. Their children are likely to be classified in the identity status group.

With regard to personality development during adulthood, which statement is true? a. There is generally more change in personality between adolescence and middle age than there is between middle age and old age. b. There are virtually no changes in personality beyond adolescence. c. The historical context in which people grow up appears to have little influence on personality development. d. Most people undergo highly significant personality changes as they progress from middle age to old age.

a. There is generally more change in personality between adolescence and middle age than there is between middle age and old age.

How does the concept of an infant as a "blank slate" fit with the concept of infant temperament? a. They are incompatible notions. b. They are the identical concept. c. They are similar and complimentary concepts. d. They are unrelated as one is based on psychometric theory and the other on psychoanalytic theory.

a. They are incompatible notions.

Which statement is true regarding "recall" memory and "recognition" memory in elderly adults? a. They are likely to be more deficient in recall than in recognition memory. b. They are likely to be more deficient in recognition than in recall memory. c. They are likely to be equally deficient in both types of memory. d. Neither type of memory diminishes with age (except in extreme cases).

a. They are likely to be more deficient in recall than in recognition memory.

Which of the following is true of creative children? a. They engage in more fantasy or pretend play than other children. b. They tend to be less open to new experiences. c. They do not have unhappy or lonely childhood experiences. d. Their creativity can be predicted by high IQ scores

a. They engage in more fantasy or pretend play than other children

Who would have the highest IQ? a. Tom, who is 10 years old and has a mental age of 15 b. Brady, who is 15 years old and has a mental age of 10 c. Payton, who is 15 years old and has a mental age of 20 d. Manning, who is 20 years old and has a mental age of 15

a. Tom, who is 10 years old and has a mental age of 15

Harold is about to assess the intelligence of his four-year-old son, Kumar. Which test would be most appropriate him to select? a. WPPSI b. WISC-IV c. WAIS-IV d. MMPI

a. WPPSI

On the "balance beam problem," which child would be most likely to always guess that the side with the more weights will drop? a. Warren, who is 5 years old b. Walter, who is 15 years old c. Waldo, who is 50 years old d. Wayne, who is 85 years old

a. Warren, who is 5 years old

Which question best exemplifies the identity and role confusion conflict? a. What kind of moral and religious values do I have? b. Has my life been worthwhile? c. Am I the fastest runner in my class? d. Have I produced something that will outlive me?

a. What kind of moral and religious values do I have?

Piaget's theory incorrectly overemphasized a. broad stages of development. b. sex differences. c. that knowledge is best thought of as anything but all or nothing. d. racial differences.

a. broad stages of development.

Six-month-old Frances has been listening to her mother, Courtney, singing for the past 20 minutes. How would Frances demonstrate habituation? a. While she would be excited when her mom first started singing, she would eventually become disinterested. b. She would attempt to imitate the noise her mother is making. c. She would become progressively more excited by her mom's singing. d. She would begin to exhibit the rooting reflex

a. While she would be excited when her mom first started singing, she would eventually become disinterested.

Which chromosome pattern is most common for a female? a. XX b. XY c. YY d. XO

a. XX

Which two groups view violations of gender roles most negatively? a. Young elementary school-aged children and adolescents b. Preschoolers and elementary school-aged children c. Middle-school-aged children and adolescents d. Preschoolers and adults

a. Young elementary school-aged children and adolescents

Len has a mediation deficiency. Ben has a production deficiency. Ken has a utilization deficiency. How many of these children would be able to both produce and benefit from their own memory strategies? a. Zero b. One c. Two d. Three

a. Zero

Temperament is best described as a. a genetically based tendency to respond in a predictable way that is first seen in early infancy. b. a genetically based tendency to respond in a predictable way that is first seen in late infancy. c. a social experience based tendency to respond in a predictable way that is first seen in early infancy. d. a social experience based tendency to respond in a predictable way that is first seen in later infancy.

a. a genetically based tendency to respond in a predictable way that is first seen in early infancy.

The main theme of Vygotsky's theory is that cognitive growth is a. a product of the child's social interactions within a cultural and historical context. b. uninfluenced by language acquisition. c. universal, with all children developing at the same rate and in the same sequence. d. exclusively shaped by genetic factors.

a. a product of the child's social interactions within a cultural and historical context.

Dundee has just returned to the United States from a trip to Australia. His friend asks him, "What was the best food you ate on your trip?" Dundee responds, "I kind of remember eating some great meals but cannot seem to recall any restaurants. Perhaps if I think back about where I stayed each night I'll be able to remember a great meal." Dundee appears to be attempting to use _____ to improve recall. a. a retrieval strategy b. sensory register c. metamemory d. implicit memory

a. a retrieval strategy

In a holophrase, a. a single word conveys the meaning of an entire sentence. b. the same word is used for many objects in an environment. c. an infant makes vocalizations consisting only of vowel sounds. d. a vocalization is produced, but it has no meaning

a. a single word conveys the meaning of an entire sentence.

Child-directed speech is best defined as a. a type of speech adults use with small children. b. a child's first words. c. a type of speech children use with adults. d. speech directed from one child to another.

a. a type of speech adults use with small children

Divergent thinking is to convergent thinking as a. a variety of answers are to one answer. b. IQ tests are to tests of creativity. c. interpersonal intelligence is to intrapersonal intelligence. d. DQ is to IQ.

a. a variety of answers are to one answer

Phillip is moping around because his steady girlfriend, Janet, is going on a date with another boy she's interested in. His dad comes up to him and says, "I know just how you feel, son..." Phillip cuts him off, shouting, "You don't know how I feel. No one knows how I feel! Just leave me alone!" Philip's response demonstrates a phenomenon known as a. adolescent egocentrism. b. object permanence. c. preoperational thinking. d. A not B error

a. adolescent egocentrism

The primary way gifted children can be identified at an early age is by their a. advanced language skills. b. good social interaction skills. c. high level of motor activity. d. lack of motivation to act due to a fear of perfectionism

a. advanced language skills

Research on IQ and diabetes indicates that the reason individuals with higher IQs may live longer is because they are a. better able to monitor and treat their illness. b. genetically superior. c. able to pay for better car. d. more likely to be males, and males tend to live longer than females

a. better able to monitor and treat their illness.

The Chi (1978) study on memory for chess pieces indicated that when recalling information in their area of expertise, expert children perform a. better than novice adults. b. the same as novice adults. c. worse than novice adults. d. the same as children who are novices.

a. better than novice adults.

His steady hands make Dr. Greene a top-notch surgeon. Given this information, Dr.Greene would appear to have a high level of _____ intelligence. a. bodily-kinesthetic b. naturalistic c. linguistic d. interpersonal

a. bodily-kinesthetic

In the information-processing model, the purpose of the sensory register is to a. briefly hold a piece of information for possible processing. b. control the activities of long-term memory. c. retrieve data from short-term memory. d. develop strategies for storing encoded data

a. briefly hold a piece of information for possible processing

Underextension is most likely the result of a toddler's limited a. vocabulary size. b. joint attention. c. phonetic ability. d. pragmatic skills

a. vocabulary size

According to Piaget, when a concrete-operational thinker is presented with the "balance beam" problem he or she a. can appreciate the significant impact of both weight and distance from center, but cannot understand their inverse relationship. b. can appreciate the significant impact of weight but not distance from center. c. can appreciate the significant impact of distance from center but not weight. d. can appreciate the significant impact of both weight and distance from center, and can understand their inverse relationship.

a. can appreciate the significant impact of both weight and distance from center, but cannot understand their inverse relationship.

Cognitive psychologists believe that humans are capable of engaging in "parallel processing." This means that humans can a. carry out several mental activities at the same time. b. think about complex issues, like religion. c. pay selective attention to an event. d. encode information into long-term memory

a. carry out several mental activities at the same time

"Agency" is defined as the a. central aspect of the masculine gender role. b. acquisition of one's sexual orientation. c. confusion felt when one encounters a gender-role stereotype. d. desire for a sexual relationship with a parent.

a. central aspect of the masculine gender role.

Scarr and Weinberg's research on social class and IQ showed that a. children from disadvantaged homes could raise their IQs if adopted into middle-class homes with intelligent adoptive parents. b. children from disadvantaged homes continue to show significant deficits in IQ even after being adopted into middle-class homes with intelligent adoptive parents. c. children from poor economic conditions do not differ significantly in IQ from children from average or above average economic conditions. d. improving the economic conditions of the home has no significant impact on children's IQs because IQ is so strongly affected by genes.

a. children from disadvantaged homes could raise their IQs if adopted into middle-class homes with intelligent adoptive parents.

In Thomas and Chess's longitudinal study of temperament, the largest percent of infants were a. classified as easy. b. classified as difficult. c. classified as slow-to-warm-up. d. unclassifiable

a. classified as easy

A brain "hardwired" for _____ would always show a high level of sensitivity toward others. a. communality b. agency c. systemize d. gender identity

a. communality

Luther is developing a test of intelligence. He believes that in order to accurately generate an intelligence test score, he must assess a multitude of factors that will be added together to form the "product" called intellect. This belief indicates that Luther is a strong proponent of a. confluence. b. creativity. c. convergent thinking. d. neuroplasticity

a. confluence.

Personality traits are assumed to be a. consistent across both time and situation. b. consistent across time but inconsistent across situation. c. inconsistent across time but consistent across situation. d. inconsistent across both time and situation.

a. consistent across both time and situation

Miss Whitney asks her class to name the person who invented the cotton gin. This question best represents a measure of a. convergent thinking. b. divergent thinking. c. creativity. d. ideational fluency.

a. convergent thinking

According to James Marcia, adolescent identity can be classified into one of four statuses that are based on the key issues of a. crisis and commitment. b. commitment and conscientiousness. c. conscientiousness and comparison. d. comparison and crisis.

a. crisis and commitment.

On a political science test, Barack is asked to write down the name of the main democratic presidential candidate in the United States in 2008. He has no idea of the answer, so he asked his teacher for a hint. The teacher says, "I can tell you this, when he won my friend said, "oh mama." With the hint, Barack is now being presented with a _____ memory task. a. cued-recall b. recognition c. recall d. implicit

a. cued-recall

Research on language acquisition among deaf children has shown that a. deaf infants "babble" in sign language in the same manner as hearing infants "babble" in spoken language. b. the sequence of language acquisition between deaf children learning sign and hearing children learning spoken language are quite different. c. while hearing parents speak in child-directed speech, deaf parents do not sign in a child-directed manner. d. the language areas of the brain developed in deaf children exposed to sign language are in the opposite hemisphere of hearing children exposed to speech.

a. deaf infants "babble" in sign language in the same manner as hearing infants "babble" in spoken language

If Travis is a typical college student, he would have the HARDEST time accurately recalling the a. death of his father when he was a year old. b. time his family moved when he was two years old. c. birth of his brother when he was three years old. d. time he was in the hospital when he was four years old

a. death of his father when he was a year old.

A "coo" is best defined as a _____ sound. a. vowel-like b. consonant-plus-vowel c. meaningful d. crying

a. vowel-like

Six-month-old Trent saw his dad blink three times when he held a baby bottle. An hour after this occurred, Trent sees a baby bottle and blinks three times. This action would best be described as _____ imitation. a. deferred b. implicit c. serial d. decentered

a. deferred

Negative stereotypes concerning aging a. do more harm than good. b. are seldom held by older adults. c. need to be combated at the individual, not societal, level. d. can protect the elderly from the effects of age discrimination

a. do more harm than good.

Piaget's theory _____. a. does a nice job describing development, but a poor job explaining it. b. ignores the possibility that development may be the result of an interaction between nature and nurture. c. emphasizes the role of brain maturation in stage transition. d. clearly distinguishes between competence and performance

a. does a nice job describing development, but a poor job explaining it.

Three-month-old Gerber is eating strained peas for the very first time. Despite the fact that this is a new experience, Gerber appears quite happy with her meal. With regard to temperament, Gerber is best classified as a. easy. b. difficult. c. slow-to-warm-up. d. resistant

a. easy.

Cognitive theorists suggest that the most likely order of the process of memory when information is being processed for the first time would be a. encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval. b. retrieval, encoding, consolidation, and storage. c. consolidation, storage, encoding, and retrieval. d. storage, retrieval, encoding, and consolidation

a. encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval.

Cross-cultural research results suggest that if you want to improve academic performance, teachers need to a. engage in more discourse (conversation) with students about their answers. b. move through class material more quickly. c. assign less homework. d. prevent parents from becoming actively involved in setting high achievement goals.

a. engage in more discourse (conversation) with students about their answers.

A key role of Sternberg's triarchic theory was to ______, something that is not commonly found on traditional IQ tests. a. explain how people produce intelligent answers b. create questions that tap into different areas of intellectual functioning c. describe the key role of genetics in determining intelligence d. discuss how a single score could assess intelligence

a. explain how people produce intelligent answers

Research on reinforcement of sex-appropriate behavior indicates that a. fathers are more likely than mothers to discourage youngsters for playing with gender-inappropriate toys. b. peers are more critical of cross-sex behavior in the infant years than in later childhood. c. while impacting gender-role attitudes, parental reinforcement appears not to impact children's behavior on sex-related tasks (e.g., mathematics). d. differential reinforcement of sex-appropriate behavior typically begins when a child reaches kindergarten.

a. fathers are more likely than mothers to discourage youngsters for playing with gender-inappropriate toys.

Dominique is shown a series of triangles of different sizes and colors and is asked to guess what the next triangle in the series might look like. The use of this novel task indicates that the person testing Dominique is most likely assessing _____ intelligence. a. fluid b. crystallized c. naturalistic d. linguistic

a. fluid

The basic distinction between crystallized and fluid intelligence is that a. fluid intelligence involves using your mind in new ways, and crystallized intelligence involves using what you have already learned. b. fluid intelligence is verbal, and crystallized intelligence is nonverbal. c. fluid intelligence is implicit, and crystallized intelligence is explicit. d. fluid intelligence tests wisdom, and crystallized intelligence tests genius.

a. fluid intelligence involves using your mind in new ways, and crystallized intelligence involves using what you have already learned.

Gaga's mother and father are both professional singers, as are her two older sisters. Gaga is in college, enrolled in a music curriculum. When asked about her career goals, she states, "I'll be a singer, of course. Everyone in my family is a singer. I've never thought of being anything else." Gaga 's identity status is best described in terms of a. foreclosure. b. moratorium. c. identity achievement. d. diffusion.

a. foreclosure

The _____ identity status would best be described as "I haven't really thought about it, but my parents think..." a. foreclosure b. moratorium c. identity achievement d. diffusion

a. foreclosure

Bon is trying to explain why his four-year-old son, Jovi, cannot recall what happened at an exciting rock concert they attended two years ago. In doing so, Bon says, "Jovi kind of recalls being at some event with a lot of people and singing, but he has no recollection for any details of the concert." Bon's description best matches the _____ theory of childhood amnesia. a. fuzzy-trace b. working memory capacity c. surfactant d. constraint-seeking

a. fuzzy-trace

In the hypothetical country of Whoville, only females are allowed to cook roast beast. This best exemplifies a _____ difference. a. gender b. biological sex c. psychosomatic d. prenatal

a. gender

The initial awareness that you are either a boy or girl is referred to as a. gender identity. b. gender segregation. c. gender intensification. d. gender stability

a. gender identity

Each society generally has a set of expectations regarding the behaviors and traits that are considered appropriate for males as compared to females. These sets of expectations are a. gender roles. b. gender-role stereotypes. c. gender types. d. gender identities

a. gender roles.

Through her mother's efforts, Olive has just come to realize that she is a girl and has also begun to acquire behaviors expected of girls. This process is best classified as a. gender typing. b. androgenizing. c. sexual orienting. d. the double standard

a. gender typing

Research on genetics and intelligence test scores has shown that a. genetic factors can help partially explain between-group variation but not within-group variation. b. genetic factors can help partially explain within-group variation but not between-group variation. c. genetic factors can help partially explain between-group variation and within-group variation. d. genetic factors cannot help partially explain neither between-group variation or within-group variation.

a. genetic factors can help partially explain between-group variation but not within-group variation.

In most settings, an easy temperament is associated with more positive adaptation. However, in times of famine, infants with "difficult" temperaments in the Masai tribe have been known to outlive babies with "easy" temperaments. This finding is used to illustrate the important effect that ____ has on developmental outcomes. a. goodness-of-fit b. parenting style c. self-esteem d. life review

a. goodness-of-fit

Reasons for declining achievement motivation during adolescence include all of the following EXCEPT a. great stability in physical development. b. poor person-environment fit. c. increasingly negative feedback from teachers regarding ability. d. increased importance of peer acceptance.

a. great stability in physical development.

If you turn on a floor fan, an infant will immediately orient its head toward the sound. After awhile, the infant appears to lose interest and turns its head back to its original position. This phenomenon is known as a. habituation. b. discrimination. c. generalization. d. sound acuity

a. habituation

Ronald is a typical teenager attempting to balance high school and a 20-hour-a-week job at a fast-food restaurant. Research has shown that Ronald is most likely to _____ than his non-working classmates. a. have a lower average GPA b. be engaged in school c. be closer to his parents d. have more varied future vocational prospects

a. have a lower average GPA

Androgenized females are girls who a. have been exposed prenatally to male hormones. b. are born with only a single X sex-chromosome. c. fail to develop any external genitalia. d. are best characterized as "excessively feminine."

a. have been exposed prenatally to male hormones.

Organic intellectual disability is the term given to intellectual disability caused by a. heredity, disease, or injury. b. lack of schooling. c. lack of intellectual stimulation. d. poor nutrition

a. heredity, disease, or injury.

Research on intelligence and creativity has shown that a. highly creative individuals rarely have below-average IQs. b. a high IQ is required for creativity. c. the more reliance on convergent thinking, the greater the creativity. d. motivation cannot compensate for the lack of environmental support for intellectual advancement.

a. highly creative individuals rarely have below-average IQs.

According to researchers McAdams and Pals, we all share the same a. human nature. b. self-concept. c. characteristics adaptations. d. narrative identities

a. human nature

When considering himself, Shaggy thinks, "While I am not any of these things, I should be smarter, less afraid, and good at detective work." These thoughts best represent Shaggy's a. ideal self. b. temperament. c. self-recognition. d. joint attention

a. ideal self.

The sense of personal identification with an ethnic group and its cultural values and traditions is referred to as one's ethnic a. identity. b. moratorium. c. foreclosure. d. comparison.

a. identity.

Sally has just gotten her hair trimmed, and even though it doesn't look very different than before, she is sure everyone in homeroom will notice a big change and be focusing on her hair all day. This is an example of a. imaginary audience. b. personal fable. c. hypothetical-deductive reasoning. d. relativistic thinking.

a. imaginary audience.

A researcher develops a test in which participants are first given a list of types of fruit that includes the words "grapes, bananas, apples, oranges, and cherries" and asked to identify which is the longest. A while later, they are given the word stem "ban_____" and are asked to complete the word as quickly as possible. When a participant fills out the word by writing "banana," he or she is exhibiting what is called a(n) _____ memory. a. implicit b. procedural c. semantic d. recognition

a. implicit

The increasing "tip-of-the-tongue" experience in older age is most likely the result of the a. inability to retrieve a word stored in memory. b. permanent loss of a word from memory. c. reduced speed of access to items in sensory memory. d. lack of ability to encode new words into memory

a. inability to retrieve a word stored in memory

Short-term memory capacity _____ between ages 6 and 13. a. increases significantly b. remains steady c. decreases slightly d. decreases significantly

a. increases significantly

The use of a test yielding a DQ over a test yielding an IQ is most appropriate when you are assessing a. infants. b. preschoolers. c. adolescents. d. the elderly

a. infants.

The phrase, "If only I had my life to live over again I would..." is best associated with Erikson's _____ psychosocial stage of development. a. integrity versus despair b. identity versus role confusion c. intimacy versus isolation d. initiative versus guilt

a. integrity versus despair

The psychometric approach to personality has led researchers to believe that personality a. is best thought of in terms of a set of dispositional traits. b. develops through a series of stages. c. cannot be measured. d. is not affected by biological factors.

a. is best thought of in terms of a set of dispositional traits

On a recognition task, a person a. is presented with a list of alternatives that includes the correct answer. b. is not presented with the correct answer but is given a hint. c. is neither presented with the correct answer nor given a hint. d. must generate the answer completely on his or her own

a. is presented with a list of alternatives that includes the correct answer.

Nine-month-old Elmer sees a rabbit in the yard. He then looks at his father, Fudd, and tries to direct Fudd's focus toward the bunny by pointing at the hopping rabbit. Elmer's behavior illustrates the process of _____ as an indicator of an emerging self-awareness. a. joint attention b. industry c. temperament d. behavioral inhibition

a. joint attention

In most one-year-olds, a. language comprehension typically precedes language production. b. language production typically precedes language comprehension. c. language comprehension and language production occur simultaneously. d. neither language comprehension nor language production is readily apparent.

a. language comprehension typically precedes language production.

An absolutist believes that truth a. lies in the nature of reality, and that there is only one truth. b. is relative to the experiences of the thinker . c. does not exist. d. is stranger than fiction.

a. lies in the nature of reality, and that there is only one truth.

"Successful intelligence" is BEST summarized as the ability to succeed in a. life b. school c. standardized test situations d. familiar settings

a. life

Gardner's theory of intelligence a. links distinct types of intelligence to specific areas of the brain. b. suggests that all types of intelligence have the same developmental course. c. argues that the concept of "g" can be used to explain savant behavior. d. is heavily reliant on the use of traditional IQ tests to assess intelligence.

a. links distinct types of intelligence to specific areas of the brain.

As a general pattern, _____ tend to have the lowest IQs. a. manual laborers b. professional workers c. technical workers d. white collar workers

a. manual laborers

Agency is to communality as a. masculine is to feminine. b. sex is to gender. c. heterosexual is to homosexual. d. attitude is to behavior

a. masculine is to feminine

The intrinsic drive to be successful in one's environment defines a. mastery motivation. b. external motivation. c. learned helplessness. d. metalinguistic awareness

a. mastery motivation

A child with _____ deficiencies cannot use strategies, even when taught to use them. a. mediation b. utilization c. mediation and utilization d. utilization and production

a. mediation

Nadal teaches his son a great way to serve a tennis ball so the opponent cannot return the serve. However, his son Rafael appears to not benefit whatsoever from the advice and does not even appear to understand what is going on. Rafael is best classified as exhibiting a(n) a. mediation deficiency. b. utilization deficiency. c. production deficiency. d. A-B error

a. mediation deficiency

On the fifth edition of the Stanford-Binet test, a. mental age is no longer used to calculate IQ. b. chronological age is no longer used to calculate IQ. c. no IQ score is calculated. d. there is a "cultural-balance" scale that equates children who have been raised in different cultures.

a. mental age is no longer used to calculate IQ

Economist Roland Fryer Jr. attempted to determine whether _____ could be used to raise students' standardized test scores. a. monetary rewards b. new school facilities c. more highly trained teachers d. cognitive-enhancing medications

a. monetary rewards

Research on successful aging has found a. more support for activity theory. b. more support for disengagement theory. c. little support for either activity or disengagement theory. d. identical levels of support for activity and disengagement theory

a. more support for activity theory.

To say that test scores are normally distributed around the average score means that a. most people score in the average range and few people score very high or very low. b. there are equal numbers of low, average, and high scores. c. scores obtained on repeated testing sessions are fairly consistent. d. the test is a good measure of the trait that it is supposed to be measuring.

a. most people score in the average range and few people score very high or very low.

Given that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was based on Darwin's extremely insightful observation of animals, it is likely that Gardner would have viewed Darwin as having exceptionally high _____ intelligence. a. naturalistic b. intrapersonal c. spatial d. logical-mathematical

a. naturalistic

Lower academic performance in African-American teens has been linked to a. negative peer pressure. b. an attempt to reject cultural identity. c. over Research on the transition from elementary school into the next level of education has shown that a. pubertal changes may make the transition more difficult b. transition at grade six is much easier than transition at grade eight. c. the less degree of control that students feel following the transition the greater their academic motivation. d. supportive teachers in the new school are actually detrimental to academic motivation. involved parents. d. too extreme a valuation on academics.

a. negative peer pressurea. pubertal changes may make the transition more difficult

Shirley is introduced to her friend's mother. While Shirley heard the woman's name, she had no idea what the woman's name was immediately after it was spoken. It is most accurate to say that the woman's name a. never made it past Shirley's sensory register. b. is trapped in Shirley's short-term memory. c. is lost in Shirley's long-term memory. d. could be cued for recall later on if Shirley would relax a bit

a. never made it past Shirley's sensory register.

On a pure recall memory task, a. no memory cues/aids are presented. b. a few hints are presented. c. a correct answer is presented along with a few distracters. d. a correct answer is presented by itself.

a. no memory cues/aids are presented

The average newborn appears to have a. no sense of self. b. self-awareness but not self-recognition. c. self-recognition but not self-awareness. d. both self-awareness and self-recognition.

a. no sense of self

Ten-year-old Conrad has difficulty remembering anything that happened between his birth and his second birthday. Conrad is best thought of as a. normal. b. having likely suffered some traumatic event early on that has caused him to block off memory of his early years. c. mentally impaired. d. having an unusually small amount of space in his working memory

a. normal.

A social learning theorist would use the concept of _____ to explain how a child watching her mother engage in feminine activities would directly lead the child to acquire a feminine gender identity. a. observational learning b. androgyny shift c. differential reinforcement d. agency

a. observational learning

Two-year-old Tonka calls every four-wheeled vehicle he sees "truck." This is an example of a. overextension. b. overregularization. c. telegraphic speech. d. social speech

a. overextension

Dumbo and his Dad are at the zoo. "Look at those huge foots!" exclaims Dumbo, as they watch an elephant in its cage. Dumbo's error in speech best demonstrates a. overregularization. b. telegraphic speech. c. overextension. d. holophrasing

a. overregularization

When attempting to learn to play football, Farve has great difficulty in throwing the odd-shaped ball. After several bad passes, he decides that he has no talent for football and will never be any good at it. Farve's behavior provides an example of _____ goals. a. performance b. mastery c. internal d. external

a. performance

The basic units of sound in a given language are called a. phonemes. b. pragmatics. c. semantics. d. morphemes

a. phonemes.

Exposure to rhyming stories is most likely to enhance the _____ aspect of emergent literacy. a. phonological awareness b. babbling c. telegraphic speech d. decontextualized language

a. phonological awareness

A significant change in self-description that appears at about age eight is a shift from descriptions focusing on a. physical characteristics to descriptions focusing on social qualities. b. inner qualities to descriptions focusing on action statements. c. subjective to objective self-evaluations. d. action statements to physical characteristics

a. physical characteristics to descriptions focusing on social qualities.

Terminal drop is best associated with a. poor health. b. automatization. c. poverty. d. cultural bias

a. poor health

With regard to gender-role development, social learning theorists have been criticized for a. portraying children as passive participants in the developmental process. b. overemphasizing the role of biological factors. c. placing too little emphasis on the role of differential reinforcement. d. denying the role that the media (e.g., television) play in promoting gender typing.

a. portraying children as passive participants in the developmental process.

Self-concept is best defined as a. positive or negative perceptions of your unique attributes. b. the ability to recognize one's self in a mirror. c. an overall evaluation of your self-worth. d. the goodness-of-fit between self and environment

a. positive or negative perceptions of your unique attributes.

Moesha grew up in a society in which women were supposed to always begin a conversation with a man. While traveling in a foreign nation, Moesha learns that in this culture, a woman who begins a conversation with a man is considered stupid. This cultural distinction in the definition of intelligence illustrates what Sternberg called the _____ component of intelligence. a. practical b. fluid c. developmental quotient d. information-processing

a. practical

During the _____ phase of reading, a child is first able to "read" something that he or she memorized during a previous reading session. a. prealphabetic b. partial alphabetic c. full alphabetic d. full phonological awareness

a. prealphabetic

The tendency to keep making the same mistake over and over is referred to as making a(n) _____ error. a. preservation b. mediation c. utilization d. organization

a. preservation

Literacy is defined as the ability to use a. printed information to function in society. b. verbal speech to function in school. c. gestures to communicate ideas to another person. d. written language to demonstrate one's intelligence

a. printed information to function in society.

Angelina doesn't seem to even want to try to do well in her high school math class. If her mom Jolie wants to help her change her self-defeating pattern of behavior, Jolie should a. provide the most cognitively stimulating home environment that she can. b. tell Angelina her failures thus far have just been due to bad luck. c. offer her a bribe if her scores go up. d. continually nag her about her grades

a. provide the most cognitively stimulating home environment that she can.

One of the unique features of Gardner's theory of intelligence is that it a. rejects the notion that a single IQ score can meaningfully assess intelligence. b. promotes the notion of genetic testing as a form of intelligence testing. c. focuses on what someone does not know as opposed to what he or she does know. d. completely ignores the impact of experience on intellectual functioning.

a. rejects the notion that a single IQ score can meaningfully assess intelligence.

Slow-to-warm-up temperament is characterized by a. relative inactivity and mild reactions to change in routine. b. relative inactivity and intense reactions to change in routine. c. high levels of activity and mild reactions to change in routine. d. high levels of activity and intense reactions to change in routine

a. relative inactivity and mild reactions to change in routine.

Seventy-year-old Ace decides that he cannot remain effective at all types of gambling so he decides to focus only on blackjack, with the hopes that this narrow focus will allow him to perform better in this one area. According to the SOC approach, the decision to abandon other forms of gambling represents a. selection. b. optimization. c. compensation. d. plasticity.

a. selection

Fonzie's statement, "I am a fairly incompetent motorcycle rider," provides a good example of his a. self-concept. b. self-esteem. c. self-recognition. d. ideal self.

a. self-concept

Parents living in an individualistic culture tend to socialize children to be a. self-reliant. b. modesty. c. interdependent. d. in social harmony

a. self-reliant

Functional grammar emphasizes the _____ relations between words. a. semantic b. morphological c. phonological d. intonation

a. semantic

Characteristic adaptations are _____ ways of adapting to one's environment. a. situation-specific and changeable b. situation-specific and unchangeable c. unrelated to situation and changeable d. unrelated to situation and unchangeable

a. situation-specific and changeable

Researchers have shown that individuals who are better able to learn new words show more connectivity between their left and right a. supramarginal gyrus. b. pons. c. adrenal medulla. d. reticular formation

a. supramarginal gyrus

In the information-processing approach, hardware is to software as a. the nervous system is to the skills used to retrieve information. b. memory is to the brain. c. feelings are to thoughts. d. perception is to sensation

a. the nervous system is to the skills used to retrieve information

It was proposed that young children initially segregate themselves into same-sex peer groups because a. their play styles are different from one another, making it difficult for the two groups to play together. b. the physical differences between boys and girls make it unlikely that they could find common interests. c. biological predispositions lead children to interact with others who are most like them. d. children are reinforced for playing with opposite-sex children by adults.

a. their play styles are different from one another, making it difficult for the two groups to play together

Children's initial recognition of themselves as physically separate from others corresponds with Erikson's _____ psychosocial stage? a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority

a. trust versus mistrust

Though 18-month-old Saturn knows the word "car," she only uses it when referring to her mother's sedan (i.e., she does not use it to describe any other vehicle). Saturn's linguistic limitation is best described as involving a. underextension. b. overregularization. c. telegraphic speech. d. overextension

a. underextension

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as a. unintentional is to deliberate. b. retrieval is to storage. c. cued it to uncued. d. effort is to automatic.

a. unintentional is to deliberate

When using syntactic bootstrapping, a child a. uses a word's placement in a sentence to help determine its meaning. b. generates a one-word utterance that has the meaning of a full sentence. c. uses a grammar rule in an inappropriate manner (e.g., uses the "-ed" which means past tense on a word like "run" to create the word "runned"). d. is able to immediately connect a word in one language to its counterpart in a second language.

a. uses a word's placement in a sentence to help determine its meaning.

Linguistic overextension occurs when a person a. uses the same word to describe too wide a range of objects. b. initially learns all the letters of the alphabet. c. cannot understand the relationship between the sound for a word and the object it represents. d. uses many words to describe a single object.

a. uses the same word to describe too wide a range of objects.

The process of developing an ethnic identity is a. very similar to developing other forms of identity. b. quite distinct from forming other identities since ethnicity is not chosen. c. easier than the process of forming other types of identities. d. completed earlier than the formation of other identities

a. very similar to developing other forms of identity.

In general, young adolescents a. view gender-role violations as a sign of psychological abnormality. b. are more accepting of peers' cross-sex interests than they are likely to be as adults. c. make less negative judgments of peers who violate traditional gender roles than do those in middle childhood. d. show significantly fewer sex difference on tests of cognitive abilities.

a. view gender-role violations as a sign of psychological abnormality.

The decline in achievement during adolescence is likely the result of individuals at this age a. viewing strengths and weaknesses more realistically and a loss in expectancies of success. b. viewing strengths and weaknesses more unrealistically and a loss in expectancies of success. c. viewing strengths and weaknesses more realistically and a gain in expectancies of success. d. viewing strengths and weaknesses more unrealistically and a gain in expectancies of success.

a. viewing strengths and weaknesses more realistically and a loss in expectancies of success

Metamemory awareness is most likely to be displayed in young children a. who have often been in situations in which they had to remember something and they are facing a task that they find relevant. b. who have never been in situations in which they had to remember something and they are facing a task that they find relevant. c. who have often been in situations in which they had to remember something and they are facing a task that they find irrelevant. d. who have never been in situations in which they had to remember something and they are facing a task that they find irrelevant.

a. who have often been in situations in which they had to remember something and they are facing a task that they find relevant

Research on race, ethnicity, and intelligence has shown that a. you cannot predict an individual's IQ on the basis of their race or ethnic status. b. the gap between the IQ scores of European and African-American children has increased in the past few decades. c. different subcultures tend to show the same profile of mental abilities. d. Asian Americans tend to score lower on IQ tests than Hispanic Americans.

a. you cannot predict an individual's IQ on the basis of their race or ethnic status.

Which type of test is most apt to put an older adult at a disadvantage? a. Test of general knowledge b. "Speeded" (timed) test c. Vocabulary test d. Test on arithmetic operations

b. "Speeded" (timed) test

Most children clearly demonstrate basic gender identity by a. 1 to 1½ years of age. b. 2½ to 3 years of age. c. 3½ to 4 years of age. d. 5 to 6 years of age.

b. 2½ to 3 years of age.

The establishment of a preference for same-sexed friendships is first apparent by around age a. 12 months. b. 30 months. c. 48 months. d. 60 months

b. 30 months.

If we identified 100 typical males and 100 typical females and assessed them across a variety of psychological attributes, chances are that about _____ of the observed differences could be attributed to whether the person was male or female. a. 0% b. 5% c. 25% d. 50%

b. 5%

When asked if it is okay for a boy to play with dolls, Geoffery says, "Absolutely not, it's a rule that only girls can play with dolls." Based on research on gender roles and stereotypes, what age is Geoffery's most likely age? a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 12

b. 6

If American children Nicholas (a boy) and Alexandra (a girl) are typical of other members of their sex, then you would predict that a. Nicholas would likely be more cooperative. b. Alexandra would show more interest in caring for an infant. c. Nicholas would be more cautious. d. Alexandra would be more likely to be learning disabled

b. Alexandra would show more interest in caring for an infant.

Which best represents "identity diffusion status"? a. Gee plans to be a teacher because his parents and siblings are all teachers. b. Bea doesn't really know what she wants to be when she "grows up" and couldn't care less about even exploring the possibilities. c. Dee has taken a battery of interest inventories and is exploring different majors at the university, thinking about possibilities for her future career.

b. Bea doesn't really know what she wants to be when she "grows up" and couldn't care less about even exploring the possibilities.

Which example best illustrates metalinguistic awareness? a. Being able to pronounce all the phonemes in a language b. Becoming less egocentric and then becoming better able to understand the meaning of selfishness c. Confusing a "w" with an "m" and reading "wow" as "mom" d. Using the term "truck" when referring to all wheeled vehicles (e.g., trucks, cars, motorcycles)

b. Becoming less egocentric and then becoming better able to understand the meaning of selfishness

Which is true regarding personality during adulthood? a. There is little stability of personality traits between young and old adulthood. b. Broad personality dimensions, such as extroversion and neuroticism, are fairly stable across adulthood. c. An introverted young adult will most likely become an extraverted older adult. d. Personality traits cannot be measured in older adults.

b. Broad personality dimensions, such as extroversion and neuroticism, are fairly stable across adulthood.

Which statement regarding the achievement of identity status is FALSE? a. The rate of identify achievement differs across domains of identity. b. By age 20, most individuals have reached complete identity achievement status. c. Some reliable sex differences in identity achievement have been observed. d. The actual process of identity achievement is sometimes different than the theory proposed by Marcia.

b. By age 20, most individuals have reached complete identity achievement status.

Whose "formula" for intelligence is, "intelligence" = "g" + "s"? a. Raymond Cattell b. Charles Spearman c. J.P. Guilford d. Louis Thurstone

b. Charles Spearman

"I am a boy. Therefore I want to do the things boys do." This statement is reflective of which theoretical perspective regarding gender-role development? a. Biosocial theory b. Cognitive-developmental theory c. Psychoanalytic theory d. Social-learning theory

b. Cognitive-developmental theory

Which pair best describes the memory abilities of a human infant? a. Cue-dependent and context-independent b. Cue-dependent and context-specific c. Cue-independent and context-independent d. Cue-independent and context-specific

b. Cue-dependent and context-specific

Who is best known for developing a set of intelligence tests that can be used on individuals from toddlerhood to old age? a. Alfred Binet b. David Wechsler c. Charles Spearman d. Howard Gardner

b. David Wechsler

Which is the best example of an agency aspect of gender? a. Emotionality b. Dominance c. Connectedness to others d. Linguistic skills

b. Dominance

As a neurobiologist, Dr. Proctor would be most likely to utilize _____ as an assessment tool. a. MMPIs b. ERPs c. APGARs d. MIDs

b. ERPs

Whose statement indicates that they are engaging in dialectic thinking? a. Earl, who says, "I love the fact that ice is cold." b. Eileen, who says, "I just do not understand how light can be both a wave and an individual element, but I will." c. Lowell, who says, "Drop a bowling ball and it will fall; can the world get any more consistent?" d. Rellen, who says, "The moon looks massive tonight."

b. Eileen, who says, "I just do not understand how light can be both a wave and an individual element, but I will."

At what age does personality tend to fully "gel" (i.e., begin to predict adult personality)? a. Infancy b. Elementary school years c. Late adolescence d. Middle adulthood

b. Elementary school years

_____ memories always involve personal experiences. a. Procedural b. Episodic c. Implicit d. Cued-recall

b. Episodic

Which statement concerning memory is true? a. Explicit memory increases in capacity from infancy through adulthood then declines, while implicit memory capacity peaks in childhood then declines. b. Explicit memory increases in capacity from infancy through adulthood then declines, while implicit memory capacity is constant across the lifespan. c. Implicit memory increases in capacity from infancy through adulthood then declines, while explicit memory capacity peaks in childhood then declines. d. Implicit memory increases in capacity from infancy through adulthood then declines, while explicit memory capacity is constant across the lifespan.

b. Explicit memory increases in capacity from infancy through adulthood then declines, while implicit memory capacity is constant across the lifespan.

Which environmental change is most likely to positively impact an African-American child's IQ score? a. Having them reside in an understimulating home environment b. Exposing them to a "culture of tests and the school" c. Telling them to ignore the impact of poverty d. Offering more developmental programs in high school

b. Exposing them to a "culture of tests and the school"

The fact that adults born in the 1980s have higher adult IQs than adults born in the 1950s illustrates the _____ effect. a. cumulative-deficit b. Flynn c. intellectual disability d. terminal drop

b. Flynn

What "lesson" was learned through the life and death of Money's sex-reassignment patient Bruce/Brenda/David? a. Life as a female is much easier than life as a male b. Gender identity may not be as pliable as once thought c. Reassigning sex prior to age 2 has little impact on later self-conceptions of gender d. Any surgical procedure may result in potentially deadly medical complications

b. Gender identity may not be as pliable as once thought

Which behavior would indicate that Manny has a high level of effortful control? a. He is very easily frustrated. b. He can quickly shift his attention from one topic to another. c. He makes friends very easily. d. He likes taking on new challenges.

b. He can quickly shift his attention from one topic to another.

Which is a legitimate criticism of Vygotsky's theory? a. There is no evidence that private speech helps children solve problems. b. He placed too much emphasis on the influence of social interactions. c. His stages of psychosocial development have received little empirical support. d. A model that focuses only on postformal thinking in adulthood is too limited to be considered a major developmental theory

b. He placed too much emphasis on the influence of social interactions.

Carlos has experienced significant damage to his hippocampus (an area located in the medial temporal lobe). How would this most likely impact his memory? a. He would not be able to recall events from his childhood. b. He would have trouble creating new episodic memories. c. He would not be able to recall who he is. d. He could recall past events but not past factual information

b. He would have trouble creating new episodic memories

Pujols is watching his favorite baseball player in a home run derby and is trying to remember all of the movements that this player makes before he hits a long ball so that he can also become a big league player himself. Which of the following would best represent the consolidation stage of this process? a. The attention that he is paying to each movement b. His organizing the player's swing into a series of memories for sequential motions that can be stored in long-term memory c. Holding of the information in long-term store d. His retrieval of past episodes of home runs hit by this player

b. His organizing the player's swing into a series of memories for sequential motions that can be stored in long-term memory

Which of the following claims does Chomsky make regarding language acquisition? a. Humans have an inborn knowledge of all components of language. b. Humans have an inborn mechanism for sifting through the language they hear and generating rules for that language. c. Humans simply imitate the sounds they hear. d. Humans must be exposed to language at a developmentally appropriate time in order for language to develop.

b. Humans have an inborn mechanism for sifting through the language they hear and generating rules for that language.

Which statement best describes Kaufman's (2001) findings on the pattern of IQ change from young adulthood though old age generated by cross-sectional studies? a. IQ scores peak in young adulthood (age 20-30) and decline steadily through middle age (40-50) and old age (80-90). b. IQ scores rise gradually until middle age (age 40-50) then decline slowly until old age (around 80) when the decline accelerates. c. IQ scores remain fairly constant across the lifespan. d. IQ scores increase gradually between young adulthood (age 20-30) and old age (80-90).

b. IQ scores rise gradually until middle age (age 40-50) then decline slowly until old age (around 80) when the decline accelerates.

Which statement about the language acquisition device is FALSE? a. It is activated by exposure to language. b. It determines the language an infant speaks. c. It involves specific areas of the brain. d. It helps a child learn the specific language to which he or she is exposed.

b. It determines the language an infant speaks

Which example best illustrates mastery motivation? a. Jerry's innate ability to understand phonemes b. Kramer's innate drive to succeed c. George's parents' rewards for his success in school d. Elaine's extremely large vocabulary

b. Kramer's innate drive to succeed

Some children show a lowering of their IQ during their school years. Which factor seems to be the most common cause of this decline? a. Accidental injury to the brain b. Living in impoverished environments c. Chronic illness d. Ineffective schools

b. Living in impoverished environments

Which statement concerning self-esteem development is true? a. Most older adults suffer from a poor sense of self-image. b. Older individuals may retain a high sense of self-image by reducing the ideal-real self gap. c. The average level of self-esteem at age 60 is half of that at age 16. d. Males show higher levels of self-esteem across all developmental age levels.

b. Older individuals may retain a high sense of self-image by reducing the ideal-real self gap

Which linguistic concept is best defined as an understanding of the rules concerning the appropriate use of language in different social context? a. Prosody b. Pragmatics c. Holophrasing d. Syntax

b. Pragmatics

Which aspect of speech involves the melody, intonation, or timing of a word production? a. Semantics b. Prosody c. Syntax d. Morphology

b. Prosody

Which is the best example of an autobiographical memory? a. Recalling that the War of 1812 was fought in 1812 b. Recalling the heated argument between you and you mom that broke out at your wedding c. Thinking about the hot ham sandwich that you are going to have for lunch d. Understanding that numbers are easier to recall when they are chunked into groups

b. Recalling the heated argument between you and you mom that broke out at your wedding

Which action best describes the memory strategy of rehearsal? a. Take original information, expand on it, and make connections to existing memories. b. Repeat to self over and over. c. Organize into meaningful categories, then memorize. d. See it and be it.

b. Repeat to self over and over.

Which biological event directly results in the growth of a penis in a male fetus? a. Receiving a Y chromosome at conception b. Secretion of testosterone by the testes c. Absence of the release of female hormones d. The presence of a gene on the X chromosome

b. Secretion of testosterone by the testes

Which best illustrates gender segregation? a. The fact that boys are better at spatial abilities than girls. b. Seeing one group consisting of all girls playing at one end of a gym and an all-boy group playing at the other end. c. The fact that girls are more emotional than boys. d. Seeing a sign that says both boys and girls can try out for the dance team.

b. Seeing one group consisting of all girls playing at one end of a gym and an all-boy group playing at the other end.

How can a mother's interactions with a toddler result in that child growing into an adolescent with stronger autobiographical memories? a. She can avoid contaminating the child's memory by having conversations about events in the toddler's life. b. She can enhance the child's memory by having conversations about events in the toddler's life. c. She can focus exclusively on praising the child for major events during toddlerhood. d. She cannot influence this process.

b. She can enhance the child's memory by having conversations about events in the toddler's life.

Which statement concerning racial and ethnic differences in IQ is FALSE? a. The fear of "stereotype threat" (i.e., being judged on qualities associated with negative stereotypes) can help explain why African Americans score lower on IQ tests. b. Stereotype threat appears to account for about 80 points of the gap between majority and non-majority students. c. Mentors tend to increase the level of stereotype threat in members of minority groups. d. Positive stereotypes about a group may increase test performance of that group.

b. Stereotype threat appears to account for about 80 points of the gap between majority and non-majority students.

Which is true regarding common gender stereotypes? a. There is solid research evidence that females generally have better visual/spatial skills than males. b. There is consistent research support for the fact that males are more aggressive than females. c. Females are more vulnerable to diseases and disorders than males. d. There are no gender stereotypes that are consistently supported by research.

b. There is consistent research support for the fact that males are more aggressive than females.

What is the best summary of implications of neurobiological research on language? a. There is no doubt that language acquisition is impacted solely by heredity factors. b. There is no doubt that language acquisition is impacted by both heredity and environmental factors. c. There is no doubt that language acquisition is impacted solely by environmental factors. d. There is no doubt that the factors which underlie language acquisition cannot be identified.

b. There is no doubt that language acquisition is impacted by both heredity and environmental factors.

What effect does the establishment of a firm sense of gender identity tend to have on children? a. They develop more rigid rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior. b. They develop more flexible rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior. c. They abandon all rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior. d. They initially identify rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.

b. They develop more flexible rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.

Which question would be the best method of assessing divergent thinking? a. Who is the president of Mexico? b. What are some effective ways of studying for a psychology exam? c. Where does the equator pass through the continent of Africa? d. How much is (212*34)/.948?

b. What are some effective ways of studying for a psychology exam?

Which chromosome pattern is most common for a male? a. XX b. XY c. YY d. XO

b. XY

How do neo-Piagetians account for "centering?" a. Young children cannot tell which parts of a problem are important to consider. b. Young children lack sufficient working-memory capacity to attend to multiple aspects of a problem. c. The cognitive structures of young children are unstable. d. Young children lack the ability to explain how they solve problems

b. Young children lack sufficient working-memory capacity to attend to multiple aspects of a problem.

An example of gender intensification would involve a. boys noticing that some girls like romance. b. a boy asserting his masculinity among his peers. c. a girl acting like a "tomboy." d. a boy acting like a "sissy."

b. a boy asserting his masculinity among his peers.

Concerning language development, joint attention is best defined as occurring when a. a baby and parent view an object together. b. a parent directs a child's gaze to an object and names the object for the child. c. two infants repeat the same nonsense word. d. the same word is used to describe several unrelated objects

b. a parent directs a child's gaze to an object and names the object for the child.

IQ scores obtained during adolescence are best at predicting a. whether a person will graduate from college. b. a person's high school grades. c. a person's choice of occupation. d. how well a person performs in his or her chosen occupation

b. a person's high school grades

Jamie doesn't worry very much about contracting HIV from unprotected sex, saying "I'm a good guy. It can't happen to me." This is an example of a. an imaginary audience. b. a personal fable. c. an A not B error. d. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

b. a personal fable.

Terminal drop is the name given to a. a low score on an IQ test brought about by the child not feeling well on the day of the test. b. a rapid decline in the mental abilities of elderly people a few years prior to dying. c. placing an underachieving child in a special education class. d. a gifted student dropping out of high school and remaining underemployed during his or her adult life

b. a rapid decline in the mental abilities of elderly people a few years prior to dying.

With respect to children's use of private speech, research suggests that this speech is (may) a. unrelated to children's cognitive capabilities. b. a sign of cognitive maturity. c. a sign of immature egocentrism. d. indicate that the child is autistic.

b. a sign of cognitive maturity

Biosocial theory views the sex chromosome pattern of an infant (e.g., XX) as a. irrelevant to gender-role development. b. a starting point for biological differentiation of the sexes. c. the determinant one's gender. d. the after effect of gender-identification.

b. a starting point for biological differentiation of the sexes.

Rave is a blast at parties. She seems to love the spotlight and craves excitement. A psychometric theorist would most likely describe Rave as being a. conscientious. b. extraverted. c. agreeable. d. neurotic.

b. extraverted.

Perry's (1970) research with cognitive development in college students found that many students tended to be _____ in their thought when they first started college and grow to be _____ thinkers by the end of their college careers. a. formal; concrete b. absolutist; relativistic c. nonegocentric; egocentric d. decontextualized; contextualized

b. absolutist; relativistic

Mickelson is about to retire. In preparation, he has begun to take up golf as a way to fill some of the time he would normally have been at work. Mickelson's response best fits with the _____ theory concerning successful aging. a. temperament b. activity c. disengagement d. stagnation

b. activity

The idea that the letters in printed words represent the sounds in spoken words in a systematic way is referred to as the _____ principle. a. decontextualized b. alphabetic c. morphological d. expansion

b. alphabetic

Most widely used traditional tests of intelligence focus on _____ intelligence(s). a. creative b. analytic c. practical d. creative, analytic, and practical

b. analytic

Research by Morrongiello and Hogg (2004) found that when asked to imagine their children misbehaving in some dangerous way (e.g., bicycling fast down a hill), moms reported that they felt _____ toward their sons and _____ toward their daughters. a. indifference; sadness b. anger; disappointment c. sadness; indifference d. disappointment; anger

b. anger; disappointment

The Big Five traits a. are expressed only in individuals in Western societies. b. are genetically influenced. c. emerge late in life. d. are not considered to be dispositional traits

b. are genetically influenced.

Research on aging and creativity has shown that older individuals are _____ than younger adults. a. less original and less productive with creative ideas b. as original and less productive with creative ideas c. original but more productive with creative ideas d. as productive but less original with creative ideas

b. as original and less productive with creative ideas

The Flynn effect refers to the observation that a. IQ scores are no longer related to socioeconomic status. b. average IQ scores have been increasing. c. IQ scores are predictive of educational and occupational achievement as well as income. d. IQ is largely heritable

b. average IQ scores have been increasing.

The stability of IQ scores a. is highest in infancy. b. becomes fairly high starting at around age four. c. is highest with longer times between testing sessions. d. is high for individual children but low for large groups of children.

b. becomes fairly high starting at around age four

When a student values a subject, a. neither motivation nor achievement levels tend to be higher b. both motivation and achievement levels tend to be higher c. motivation level, but not achievement level, tends to be higher d. achievement level, but not motivation level, tends to be higher

b. both motivation and achievement levels tend to be higher

Holding a negative image (stereotype) of aging a. may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in adulthood. b. can lead to physically slower behavior in older adulthood. c. tends to lead to improvements in memory in old age as people know they need to try harder . d. does not appear to have any measurable impact on adult physical or mental status.

b. can lead to physically slower behavior in older adulthood.

A positive sense of ethnic identity a. is seldom found in African-American adolescents. b. can protect an adolescent from damaging effects of racial prejudice. c. tends to be completed by elementary school (especially in children growing up in homogenous environments with few interactions with other ethnic groups). d. has little to do with parental behavior.

b. can protect an adolescent from damaging effects of racial prejudice.

Piaget argued that six-month-olds were incapable of imitating a mother who is intentionally opening her mouth very wide because infants a. do not have vision that allows them to accurately see their mother's face. b. cannot mentally represent the act of a wide, open mouth at that age. c. are not physically capable of opening their mouth very wide until they reach 12 months of age. d. refuse to imitate any actions they see.

b. cannot mentally represent the act of a wide, open mouth at that age.

The observation that children with intellectual disabilities are slower at developing self-awareness illustrates the role of _____ in the process of the acquisition of self. a. genetics b. cognitive development c. social experience d. temperament

b. cognitive development

When a child is able to realize that some letter combinations (e.g., "br," "st," "ed") need to be perceived as a single unit versus several individual units, he or she is said to be in the _____ phase of reading. a. pre-alphabetic b. consolidated alphabetic c. partial alphabetic d. full alphabetic

b. consolidated alphabetic

A "babble" is best defined as a _____ sound. a. vowel-like b. consonant-plus-vowel c. meaningful d. crying

b. consonant-plus-vowel

Concerning language, Broca's area is to Wernicke's area as a. visual is to auditory. b. production is to comprehension. c. syntax is to semantics. d. left hemisphere is to right

b. production is to comprehension.

Research has shown that children in preschools with very strong academic orientations tend to be less _____ by the end of their kindergarten year. a. anxious b. creative c. negative toward schooling d. intelligent

b. creative

The production of ideas that are original and meaningful are both defining characteristics of a. terminal drop. b. creativity. c. fluid intelligence. d. automatization

b. creativity.

Kao is involved with a project studying intelligence. During the study, she is first asked to name the state capitals of Wisconsin and Hawaii. Then she is asked to explain the difference between the words "destiny" and "density." Given these tasks, Kao appears to be taking a test of _____ intelligence. a. interpersonal b. crystallized c. spatial d. fluid

b. crystallized

Gomer was born and raised in the Midwestern part of the United States. All of his life, he has been told that seafood tastes terrible so he has avoided it. One day while visiting the East Coast, he goes into a restaurant that features steamed clams. Gomer tells himself, "Those clams do smell good and many people eat seafood, so they can't be terrible to eat. I think I'll order a big bucket of steamers." Gomer's decision to eat the seafood would best be explained by the Piagetian concept of a. reversibility b. decontextualization c. animism d. horizontal décalage

b. decontextualization

Piaget's work _____. a. stifled most research on children's cognitive development. b. demonstrated that infants are active participants in their development. c. pointed out the critical effect that genes play in abnormal trajectories of development. d. lent significant support to theories that emphasize the key role of unconscious elements of the mind (e.g. id) .

b. demonstrated that infants are active participants in their development.

The key element of gender-role norms is that within a society, they are viewed as a. stereotypes. b. desirable characteristics. c. genetically-based. d. destructive

b. desirable characteristics.

Oscar is conducting a factor analysis on a set of personality traits; this means that he is most likely attempting to a. assess the degree of difficulty for each trait. b. determine which items tap into similar traits. c. identify the age-group for which the traits are most appropriate. d. create a test of intelligence.

b. determine which items tap into similar traits.

In families where parents show clear patterns of differential reinforcement concerning sex-appropriate behavior, children tend to a. be androgynous. b. develop strong sex-appropriate toy preferences. c. seldom label themselves as a boy or girl. d. develop few gender-role stereotypes.

b. develop strong sex-appropriate toy preferences.

When Carmello is playing basketball, he is very aggressive. When he is playing at his house with his young daughter, he is very passive. These situations best exemplify the concept of a. same context, different personality. b. different context, different personality. c. different context, same personality. d. same context, same personality.

b. different context, different personality.

Infant Marisa cries and throws tantrums when she doesn't get her way. Moreover, she becomes very upset when her parents attempt to change her diaper. With regard to temperament, Marisa is best classified as a. easy. b. difficult. c. slow-to-warm-up. d. secure.

b. difficult.

As Josephine has a production deficiency, she a. cannot solve any problems. b. doesn't produce useful strategies on her own. c. spontaneously produces useless strategies. d. spontaneously produces effective strategies

b. doesn't produce useful strategies on her own.

The statement, "Girls are more _____," has received the most empirical research support. a. vulnerable to prenatal disorders b. empathic c. likely to develop antisocial behaviors d. likely to use a computer

b. empathic

If Rachel wants to help her son Ray develop a mastery motivation orientation, she should a. de-emphasize the importance of self-reliance. b. encourage him to do things well. c. try to not offer guidance. d. praise him lavishly for his accomplishments even if the performance is actually very poor.

b. encourage him to do things well.

A study on the development of wisdom in young and elderly women by Staudinger, Smith, and Baltes (2001) found that a. wisdom is quite common in old age. b. expertise is a better predictor of wisdom than age. c. age predicts wisdom. d. life experiences have little to do with the expression of wisdom

b. expertise is a better predictor of wisdom than age

Younger children tend to rely more on _____ than older children. a. internal cues for encoding and retrieval b. external cues for encoding and retrieval c. external cues for encoding and internal cues for retrieval d. internal cues for encoding and external cues for retrieval

b. external cues for encoding and retrieval

Research on gender differences in math ability has shown that a. males have superior computational skills. b. females obtain slightly higher grades in math classes. c. males score higher on math tests in all countries. d. females express more negative attitudes about math

b. females obtain slightly higher grades in math classes.

With regard to children's views of gender stereotypes, research has indicated that a. nine-year-olds are more bothered than five-year-olds when kids engage in activities that violate gender-role stereotypes. b. five-year-olds are more upset by violations of gender-role stereotypes than are nine-year-olds. c. concern about violations of gender stereotypes is very high throughout childhood (age four through nine). d. concern about violations of gender stereotypes is nonexistent until the teenage years.

b. five-year-olds are more upset by violations of gender-role stereotypes than are nine-year-olds

Research on changes in intellectual abilities during adulthood indicates that a. fluid and crystallized intelligence decline at the same rate. b. fluid intelligence declines earlier and more quickly than crystallized intelligence. c. crystallized intelligence declines earlier and more quickly than fluid intelligence. d. crystallized and fluid intelligence fluctuate up and down throughout the entire lifespan.

b. fluid intelligence declines earlier and more quickly than crystallized intelligence.

Logan has just realized that the phrase "daddy run" can mean both "daddy is going for a run" and "can I go for a run with daddy." This realization best illustrates the acquisition of a. overregulation. b. functional grammar. c. metalinguistic awareness. d. child-directed speech

b. functional grammar.

Mr. and Mrs. Hill have two children, Jack and Jill. They make no bones about telling Jack that he should be an engineer, because men are good at math, and that Jill should be a nurse, because women are good at taking care of other people. Given the fact that male-female differences in math and nurturing are questionable, the Hill's message best reflects a(n) a. Electra complex. b. gender-role stereotype. c. sexual orientation. d. sex difference.

b. gender-role stereotype.

Concerning creativity, ideation is to elaboration as a. doing is to seeing. b. generating is to executing. c. complex is to simple. d. arts are to sciences

b. generating is to executing.

Karin's children are all in college. She works as a legal secretary, and most of what she earns goes toward paying her children's college tuition. Her own children lead busy lives, with friends and school activities occupying most of their time, so Karin volunteers one evening each week at the Boys' Home, reading bedtime stories to the young delinquents there. Karin is best classified as fitting into Erikson's stage of a. intimacy versus isolation. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. integrity versus despair. d. identity versus role confusion.

b. generativity versus stagnation.

Research on women's vocation development has found that a. women are more likely than men to transfer to a new work location. b. giving birth can negatively impact a woman's earning potential. c. women who make it to the top of their career ladder tend to be in long-term marriages and have one to two children. d. when you control for the tendency for women to step out of the workplace more often, women earn about 20% more than men.

b. giving birth can negatively impact a woman's earning potential

The concept of appropriately matching an environment with a person's characteristics is called a. overregulation. b. goodness-of-fit. c. mastery orientation. d. joint attention

b. goodness-of-fit.

The fact that parents who are taught to interpret and respond more effectively to their child's cues can produce calmer infants who cry less best illustrates the concept of a. slow-to-warm-up temperament. b. goodness-of-fit. c. individualistic culture. d. big-fish-little-pond effect

b. goodness-of-fit.

Individuals who believe that abilities and talents are malleable have a(n) _____ mindset. a. fixed b. growth c. internal d. external

b. growth

Learning through active involvement in culturally relevant activities with the aid of knowledgeable individuals is referred to as a. the personal fable. b. guided participation. c. transformational thought. d. class inclusion

b. guided participation.

Because she believes in overlapping waves theory, Serena would most likely argue that her six-year-old daughter, Venus, a. is in the formal stage of thinking. b. has multiple problem strategies available to her. c. cannot recall any event prior to her third birthday. d. has no recognition memory.

b. has multiple problem strategies available to her

Rajan has practiced until he is able to remember the population of every country in the world. This ability will most likely a. greatly increase Rajan's ability to learn and remember foreign words. b. have little impact on cognitive abilities unrelated with knowledge for populations. c. disrupt his autobiographical memories. d. enhance the size of his sensory register.

b. have little impact on cognitive abilities unrelated with knowledge for populations.

Difficult temperament is characterized by a. low irritability and negative reactions to change in routine. b. high irritability and negative reactions to change in routine. c. low irritability and positive reactions to change in routine. d. high irritability and positive reactions to change in routine.

b. high irritability and negative reactions to change in routine.

What are the key characteristics of someone scoring high on the personality dimension of neuroticism? a. open to fantasy and interested in variety b. hostile and anxious c. trustworthy and compliant d. a high achiever and a person with self-discipline

b. hostile and anxious

An information-processing theorist focusing on intelligence testing would be most likely interested in a. the statistics used to calculate an IQ score. b. how children solve the problems on the test. c. a child's full IQ score. d. why children solve problems on the test

b. how children solve the problems on the test.

Harrison believes that Erikson's theory of personality development is very accurate. Thus, Harrison would most likely believe that his 17-year-old son, Ford, would currently be experiencing the psychosocial conflict involving a. trust versus mistrust. b. identity and role confusion. c. initiative versus guilt. d. generativity versus stagnation.

b. identity and role confusion.

In assessing his newborn son's cognitive ability, Cosmo waves his hand at the baby and watches to see if his son reacts by also waving his hand. Cosmo is using a(n) _____ technique to assess his son's abilities. a. implicit memory b. imitation c. cued-recall d. operant conditioning

b. imitation

A memory that occurs without any conscious effort is best referred to as a. explicit. b. implicit. c. scripted. d. autobiographical

b. implicit

Acquiring domain-specific expertise tends to lead to a. great improvement in cognitive skills in unrelated areas. b. improved cognitive skills in areas related to the domain. c. increased fuzzy traces. d. utilization deficiency.

b. improved cognitive skills in areas related to the domain

People are most likely to regularly use formal operational thinking a. in making relationship decisions. b. in areas where they have some expertise. c. in high school and college courses but not on nonacademic tasks. d. on novel and complex tasks

b. in areas where they have some expertise

The goal of the gender role aspect called "agency" is to prepare a person for a. the acquisition of sexist language. b. individual achievement. c. developing a "nurturing side." d. the onset of sexual urges in puberty .

b. individual achievement.

When describing his ideas on language acquisition, Harlan says, "I believe that humans have a natural biological predisposition toward language and that the environment that the child is raised in also impacts the development of language skills." Given this description, Harlan appears to hold a(n) _____ perspective concerning the acquisition of language. a. nativist b. interactionist c. learning d. psychodynamic

b. interactionist

Gender intensification involves an increased a. desire to be viewed as androgynous. b. intolerance of any deviation from proscribed gender roles. c. drive to have sex with one's parent. d. experimentation with sexual orientation

b. intolerance of any deviation from proscribed gender roles

Cleopatra has an outstanding sense of her own feelings. This ability is best associated with Gardner's _____ type of intelligence. a. bodily-kinesthetic b. intrapersonal c. linguistic d. interpersonal

b. intrapersonal

Vicki was reserved as a baby, shy as a child, and shy as an adult. Social learning theorists would say that Vicki a. was genetically predisposed to be shy. b. is a product of environments that consistently fostered the same personality trait. c. was unable to resolve psychosocial crises in positive ways. d. identified with her shy mother and drove her id to adopt this as a permanent personality characteristic.

b. is a product of environments that consistently fostered the same personality trait

Eighteen-year-old Becker is accurately classified as being mildly intellectually disabled. Given this diagnosis, it is most likely that he a. is able to live and work independently and has no academic limitations. b. is able to live and work independently but has some academic limitations. c. needs constant supervision in order to work. d. is completely dependent on others for care

b. is able to live and work independently but has some academic limitations.

An explicit memory a. always has a sexual overtone. b. is deliberately recalled. c. occurs only after a hint has been given. d. involves recalling behaviors but not ideas

b. is deliberately recalled.

According to the psychometric approach to intelligence, intelligence a. aids in adaptation to the environment. b. is made up of traits that vary and can be measured. c. is fixed at conception by genetic factors. d. is organized by stages or levels.

b. is made up of traits that vary and can be measured.

Researchers using the Characteristics of Giftedness Scale found that gifted children could be distinguished from average children in a number of ways including all of the following EXCEPT their a. extensive vocabularies. b. lack of concern about perfection. c. excellent sense of humor. d. strong ability with puzzles

b. lack of concern about perfection.

The defining element of gender-role stereotypes is that they are a. uncommon. b. largely inaccurate. c. genetically-based. d. highly desirable traits.

b. largely inaccurate.

Tyler argues that language is best explained in terms of a baby imitating the speech of her parents and being reinforced by parents for speaking words properly. These arguments best fit with the _____ perspective on language acquisition. a. constructivist b. learning c. humanist d. cognitive

b. learning

Using a life-story approach, McLean and Pratt (2006) found that the more the sophisticated the "meaning making" in an adolescent's life narrative, the a. more likely he or she would be depressed. b. less likely he or she would be in a state of foreclosure. c. more likely he or she would become pregnant. d. less likely he or she would have close friends

b. less likely he or she would be in a state of foreclosure.

When someone says, "It's a matter of semantics," they are referring to the _____ of a sentence. a. context b. meaning c. length d. syllables

b. meaning

Bo has always considered a career in professional baseball as his best career option. Lately, he has begun to question this choice. In fact, he has been actively trying other sports (football, soccer) to see if they may be more of what he wants in life. James Marcia would say that Bo is currently experiencing _____ status concerning his career goals. a. diffusion b. moratorium c. foreclosure d. identity achievement

b. moratorium

The _____ identity status would best be described as "very active exploration of options." a. foreclosure b. moratorium c. identity achievement d. diffusion

b. moratorium

With regard to gender stereotypes in the 1990s vs. today, a. more males now view themselves as having no communality traits. b. more women now view themselves as having more agentic traits. c. more boys who reject communality traits are developing homosexual or bisexual orientations. d. more girls who reject agentic traits are experiencing teen pregnancy.

b. more women now view themselves as having more agentic traits.

The gender similarity hypothesis proposes that males and females are similar on a. all psychological variables. b. most psychological variables. c. most physical variables. d. all physical variables

b. most psychological variables.

Otis has just been told that his son Goober is going to be assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. As a knowledgeable psychologist, Otis would know that this test will assess Goober's a. savant skills (e.g., ability to calculate future days of the week). b. motor skills (e.g., ability to grasp and throw a ball). c. physiological skills (e.g., average heart rate, respiration). d. sociometric skills (e.g., the number of friends the child has).

b. motor skills (e.g., ability to grasp and throw a ball).

The FOXP2 gene has been shown to be connected with a. the development of aphasia. b. motor skills necessary from speech . c. significant hearing impairments. d. a malfunctioning language acquisition device

b. motor skills necessary from speech .

The temperament dimension of _____ is defined as the tendency to be sad or easily frustrated. a. surgency b. negative affectivity c. behavioral inhibition d. extraversion

b. negative affectivity

The most accurate summation of declines in information-processing skills in older adults is that they are a. both inevitable and universal. b. neither inevitable nor universal. c. inevitable but not universal. d. universal but not

b. neither inevitable nor universal.

Limitations in working memory in older adulthood appear to be most directly related to reduced functioning of the _____ system. a. visual b. nervous c. auditory d. pulmonary

b. nervous

The fact that the brain can be restructured in response to training exemplifies the concept of a. terminal drop. b. neuroplacticity. c. the secular trend. d. psychometrics

b. neuroplacticity.

Research by Morrongiello and Hogg (2004) found that when asked to prevent future risky behavior in a child who had misbehaved in some dangerous way (e.g., bicycling fast down a hill), moms reported that they would a. set more rules for both boys and girls. b. not intervene with the boys but would set more rules with girls. c. not intervene with the girls but would set more rules with boys. d. not intervene with either boys or girls as risky behavior was "in their blood."

b. not intervene with the boys but would set more rules with girls.

A production deficiency is best described as a. not producing a strategy but benefiting from guessing. b. not producing a strategy but benefiting from strategies you are taught. c. producing a strategy but not benefiting from its use. d. producing a strategy and benefiting from its use

b. not producing a strategy but benefiting from strategies you are taught.

Fluid intelligence is usually a. taught and emphasizes using the mind in new ways. b. not taught and emphasizes using the mind in new ways. c. taught and emphasizes using the mind to solve familiar tasks. d. not taught and emphasizes using the mind to solve familiar tasks

b. not taught and emphasizes using the mind in new ways.

Audrey grows up in a family in which her father provides at-home daycare and her mother is a construction worker. A social learning theorist would be most likely to explain Audrey's unusual attitudes (i.e., she loves trucks and hates dolls) in terms of a. the Electra complex. b. observational learning. c. a double standard. d. gender segregation.

b. observational learning.

Deferred imitation always a. involves a reflex action. b. occurs after a delay between seeing an action and the response. c. reflects the method of loci. d. indicates that an implicit memory has been activated.

b. occurs after a delay between seeing an action and the response.

Research on wisdom suggests that a. most adults are considered to possess wisdom. b. only adults with expertise or experience display wisdom. c. personality and intelligence have little to do with wisdom. d. age predicts wisdom

b. only adults with expertise or experience display wisdom

Applying language rules to cases in which the rule is not appropriate defines the concept of a. joint attention. b. overregularization. c. telegraphic speech. d. holophrasing

b. overregularization.

Brandy has just begun to learn to read. At this point, she knows that the letter with one line and two bumps is the "B." She also knows that this letter corresponds to the "b" sound, and it is the first letter of her name. While Brandy has this knowledge, she is not yet able to connect all written words with their sounds. Brandy is best classified as being in the _____ phase of reading development. a. prealphabetic b. partial alphabetic c. full alphabetic d. phonological awareness

b. partial alphabetic

One impact of living in an individualistic versus a collectivist culture is that a. people in collectivist cultures tend to talk more about their unique qualities. b. people in collectivist cultures tend describe their behavior in terms of specific different context (e.g.. home, work). c. people in individualistic cultures tend to view their personality as "quite variable" across different settings. d. people in individualistic cultures tend to view their ability as "below average."

b. people in collectivist cultures tend describe their behavior in terms of specific different context (e.g.. home, work).

The tendency to focus on increasing status relative to others is associated with _____ goals. a. mastery b. performance c. internal d. contextual

b. performance

Due to a slight hearing loss, 90-year-old Tiger has begun to have trouble differentiating some English sounds. For example, the last time he was golfing, his partner said "nice putt," but Tiger thought he said "nice butt." This difficulty is best thought of as a deficiency in a. morphology. b. phonology. c. syntax. d. intonation

b. phonology.

Research on social comparison suggests that a. gifted children are at risk for low self-concept. b. placing children with learning disabilities in a regular education room may negatively impact their self-esteem. c. male athletes tend to have high academic self-esteem. d. students from larger high schools tend to have the highest self-esteem.

b. placing children with learning disabilities in a regular education room may negatively impact their self-esteem.

Damon's (1994) and others' complaint against American educators and parents is that many tend to a. underestimate the significance of self-esteem. b. provide children with an inflated sense of self-worth. c. underestimate the importance of telling children how great they are (even if it is false praise). d. provide feedback that is too harsh.

b. provide children with an inflated sense of self-worth.

Encoding is best described as the process of a. cued recall. b. putting information into the system. c. uncued recall. d. taking information out of the system

b. putting information into the system.

One implication of formal operational thought is that adolescents are more likely than children to a. have idealized notions about their parent. b. rebel against the inconsistencies they are able to detect in the world. c. accept the realities of the world. d. solve problems by using a trial-and-error approach.

b. rebel against the inconsistencies they are able to detect in the world.

While attempting to find his lost toy bear, 10-month-old Teddy pulls away a couch's cushion and finds the bear he watched his mother hide there 10 minutes earlier. This best demonstrates the use of _____ memory. a. recognition b. recall c. implicit d. sensory register

b. recall

The information-processing approach stresses all of the following basic mental processes EXCEPT a. decision-making. b. reinforcers. c. perception. d. attention.

b. reinforcers.

Yumi has just entered the phase of retirement best described as "realistic and satisfying." This would indicate that she is in the _____ phase of retirement. a. honeymoon b. reorientation c. midlife d. disenchantment

b. reorientation

Su Meck is known for her astonishing a. anterograde amnesia. b. retrograde amnesia. c. explicit memory. d. implicit memory

b. retrograde amnesia.

Phonological awareness allows a child to a. apply a sound to an object. b. segment spoken words into sounds. c. understand the meaning of words. d. realize that some letters are commonly grouped together (e.g., "ed").

b. segment spoken words into sounds.

Ethel looks up the phone number of a gas station and remembers it just long enough to walk over to the telephone and dial. When she is dialing, the information is contained in her a. sensory register. b. short-term memory. c. long-term memory. d. metamemory.

b. short-term memory.

Research has shown that children who participate in early intervention programs a. show immediate gains in IQ that last long after the programs end. b. show immediate gains in IQ, but the gains fade after the programs end. c. show no immediate gains in IQ, but do eventually show long-term gains, even after the programs end. d. show no immediate gains in IQ, but do eventually show long-term gains, however the gains fade after the programs end

b. show immediate gains in IQ, but the gains fade after the programs end.

The intelligence concept of "g" was based on the observation that a. IQ scores predict career success. b. skill levels are consistent across tasks. c. children who take math do better at math. d. there are few racial differences in IQ scores

b. skill levels are consistent across tasks.

While Ginger has always thought of herself as the best dancer in the world, she has just begun to notice that some of the other kids in her class are better than her. This realization indicates that Ginger has begun to engage in a. behavioral inhibition. b. social comparison. c. disengagement. d. joint attention.

b. social comparison.

In comparing the views of Freud and Erikson with regard to personality development, it is most accurate to say that Erikson placed more emphasis on _____ than did Freud. a. the impact of early life experiences b. social influences and the rational ego c. the impact of harsh parenting practices d. sexual urges

b. social influences and the rational ego

At one time in his life, Edward could name every province in Canada. Somehow this information has disappeared from where it was being held. Information-processing theorists would most likely argue that this is a failure of the _____ system. a. elaboration b. storage c. metamemory d. encoding

b. storage

The newest aspect of Sternberg's approach to intellect is _____ intelligence. a. naturalistic b. successful c. intrapersonal d. bodily-kinesthetic

b. successful

As a typical college student, research indicates that Hanna would be most likely to shift her focus to _____ if she suddenly found herself pressed for time when studying for an exam. a. the most difficult material b. the easiest material c. another subject d. friends

b. the easiest material

Four-year-old Barnum goes to the circus and sees animals that he has never seen before. When asked about the event a year later, Barnum is most likely to recall a. a verbatim account of the event. b. the gist of the event. c. only the linguistically coded parts of the event. d. nothing about having gone to a circus.

b. the gist of the event.

If short-term memory capacity is "domain-specific," then a. all children should have the same short-term memory capacity size. b. the more you know about something, the larger short-term memory capacity size will be for related items. c. it is solely determined by biological factors, not experience. d. it cannot be impacted by the size of working memory

b. the more you know about something, the larger short-term memory capacity size will be for related items.

The modern general consensus concerning intelligence is that a. a general ability influences how well people do on only one or two tasks. b. there are a few broad dimensions of intelligence that can be found in factor analyses. c. specific abilities are not part of intelligence. d. IQ tests do a better job of explaining intelligence than describing intelligence.

b. there are a few broad dimensions of intelligence that can be found in factor analyses

Catherine Snow and associates' study of Dutch-speaking children who watched a great deal of German television demonstrated that a. it is easy to acquire a second language via television. b. to learn a language, children must be actively involved with the language. c. German is significantly easier to learn than Dutch. d. bilingualism is inherited.

b. to learn a language, children must be actively involved with the language.

If a teacher were to apply Siegler's findings on the use of problem-solving strategies in the classroom, the teacher would a. want to find out about the number of books in the child's home. b. try to notice just what aspect of a problem is causing the child some difficulty. c. discourage the use of metacognitive strategies. d. stop using recognition tests in favor of recall exams

b. try to notice just what aspect of a problem is causing the child some difficulty.

How many morphemes are there in the word football? a. one b. two c. three d. four

b. two

Timmy is visiting the dog pound and looking for a new pet. He looks from cage to cage until he suddenly sees a collie sitting in the far corner. He thinks to himself, "That dog looks great. I think I'll bring her home and name her Lassie." At this moment, the best example of what's in Tommy's working memory would be the a. the excitement Timmy will feel when he takes Lassie for a walk. b. words that Timmy is saying to himself. c. image of collies that Timmy has stored in his brain but is not currently accessing. d. fact that Timmy will buy the dog before the end of the day.

b. words that Timmy is saying to himself.

Case suggested more advanced stages of cognitive development are made possible because children make better use of the available space in their _____ memory. a. sensory b. working c. long-term d. implicit

b. working

Krusty's mother paints his face like a clown for Halloween and holds him up to look at himself in the mirror. Krusty laughs, and rubs his hands all over his own cheeks making a mess of the paint job! Given his behavior, the YOUNGEST you should expect Jimmy to be is a. 6 months. b. 12 months. c. 18 months. d. 2 years

c. 18 months.

How many of the following four home situations (father is absent from family, mother has poor mental health, family has two or less children, head of household is unemployed) represent possible risk factors for negatively impacting a child's IQ score? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

c. 3

Who would a typical five-year-old in the U.S. believe to be most competent at their job? a. A female construction worker b. A male nurse c. A female assistant d. A male stay-at-home dad

c. A female assistant

In the U.S., which eight-year-old would be most likely to be ridiculed and teased by his or her classmates? a. A male who identifies himself as masculine b. A female who identifies herself as feminine c. A male who identifies himself as a "sissy" d. A female who identifies herself as a "tomboy"

c. A male who identifies himself as a "sissy"

With which of the following tasks would older adults have the LEAST problems? a. A memory task where the material is unfamiliar b. A task where they are asked to recall rather than recognize names c. A memory task where they can use well-practiced memory strategies d. A timed memory task

c. A memory task where they can use well-practiced memory strategies

Which type of theorist would be most likely to argue that watching videos in which males are rewarded for sexual violence would directly lead to them engaging in violent sex acts in order to be manly? a. A psychodynamic theorist b. A biosocial theorist c. A social learning theorist d. A humanist

c. A social learning theorist

Your text discusses four major reasons to explain the improved memory and learning abilities in the aging child. Which item below is NOT one of these reasons? a. Increased knowledge about how memory works b. An increase in general knowledge about the world c. A working-term memory that increases from 1 slot at birth to about 10 slots by age five years d. Better "software" for effective information retrieval

c. A working-term memory that increases from 1 slot at birth to about 10 slots by age five years

Cultural differences in self-description lead a. American mothers to tell more stories to their children in which the emphasis is on some family experience. b. Chinese mother to tell children stories in which the child is the "star." c. American children to talk more about their preferences and feelings. d. Chinese children talk more about individual freedom and characteristics.

c. American children to talk more about their preferences and feelings.

_____ females have external genitalia that resemble those of a boy. a. Androgynous b. Gender typed c. Androgenized d. Gender consistent

c. Androgenized

Which factor best describes the Flynn effect? a. Changes in genes underlie changes in intellect. b. Most psychologists now accept the theory of "general mental ability." c. Average IQ scores in the United States have risen dramatically over the past decades. d. Studies of adopted children have demonstrated a significant difference in IQ scores between infant males and infant females

c. Average IQ scores in the United States have risen dramatically over the past decades.

Which best summarizes Elkind's opinion on products like the "Baby Einstein" DVDs and the "Baby Mozart" CDs? a. These products are excellent tools. b. More research is required to make a conclusion about these products. c. Be careful as these products may result in children with less self-initiation and intrinsic motivation. d. The products are great for teaching motivation, but terrible at teaching information.

c. Be careful as these products may result in children with less self-initiation and intrinsic motivation.

Which has NOT been proposed as a key factor in explaining why personality is so stable across the lifespan? a. Heredity b. Lasting effects of childhood c. Biological factors like diseases d. The tendency of environments to remain stable

c. Biological factors like diseases

_____ events tend to have the greatest likelihood of being recalled after the event. a. Only positive emotional b. Only negative emotional c. Both positive and negative emotional d. Non-emotional

c. Both positive and negative emotional

Which is the best example of a communality role in American society? a. Telling off a bad waiter b. Working on a project by one's self c. Caring for a sick child d. Winning a tennis tournament

c. Caring for a sick child

Which finding would be most difficult to explain from the nativist perspective of language acquisition? a. The human brain contains areas that appear to be specifically designed to process language. b. Children progress through the same sequence in acquiring language skills and at roughly the same ages. c. Children exhibit remarkable cultural differences in early language learning. d. Overregularization and other characteristics of early language appear to be universal phenomena.

c. Children exhibit remarkable cultural differences in early language learning.

Which action best describes the memory strategy of organization? a. Take original information, expand on it, and make connections to existing memories. b. Repeat to self over and over. c. Classify into meaningful categories, then memorize. d. See it and be it.

c. Classify into meaningful categories, then memorize.

Carter has been diagnosed with aphasia. What symptom is he most likely exhibiting? a. Difficulty in maintaining his balance b. Difficulty in retrieving an autobiographical memory c. Difficulty in repeating a sentence he just heard d. Difficulty in scoring above average on an IQ test

c. Difficulty in repeating a sentence he just heard

Who is demonstrating a high level of ideational fluency? a. Hugh, who knows four different languages b. Stew, who has an IQ of 150 c. Drew, who quickly generated a list of 20 novel uses for marshmallows d. Lou, who can name the day of the week for any date in the 1900s

c. Drew, who quickly generated a list of 20 novel uses for marshmallows

With regard to biological differentiation of the sexes, which is FALSE? a. It is possible for a male (XY) fetus to develop a female internal reproductive system. b. The male hormone testosterone affects the development of the brain and nervous system. c. External genitalia are fully differentiated by the fourth week after conception. d. Hormones influence the development of the testes and ovaries

c. External genitalia are fully differentiated by the fourth week after conception.

To what extent does a person's IQ predict his or her degree of occupational success (productivity)? a. Not at all (r = .00) b. Only very weakly (r = +.5 to .15) c. Fairly well (r = +.30 to .50) d. Extremely well (r = +.90 to 1.0)

c. Fairly well (r = +.30 to .50)

Which statement concerning toddlers' understanding of gender roles is true? a. Females appear to understand gender-based activities much earlier than males. b. Males appear to understand gender-based activities much earlier than females. c. Females and males appear to understand gender-based activities at the same age. d. Neither males nor female toddlers show any understanding of gender-based activities.

c. Females and males appear to understand gender-based activities at the same age.

Which best reflects the nurture-based research on language acquisition? a. Children only learn words that are directly spoken to them. b. Reinforcing a word does not increase the odds that a word will be learned. c. Frequent caregiver conversation involving questions encourages language development in children. d. Aphasia may be related to damage of arcuate fasciculus fibers.

c. Frequent caregiver conversation involving questions encourages language development in children.

Which of the following accurately summarizes Terman's famous longitudinal study of findings regarding gifted children (i.e., the "Termites")? a. Gifted children are often emotionally immature and experience more frequent physical problems. b. Gifted children are not as well adjusted as their age-mates. c. Gifted children are well adjusted and morally mature. d. Gifted children are well adjusted but physically frail

c. Gifted children are well adjusted and morally mature

Belmont has a high degree of mastery motivation. On his first psychology test, he scores 52 out of 100 (an "F"). What is his most likely reaction? a. He blames himself for being stupid. b. He blames himself for not studying. c. He blames the instructor for writing such a hard test. d. He doesn't care about his level of performance

c. He blames the instructor for writing such a hard test.

Which statement would best represent a failure of retrieval? a. I never actually learned that information. b. I don't know the answer because I never read the book containing the answer. c. I know the answer, but I just cannot find it in my mind. d. I would know the answer, but the teacher talked so fast about the information that I could not keep up.

c. I know the answer, but I just cannot find it in my mind.

The formula for calculating an intelligence quotient is a. IQ = (CA+MA)/100. b. IQ = (CA+MA)*100. c. IQ = (MA/CA)*100. d. IQ = (MA+CA)/100

c. IQ = (MA/CA)*100

Mia has just become concerned with how she compares to her peers. For example, she wants to know if she can kick a soccer ball farther or read better than her friends. Mia is in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages? a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Initiative versus guilt c. Industry versus inferiority d. Identity versus role confusion

c. Industry versus inferiority

Which type of theorist would be most likely to view language development as a combination of nature and nurture factors? a. Learning b. Cognitive c. Interactionist d. Nativist

c. Interactionist

Which statement best exemplifies a "preservation error"? a. I have never tried this before, so what the heck. b. Trial and error is the way to go. c. It worked in the past and even if it does not work in the present, I will still keep doing it. d. The best way to remember something is to connect the new idea with some past memory.

c. It worked in the past and even if it does not work in the present, I will still keep doing it

Which statement about adult literacy in the United States is true? a. About 95 percent of U.S. adults are literate. b. Programs to raise adult literacy tend to be very effective. c. Lower levels of literacy are related to living in poverty. d. The U.S. has no large pockets of illiterate adults.

c. Lower levels of literacy are related to living in poverty

_____ are the basic units of meaning in a language. a. Phonemes b. Syntax c. Morphemes d. Intonation

c. Morphemes

Which concept is best associated with an individual's unique "life story"? a. Dispositional trait b. Characteristic adaptation c. Narrative identity d. Temperament

c. Narrative identity

What is the best advice concerning successful aging? a. Older adults need to keep active and engaged. b. Older adults need to be allowed to disengage. c. Older adults should be encouraged to find a good fit between their personality, preferences, and the environment in which they live. d. Successful aging in older adults is virtually impossible to find

c. Older adults should be encouraged to find a good fit between their personality, preferences, and the environment in which they live.

Which of the following can we conclude about intellectual functioning across the lifespan? a. Preference for familiar items and tasks is associated with higher levels of intellectual performance. b. Intellectual functioning is not affected by practice or familiarity. c. The speed with which someone processes information is related to intellectual performance. d. Age-related declines in intellectual ability are universal in nature

c. The speed with which someone processes information is related to intellectual performance.

Which would best fit with the theory that differential treatment by parents negatively influences math skills in a child through the creation of self-fulfilling prophecy? a. Math-talented parents tend to encourage their children to do well in math. b. Math-untalented parents tend to discourage their children from doing well in math. c. Parents attribute their daughter's math success to luck and not ability so the daughter becomes convinced that she is not good at math but rather gets lucky on math tests sometimes. d. Son's math performance is not good (and his parents tell him so), but he decides to take more math to challenge himself.

c. Parents attribute their daughter's math success to luck and not ability so the daughter becomes convinced that she is not good at math but rather gets lucky on math tests sometimes.

Some children show gains in IQ during their school years. Which factor appears to be the primary cause of such gains? a. Strict child rearing practices b. Relaxed child rearing practices c. Parents who foster achievement d. Effective schools

c. Parents who foster achievement

Based on recent research, which strategy should a school district employ if it wants to have the best chance of raising student's standardized test scores? a. Pay students $100 dollars for every A they get in their academic classes. b. Pay students $50 for not missing any school. c. Pay student $5 for every book they read and on which they subsequently then pass a quiz. d. Pay students nothing; show them statistics on how much more money graduates make than nongraduates.

c. Pay student $5 for every book they read and on which they subsequently then pass a quiz.

. _____ is defined as an organized combination of an individual's unique attributes, motives, and behaviors. a. Sociability b. Generativity c. Personality d. Integrity

c. Personality

How is Piaget's explanation of cognitive development different from that of Siegler's explanation? a. Siegler sees cognitive development more in terms of operant consequences (i.e., reinforcement and punishment). b. Siegler sees cognitive development more in terms of genetic and biological factors. c. Piaget sees cognitive development more in terms of qualitative steps in which new ideas replace old. d. Piaget sees cognitive development more in terms of language and less in terms of spatial skills.

c. Piaget sees cognitive development more in terms of qualitative steps in which new ideas replace old.

Which word consists of three morphemes? a. Cat b. Volcano c. Previewing d. Breakfast

c. Previewing

Jacque is told that he will be taking the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. What type of task should Jacque expect to complete as part of the assessment of his performance IQ? a. Arithmetic reasoning b. A test of general knowledge c. Puzzle assembly d. Vocabulary

c. Puzzle assembly

Which is the best example of an episodic memory? a. Remembering how to light a candle b. Recalling the words to the song "Happy Birthday" c. Recalling your 21st birthday party d. Naming four kinds of ice cream

c. Recalling your 21st birthday party

Which item would NOT typically be on a list of the characteristics of postformal thought? a. Understanding that knowledge is relative b. Accepting that the world is full of contradictions c. Rejecting input from others as it will taint the truth d. Integrating contradictions in some larger understanding

c. Rejecting input from others as it will taint the truth

Rose is 16 years old and her sister Blossom is nine. In terms of their self-perceptions, research would suggest that a. Rose's self-description is more likely to be based on physical attributes than Blossom's. b. Rose's self-portrait would be less abstract than Blossom's. c. Rose would be more self-aware than Blossom. d. Rose would have a less differentiated self than Blossom

c. Rose would be more self-aware than Blossom.

What evidence did Money and Ehrhardt use as the basis for concluding that there is a critical period for the establishment of gender identity? a. Hormones must be released prenatally to have any impact on behavior. b. Sex reassignment can be successfully done when a child has achieved gender identity, but not once a child has achieved gender stability. c. Sex reassignment before 18 months of age causes few adjustment problems, while reassignment after 3 years of age is very difficult. d. Sex reassignment while still in the preoperational stage of development causes few adjustment problems, while reassignment once concrete operational thought has begun is very difficult.

c. Sex reassignment before 18 months of age causes few adjustment problems, while reassignment after 3 years of age is very difficult.

Using today's standards, how would Wendy be accurately classified as a "gifted" child? a. She only needs an IQ score of at least 160. b. She only needs to perform in the top 50% of her group on a given task. c. She needs a high IQ score and some special abilities. d. She needs a high IQ score or some special abilities

c. She needs a high IQ score and some special abilities.

Which process would best be described as "holding information"? a. Perception b. Retrieval c. Storage d. Encoding

c. Storage

What has been shown to increase the IQ scores of disadvantaged children from minority racial and ethnic groups? a. Giving a test with only hard items b. Having an unfamiliar examiner c. Telling the child that the exam was not going to be scored d. Making sure they associate the test with "white" culture

c. Telling the child that the exam was not going to be scored

Which statement concerning individuals with mild cognitive impairment is FALSE? a. They will be forgetful. b. They will have difficulty learning. c. They will show all the symptoms of dementia. d. They will display deficits in other cognitive areas

c. They will show all the symptoms of dementia.

What saying is most applicable to describing intellectual functioning in later life? a. Only the good die young. b. You can't teach an old dog new tricks. c. Use it or lose it. d. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

c. Use it or lose it

In which type of media outlet would you expect to find the strongest portrayal of traditional gender stereotypes (i.e., the aggressive male and the victimized female)? a. Television b. Picture books c. Video games d. Elementary textbooks

c. Video games

Sixty-five-year-old Kint is going to a psychologist to have his verbal IQ assessed. Which test would a competent psychologist select to accomplish this goal? a. WPPSI b. WISC-IV c. WAIS-IV d. MMPI

c. WAIS-IV

Which approach to reading would support the advice to, "Just look at the words before and after that word, and you should be able to figure out the meaning of the word?" a. Phonetic approach b. Code-oriented approach c. Whole-language approach d. Alphabetic principle approach

c. Whole-language approach

Which statement best exemplifies the premise of an imaginary audience? a. Live hard and die young. b. Why ask why. c. Why is everyone looking at me? d. You don't know me, no one knows me.

c. Why is everyone looking at me?

Which statement concerning memory is true? a. The sensory register is located in long-term memory. b. Short-term memory has a much larger storage capacity than long-term memory. c. Working-term memory provides a temporary space for processing information. d. Long-term memory appears not to exist until around age two years

c. Working-term memory provides a temporary space for processing information.

Joel reaches up to Daddy with waving outstretched arms and says "Up!" meaning "Daddy, pick me up!" This is an example of a. underextension. b. echolalia. c. a holophrase. d. babbling.

c. a holophrase.

Research on individuals from collectivist cultures challenge the Western assumption that a. a person cannot develop normally without placing the needs of society before their own. b. women are superior to men. c. a person cannot develop normally without individuating one's self from others. d. older adults are superior to youth.

c. a person cannot develop normally without individuating one's self from others.

Preschool programs that emphasize _____ appear to be of the most benefit to children, especially those from disadvantaged families. a. play but not academic skill-building b. academic skill-building but not play c. academic skill-building and play d. overregularization and academic skill-building

c. academic skill-building and play

The main distinction between short-term memory and working memory is that working memory is a. larger. b. unconscious. c. actively processed. d. sensory based.

c. actively processed

The debate concerning successful aging in old age involves the _____ debate. a. nature-nurture b. continuity-discontinuity c. activity-disengagement d. foreclosure-diffusion

c. activity-disengagement

Many early studies suggested that childhood _____ was the driving force behind the development of creativity. a. vaccinations b. nutrition c. adversity d. peer-friendship

c. adversity

Children appear to learn gender stereotypes a. at about the time they understand that they cannot change their sex. b. during the first few months after birth. c. around the point that they become aware of their basic gender identities. d. around the end of the elementary school years

c. around the point that they become aware of their basic gender identities.

Carlos's teacher tells the class that they should be sure to listen to an important announcement that is coming in on the school's intercom. Carlos, however, misses the message as he is focused on a fly that is crawling across his desk. Carlos's failure is best blamed on faulty a. deferred imitation. b. implicit memory. c. attention skills. d. sensory memory

c. attention skills

Childhood or infantile amnesia is defined as the inability to access _____ memories. a. all traumatic b. insignificant c. autobiographical d. meta-

c. autobiographical

While daydreaming in her physics class, Dorothy recalls the day the tornado hit her farmhouse last summer. Dorothy's recollection is best classified as a(n) _____ memory. a. sensory b. explicit c. autobiographical d. meta-

c. autobiographical

Child poverty involves a. only low family income. b. only a lack of meeting a child's needs. c. both low family income and a lack of meeting a child's needs. d. neither low family income nor a lack of meeting a child's needs

c. both low family income and a lack of meeting a child's needs.

When talking to their two-year-old, Steve and Eve typically use short, simple sentences, lots of repetition, and high-pitched voices. This sort of speech is known as a. abbreviated speech. b. caretaker speech. c. child-directed speech. d. telegraphic speech

c. child-directed speech

When Daisy is talking to her infant son, Duke, she tends to use a more high-pitched voice, slow speech, and short simple sentences. Daisy's speech would best be described as a. telegraphic. b. holophrastic. c. child-directed. d. underextended

c. child-directed.

With regard to language learning, nativists believe that a. language is learned as a result of differential parental reinforcement. b. children learn language by listening, observing, and imitating. c. children are biologically programmed for language acquisition. d. the social environment plays the most critical role in language learning.

c. children are biologically programmed for language acquisition.

In comparing memory capabilities in children who were experts at chess with the memories of adults who weren't, Chi (1978) tested both groups on memory of location of chess pieces and on ability to remember sequences of digits. She found that the a. children did better on both tests. b. adults did better on both tests. c. children did better on memory of chess, but not sequences of digits. d. children did better on memory of digits, but not on memory of chess.

c. children did better on memory of chess, but not sequences of digits.

The main development trend concerning vocational identity in late adolescence is that a. for the first time in life, individuals actively explore vocational possibilities. b. one's sex comes first into consideration when thinking about career options. c. choices become more realistic. d. the match between personality and occupation is seen more and more as irrelevant.

c. choices become more realistic.

Communality roles are designed to prepare someone to be a. aggressive. b. independent. c. connected to others. d. achievement oriented

c. connected to others.

Six-week-old Beck is lying in his crib and making a melodic sound that might be described as an "ooooh." Beck is best thought of as currently a. babbling. b. using pragmatics. c. cooing. d. holophrasing

c. cooing.

Emergent literacy is best described as involving a. the acquisition of a second language in later life. b. all non-verbal language skills acquired by deaf children. c. critical developmental precursors of actual reading skills. d. any language skill acquired after a child has learned to read.

c. critical developmental precursors of actual reading skills

The fact that IQ tests are more appropriate for Caucasian middle-class children than low-income African-American children provide an example of a(n) _____ bias in testing. a. genetic b. creativity c. cultural d. ideation

c. cultural

Mr. Edam grew up in Wisconsin and knows a lot about Colby cheese. Mr. Cheddar grew up in Cheddar, England, and knows a lot about cheddar cheese. Both are given an intelligence test that contains a question about Colby cheese. The fact that Mr. Edam would be at an advantage due to his familiarity with the subject matter illustrates a problem referred to as a. the Flynn effect. b. savant syndrome. c. culture bias. d. factor analysis

c. culture bias

Children from impoverished environments may show progressively lower IQ scores over time, a phenomenon called a. terminal drop. b. savant syndrome. c. cumulative-deficit hypothesis. d. the factor analysis

c. cumulative-deficit hypothesis.

According to Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory of gender typing, gender-role development a. is driven by hormonal changes. b. is highly dependent on the successful mastery of the Oedipus or Electra complex. c. depends on stage like changes in thinking. d. first begins as children enter puberty.

c. depends on stage like changes in thinking.

When discussing intelligence, David says, "I subscribe to a psychometric approach on that topic." This means that David would most likely a. be against the idea of measuring intelligence. b. believe that he is smarter than most other people. c. describe a person in terms of measurable traits he or she possesses. d. believe that intelligence is inherited.

c. describe a person in terms of measurable traits he or she possesses.

According to Erikson, psychologically healthy middle-aged adults are most likely to a. begin to be concerned about how their abilities compare with their age peers. b. be concerned with death and dying. c. develop a deep concern with making a contribution to society and passing on something of value to younger generations. d. focus on the establishment of intimate relationships with others

c. develop a deep concern with making a contribution to society and passing on something of value to younger generations.

Individuals with dyslexia a. show deficiencies in every reading area except phonological awareness. b. are best classified as having a speech disorder. c. devote so much effort to decoding words that recall for the words is compromised. d. tend to outgrow the problem in adulthood even without intervention

c. devote so much effort to decoding words that recall for the words is compromised.

As she nears her 100th birthday, Kijana, though remaining happy, has begun to become much less involved with her church and other social groups. Ruth's reaction to aging best fits with the _____ theory concerning successful aging. a. honeymoon b. activity c. disengagement d. generativity

c. disengagement

Introversion is best classified as a a. narrative identity. b. self-esteem. c. dispositional trait. d. characteristic adaptation.

c. dispositional trait

Word segmentation is best defined as the number of a. letters in a word. b. distinct sounds in a word. c. distinct words in a sentence. d. sentences in a paragraph

c. distinct words in a sentence.

The temperament dimension of _____ control is defined as the tendency to sustain attention. a. behavioral inhibition b. negative affectivity c. effortful control d. surgency

c. effortful control

Spanky, Alfalfa, and the rest of the boys in the first-grade class have decided that from now on, boys will only play with boys and never with girls. This decision provides a nice example of the concept of a. gender stereotyping. b. gender typing. c. gender segregation. d. gender stability

c. gender segregation

An intelligent infant is best characterized as one who a. prefers familiar information over novel information. b. achieves developmental milestones more quickly than other infants. c. gets bored quickly with familiar information and seeks out novel information. d. slowly habituates to stimuli

c. gets bored quickly with familiar information and seeks out novel information.

Rana never had any formal training in breeding animals, but had always actively helped his father in the family's business of breeding sheep. Consequently, Rana is now quite skilled at this practice. Vygotsky would refer to this skill acquisition as being the result of a. a personal fable. b. imaginary companions. c. guided participation. d. transformational thought

c. guided participation

While Dilbert is severely intellectually disabled, he has the ability to tell you the day of the week for any future date (e.g., November 27, 2949 = Tuesday). This description indicates that Dilbert a. has great wisdom. b. possesses superb divergent thinking skills. c. has savant syndrome. d. is about to experience a terminal drop

c. has savant syndrome

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) test differs from the Stanford-Binet test because only the WISC-IV a. is administered in groups rather than individually. b. emphasizes verbal abilities. c. has separate scores for verbal and performance abilities. d. is administered to children.

c. has separate scores for verbal and performance abilities.

Children who are high in self-esteem have parents who a. have few rules and generally let children decide for themselves what is best. b. make decisions for their children so they are not burdened with making choices. c. have a "warm" and democratic parenting style. d. do not discipline their children.

c. have a "warm" and democratic parenting style.

Children who are behaviorally inhibited are a. high in extraversion and openness to new experience. b. low in emotionality and extraversion. c. high in neuroticism and low in extraversion. d. low in sociability and neuroticism.

c. high in neuroticism and low in extraversion.

The typical pattern of creativity in childhood is a. high in preschool, higher in first grade, even higher in fourth grade, and highest by age 12. b. highest in preschool, lower in first grade, even lower in fourth grade, and lowest by age 12. c. high in preschool, lower in first grade, even lower in fourth grade, and higher by age 12. d. low in preschool, higher in first grade, even higher in fourth grade, and lower by age 12.

c. high in preschool, lower in first grade, even lower in fourth grade, and higher by age 12

Prosody involves _____ sounds are produced. a. when b. where c. how d. why

c. how

A person's knowledge base is defined as a. unconscious awareness of an event. b. the difference between what he or she knows and what he or she can acquire with guided participation. c. how much the person knows about a topic. d. the rate at which he or she can solve a task

c. how much the person knows about a topic.

After months of consideration, college sophomore Burrhus has just come to the conclusion that a career in psychology is the right thing for him. As a result, he has just switched to a psychology major and has signed up for several psychology courses for the next semester. Concerning his career plans, Burrhus appears to be in the _____ status stage. a. foreclosure b. moratorium c. identity achievement d. diffusion

c. identity achievement

The _____ identity status would best be described as "crisis resolved and direction in life set." a. foreclosure b. moratorium c. identity achievement d. diffusion

c. identity achievement

The phenomenon of the _____ occurs when an individual confuses her own thoughts with those of a hypothesized group of people. a. A not B error b. personal fable c. imaginary audience d. class inclusion

c. imaginary audience

Marsh and Kit-Tai Hua's 2003 study on the "big-fish-little-pond effect" found that a student's academic self-concept is less positive when students are a. gifted. b. intellectually disabled. c. in a school with a lot of high achievers. d. in a school with a lot of low achievers.

c. in a school with a lot of high achievers.

A culture fair test is best defined as one that a. completely eliminates cultural bias from testing. b. can be administered to children from more than one culture. c. includes questions that are equally familiar or unfamiliar to children from all cultures. d. includes questions about all cultures.

c. includes questions that are equally familiar or unfamiliar to children from all cultures.

Problem solving is best defined as the use of _____ to achieve a goal. a. unconscious motivators b. a non-cognitive response c. information-processing systems d. operant conditioning

c. information-processing systems

Kristi's mother finds four-year-old Kristi in the kitchen, mixing up a muffin mix and making a marvelous mess! Kristi announces, "Surprise! I'm making dinner!" Kristi's mother squelches her desire to yell at Kristi and with great control says, "Oh, how nice! Can I help?" She responds in this way because she has been studying Erik Erikson's theory in her psychology class and she knows that Kristi's behavior is typical of a child in the stage of a. autonomy versus shame and doubt. b. intimacy versus isolation. c. initiative versus guilt. d. trust versus mistrust.

c. initiative versus guilt.

Twenty-five-year-old Clint has gained enough confidence that he has decided to commit himself to a shared life with his girlfriend. Erikson would suggest that this indicates that Clint is most likely dealing with the conflict of a. integrity versus despair. b. identity versus role confusion. c. intimacy versus isolation. d. generativity versus stagnation

c. intimacy versus isolation

A person high in negative affectivity would most likely be described as a. psychotic. b. affable. c. irritable. d. energetic

c. irritable

One-year-old Van Damn's ability to learn the meaning of words has been greatly enhanced by the fact that his dad, Claude, often points and repeatedly names objects that are around Van Damn. Claude's teaching style best reflects the process of a. intonation. b. vocabulary spurt. c. joint attention. d. decontextualized language

c. joint attention

. Metalinguistic awareness is best defined as a. vocabulary size. b. rules for appropriately using language in social settings. c. knowledge of language as a system. d. an innate system for understanding language

c. knowledge of language as a system.

Chomsky asserts that humans have an inborn mechanism for mastering language. He calls this the a. executive grammar governor. b. inborn language processor. c. language acquisition device. d. programmed language center.

c. language acquisition device.

The information-processing approach to memory a. focuses exclusively on the impact of genetics on intelligence. b. relies heavily on modeling and imitation. c. likens the human mind to a computer. d. is concerned primarily with affective responses to the environment

c. likens the human mind to a computer

Browning's latest book of poems is being hailed as a "triumph in the use of the written word." This indicates that Browning most likely possesses high levels of _____ intelligence. a. naturalistic b. intrapersonal c. linguistic d. interpersonal

c. linguistic

Information is stored in _____ memory for a relatively permanent period of time. a. short-term b. sensory c. long-term d. working

c. long-term

The average level of age-graded problems a person can solve is used to determine the person's a. chronological age. b. karyotype. c. mental age. d. genotype.

c. mental age

On an everyday problem such as what to do if you cannot pay your electric bill, _____ tend to out-perform other groups. a. teenagers b. young adults c. middle-aged adults d. elderly adults

c. middle-aged adults

The period of experimenting with different roles that is so common during adolescence is referred to as the _____ period. a. foreclosure b. joint attention c. moratorium d. temperament

c. moratorium

Research on gender differences suggests that girls are a. more compliant than boys in all situations. b. more demanding than boys. c. more compliant than boys with authority figures but not with peers. d. more likely than boys to engage in risky behavior

c. more compliant than boys with authority figures but not with peers.

. In speech, expansion is best defined as responses involving a. greater intonation. b. significant overregularization. c. more grammatically complete expressions. d. nontransformational grammar

c. more grammatically complete expressions.

The phrase, "I really want to be the best," illustrates the key element of _____ that exemplifies the behavior of many child prodigies. a. specific talent b. supportive environment c. motivation d. ideational fluency

c. motivation

Research comparing elderly hearing Americans, deaf Americans, and hearing Chinese have demonstrated the effect that _____ can have on memory performance. a. genetics b. diet c. negative stereotypes d. disabilities

c. negative stereotypes

Habituation is best described as learning a. a reflex. b. a new response. c. not to respond. d. in reaction to reinforcement

c. not to respond

The best example of elaboration is a. repeating "red, chair, dog" several times. b. consolidating "red" and "green" into a color group and "chair" and "table" into a furniture group. c. noting that the red chair and the green piano remind you of last year's Christmas party. d. seeing the color red but perceiving the color green.

c. noting that the red chair and the green piano remind you of last year's Christmas party

Saffron is presented with the following list of items to memorize: bagel, carrot, ham, corn, hot dog, donut, bread, chicken, peas. Her immediate reaction is to think of the items in the following way: (bagel, donut, bread); (carrot, corn, peas); (ham, hotdog, chicken). This reaction would indicate that Saffron is using the strategy of a. rehearsal. b. elaboration. c. organization. d. method of loci.

c. organization

Results from the Camberwell Cohort study indicated that for adults diagnosed with intellectual disabilities in early life, the a. majority of symptoms disappeared by adolescence. b. original diagnosis had been change by middle age. c. overall quality of their lives was lower than that of non-impaired peers. d. level of impact on their lives was unrelated to the severity of the disability.

c. overall quality of their lives was lower than that of non-impaired peers

Rachel stubs her toe and says "Ouch! I hurted myself!" This is an example of a. animism. b. metacognition. c. overregularization. d. overextension

c. overregularization

An autobiographical memory is a memory for a. historical events that occurred before your conception. b. other people's lives. c. past personal experiences. d. future possible events in one's life

c. past personal experiences.

Giada's statement that she is trying to prove that she is a good cook, not that she can improve her cooking, reflects a _____ goals orientation. a. mastery b. learning c. performance d. integration

c. performance

"Low ability" students with a mastery goal a. persist, but only when they succeed. b. persist and show major frustration when they fail. c. persist and show little frustration despite failure. d. do not persist, regardless of success or failure

c. persist and show little frustration despite failure

Social learning theorists argue that a. personality does not change with age. b. personality always changes with age. c. personality can change with age if individuals experience different environments. d. personality can change with age if individuals experience changes to their genes due to exposure to chemicals or radiation

c. personality can change with age if individuals experience different environments.

The self-concept of most preschoolers is based on _____ traits. a. psychological b. temperamental c. physical d. surgency

c. physical

Relativistic thinking is best associated with the _____ stage of development. a. concrete operations b. formal operations c. postformal d. preoperational

c. postformal

Sal has decided that his wife and he should sit down and begin talking about how their financial status when they retire in a few years. This indicates that Sal is in the _____ phase of retirement. a. honeymoon b. reorientation c. preretirement d. disenchantment

c. preretirement

A utilization deficiency is best described as a. not producing a strategy but benefiting from guessing. b. not producing a strategy but benefiting from strategies you are taught. c. producing a strategy but not benefiting from its use. d. producing a strategy and benefiting from its use

c. producing a strategy but not benefiting from its use

From the nativist perspective, the language "learnability factor" states that children tend to acquire an incredibly complex communication system a. slowly and without formal instruction. b. slowly and only through formal instruction. c. rapidly and without formal instruction. d. rapidly and only through formal instruction

c. rapidly and without formal instruction

Regis asks a game show contestant, "In inches, how far is the Earth from the sun?" If no other information is given to the contestant, this task is best classified as an assessment of _____ memory. a. recognition b. metamemory c. recall d. cued-recall

c. recall

Most people find that test questions requiring _____ memory are easier to answer than those requiring _____ memory. a. recall; recognition b. cued-recall; recognition c. recognition; recall d. recall; cued-recall

c. recognition; recall

Crystallized intelligence is the dimension of intellect that includes all of the following abilities EXCEPT a. word comprehension. b. numerical abilities. c. recognizing relationships between two objects you have never seen before. d. ability to recall general information.

c. recognizing relationships between two objects you have never seen before.

The best way to describe the relationship of IQs between ages 11 and 61 is a. unrelated. b. inversely related. c. relatively stable. d. virtually identical.

c. relatively stable

Seefeldt doesn't understand why his psychology instructor doesn't just tell the class the correct answer. When asked, his instructor says that there is no single correct answer; it depends on each individual's interpretation. Seefeldt's difficulty in accepting his professor's answer would indicate that Seefeldt lacks _____ thinking. a. class inclusion b. systematic c. relativistic d. concrete

c. relativistic

Research on aging and memory has shown that a. declines in memory first become noticeable around age 50. b. older people experience difficulty on all memory tasks. c. reliance on data from cross-sectional studies may mean that what appear to be age differences in memory are due to other factors. d. the severity of memory loss is unrelated to age.

c. reliance on data from cross-sectional studies may mean that what appear to be age differences in memory are due to other factors.

The key to a memory script is that it a. is almost always stored as a "fuzzy trace." b. cannot be mentally rehearsed. c. represents a typical sequence of events. d. is found in sensory register but not long-term storage.

c. represents a typical sequence of events.

When Bao looks in a mirror and remarks, "Hey, that's me!" she is demonstrating a. self-esteem. b. self-efficacy. c. self-recognition. d. a sense of categorical self.

c. self-recognition

Ideal self is best defined as what a person a. is like. b. is not. c. senses they should be like. d. sees in others

c. senses they should be like

According to Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender-role development, a. Freud was correct when he said that "biology is destiny." b. children begin acting like boys or girls once they acquire gender identity and constancy. c. several critical biological events set the stage for different social reactions to males and females. d. pubertal hormones alone account for gender-role development.

c. several critical biological events set the stage for different social reactions to males and females.

Intellectual disability is defined as a. significantly below-average IQ alone. b. significant deficits in adaptive behavior alone. c. significantly below-average IQ and deficits in adaptive behavior. d. significantly below-average IQ and deficits in adaptive behavior and above-average skills in at least one academic area.

c. significantly below-average IQ and deficits in adaptive behavior.

One-year-old Barker has some trouble dealing with new situations. In addition, he tends to be relatively inactive and moody. With regard to temperament, Barker is best classified as a. easy. b. difficult. c. slow-to-warm-up. d. secure.

c. slow-to-warm-up

While she does not scream when her parents attempt to cuddle with her, Inga does tend to look away and demonstrate some discomfort with this activity. With regard to temperament, Inga is best classified as a. easy. b. difficult. c. slow-to-warm-up. d. secure

c. slow-to-warm-up

Research on early infant ability to imitate (e.g., Meltzoff, 2004) has tended to assess the action of a. eye blinking. b. rolling over. c. sticking out the tongue. d. smiling.

c. sticking out the tongue

The semantic rules for forming sentences is referred to as a. phonology. b. prosody. c. syntax. d. pragmatics

c. syntax

On average, _____ tend to have the highest IQs. a. manual laborers b. blue collar workers c. technical workers d. white collar workers

c. technical workers

Nadine's father says, "Look at that ferret with that man." She has never before heard the term "ferret," but because of where the term occurred in her dad's statement, she is sure that it refers the little furry animal that the man has on a leash. Nadine's ability to ascertain the meaning of the word "ferret" was accomplished using a. overextension. b. syntactic bootstrapping. c. telegraphic speech. d. emergent literacy

c. telegraphic speech

Who is most likely to have just begun to demonstrate that she notices the difference in the faces of individuals from different racial backgrounds? a. three-minute-old Ash b. three-day-old Pikachu c. three-month-old Jessie d. three-year-old Meowth

c. three-month-old Jessie

Individuals with high levels of mastery motivation _____ challenges and _____ in the face of failure. a. thrive on; quit b. avoid; quit c. thrive on; persist d. avoid; persist

c. thrive on; persist

Albright is a self-described "Big Five" advocate when it comes to personality. Given this self-description, Albright would be best described as a _____ theorist. a. social learning b. psychodynamic c. trait d. classical conditioning

c. trait

Sternberg is best associated with _____ theory. a. psychodynamic b. autistic c. triarchic d. IQ

c. triarchic

What are the key characteristics of someone with the personality dimension of high agreeableness? a. open to fantasy and interested in variety b. hostile and anxious c. trustworthy and compliant d. a high achiever and a person with self-discipline

c. trustworthy and compliant

Reserving the use of the word "puppy" to refer only to the dog at home and not other dogs is an example of a. babbling. b. functional grammar. c. underextension. d. overextension

c. underextension

Unskilled readers tend to _____ more than skilled readers. a. rely on phonological cues b. make sure their eyes "hit" all words c. use context to help identify words d. connect letters and sounds

c. use context to help identify words

Sigler concluded that when solving problems, most children a. guess. b. progress through a series of more sophisticated stages of thought. c. use multiple rules and problem-solving strategies. d. defer to peers.

c. use multiple rules and problem-solving strategies.

The key to the "fuzzy trace" theory of infantile amnesia is the belief that _____ is/are stored separately in memory. a. visual and auditory information b. emotional and behavioral memories c. verbatim and general accounts of events d. tactile and spatial events

c. verbatim and general accounts of events

Most infants begin cooing about 6-8 _____ after birth. a. hours b. days c. weeks d. months

c. weeks

The fact that eight-month-old Robin recognizes that the sentence, "There is a bird in the tree" has seven distinct words indicates that she understands a. intonation. b. overextension. c. word segmentation. d. holophrases

c. word segmentation

Underextension occurs when a child uses a a. term from a nonnative language. b. sign instead of a spoken word. c. word too narrowly. d. verb in the place of a noun

c. word too narrowly

The text noted that one information-processing-based explanation for infantile amnesia focuses on the lack of space in infant and toddler's _____ memory. a. implicit b. sensory c. working d. long-term

c. working

A vocabulary dominated by phrases or words like _____ would indicate that a child is using an expressive style of language acquisition. a. "kitty; horsy; puppy" b. "stop; go; now" c. "elevator; escalator; navigator" d. "I like cake; watch TV; I am two"

d. "I like cake; watch TV; I am two"

The typical first-grader would begin school with a vocabulary of around _____ words. a. 500 b. 1,000 c. 5,000 d. 10,000

d. 10,000

On a normal distribution of IQ test scores, the average score would be a. 1. b. 10. c. 50. d. 100.

d. 100.

Ten-year-old Kookla is found to have a mental age of 12. According to the traditional Stanford-Binet Scale, Kookla has an IQ of a. 80. b. 100. c. 110. d. 120

d. 120

Which best describes achievement motivation during adulthood? a. Achievement motivation is steady from middle to old age for both females and males. b. The loss of motivation is an inevitable part of the aging process (especially in those over age 70). c. For both females and males, achievement motivation increases steadily from young adulthood to middle age. d. Achievement motivation is more affected by work and family context than by the process of aging

d. Achievement motivation is more affected by work and family context than by the process of aging

Adults are asked to interact with an unknown infant. Half of the adults are told that the infant is "Steve" and the other half are told that the infant is "Stacy." What are you likely to observe of these interactions? a. At such a young age, there are not likely to be any differences in how adults treat the infant in the two conditions. b. Adults will treat the infant similarly until it begins to act in stereotypical ways, and then there will be differences in the adults' reactions to the infant. c. Adults will be able to detect the real biological sex of the infant, regardless of whether they are told the infant is "Steve" or "Stacy." d. Adults are likely to rate "Steve" as strong and brave and "Stacy" as soft and cuddly.

d. Adults are likely to rate "Steve" as strong and brave and "Stacy" as soft and cuddly

Which parenting practice is best associated with the development of creativity? a. Firm hand with lots of training b. Start slow and build firmness quickly c. Enroll child in gifted classes even if he or she has no clear talent d. Allowing children the freedom to explore and opportunities to experiment

d. Allowing children the freedom to explore and opportunities to experiment

Which statement between temperament and later personality is FALSE? a. Well-adjusted three-year-olds tend to be well-adjusted adults b. Highly emotional and difficult to control three-year-olds tend to be impulsive teens c. Behavioral inhibition in preschool is predictive of low extraversion in middle childhood d. An infant's high ability to exhibit effortful control predicts a lack of conscientiousness in later life

d. An infant's high ability to exhibit effortful control predicts a lack of conscientiousness in later life

Who is most likely to say, "The major focus of my discipline is on the creation and understanding of intelligence tests"? a. Sisko, who is a Freudian b. Kirk, who is a Piagetian c. Janeway, who is an information-processing theorist d. Archer, who is a psychometric theorist

d. Archer, who is a psychometric theorist

When compared to American students, Asian students appear to have higher levels of academic achievement. Which of the following is NOT one of the proposed reasons for this advantage? a. Asian students spend more time being educated. b. Asian student are assigned and complete more homework. c. Asian parents tend to have a "hands-off" attitude concerning their children's education. d. Asian peers value academic achievement

d. Asian peers value academic achievement

Which pair is best known for developing an information-processing-based model of memory? a. Young and Helmholtz b. Watson and Skinner c. Fechner and Weber d. Atkinson and Shriffin

d. Atkinson and Shriffin

Which idea is the best example of a personal fable? a. Believing that life is a tragedy, and thus, every precaution needs to be taken to ensure everyone's safety b. Failing to be self-conscious in front of an audience c. Knowing that everyone wants you dead d. Believing that no one has ever felt grief more strongly than you

d. Believing that no one has ever felt grief more strongly than you

What seems to underlie the significant increase in processing speed seen during childhood? a. Enhanced use of preservation b. Vastly improved sensory systems c. A greater reliance on implicit memory d. Brain maturation

d. Brain maturation

Which statement about the classification of intellectual disabilities is true? a. About 10% of school-age children are classified as having an intellectual disability. b. The rate of children diagnosed with mild intellectual disabilities has increased dramatically in the past few decades. c. Parents seldom negatively react to a child's disability. d. Children with intellectual disabilities often have associated impairments like cerebral palsy or a sensory disorder

d. Children with intellectual disabilities often have associated impairments like cerebral palsy or a sensory disorder

Which of the following tends to be found at higher levels in males? a. Anxiety over the little things b. Empathy towards colleagues c. Being tactful in confrontations d. Confidence in computer use

d. Confidence in computer use

Which item is NOT one of the three dimensions on which divergent thinking is analyzed? a. Originality b. Flexibility c. Ideation fluency d. Crystallization

d. Crystallization

Which is the best characterization of intellectual functioning in adulthood? a. The time in history in which someone is born does not impact his or her intellect. b. Remaining cognitively active does little to stem the natural loss of intellectual skills associated with aging. c. Early education levels have little impact on adult levels of intelligence. d. Declines are not universal

d. Declines are not universal

_____ thinking is best defined as detecting paradoxes and inconsistencies among ideas and attempting to reconcile them. a. Absolutist b. Static c. Preoperational d. Dialectical

d. Dialectical

Which group seems to gain the most benefit from being enrolled in quality preschool programs? a. Deaf children b. Gifted children c. Male children d. Disadvantaged children

d. Disadvantaged children

In which areas does there appear to be a sensitive period? a. Only first spoken language b. Only spoken second language c. Only signed language d. First spoken, second spoken, and signed languages

d. First spoken, second spoken, and signed languages

What cognitive skill acquisition is best associated with adolescents who are able to effectively resolve identity issues? a. Object permanence b. Memory rehearsal c. Postconventional thinking d. Formal operational thought

d. Formal operational thought

Whose current IQ score would most likely be highly correlated with their IQ score at age 10? a. Dana, who is two years old b. Mulder, who is four years old c. Scully, who is six years old d. Fox, who is eight years old

d. Fox, who is eight years old

_____ includes all behavioral characteristics that a society considers appropriate for men or women. a. Biological sex b. Genetic sex c. Hormonal sex d. Gender

d. Gender

A researcher is using a measure in which both the emotional and verbal responsiveness of a parent and the provision of appropriate play materials are being assessed. Given this description, the researcher appears to be using the a. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. b. Stanford-Binet IQ Test. c. Bayley Scales of Infant Development. d. HOME inventory

d. HOME inventory

Which family characteristic is NOT associated with lower achievement? a. Growing up in a single-parent family b. Being a member of minority group c. Having an uneducated mother d. Having a parent who uses consistent discipline

d. Having a parent who uses consistent discipline

_____ teens are most likely to utilize metacognitive strategies. a. Low SES male b. Low SES female c. High SES male d. High SES female

d. High SES female

Which statement concerning language acquisition is true? a. Imitation alone can account for the learning of grammatical rules. b. Reinforcement alone can account for the learning of grammatical rules. c. Imitation and reinforcement together can account for the learning of grammatical rules. d. Imitation and reinforcement together cannot account for the learning of grammatical rules.

d. Imitation and reinforcement together cannot account for the learning of grammatical rules

Your text discusses four major reasons to explain the improved memory and learning abilities in the aging child. Which item is on their list of reasons? a. Larger long-term memory capacity b. Increased cognitive impairment c. Larger sensory memory capacity d. Increased knowledge about the world

d. Increased knowledge about the world

Which is NOT one of Big Five traits? a. Openness to experience b. Conscientiousness c. Extraversion d. Inferiority

d. Inferiority

Indy is a typical six-year-old and his brother Jones is a typical 16-year-old. How do their information processing skills most likely differ on a memory task? a. Indy will be able to learn more than Jones if both are given extra time to study for the task. b. Indy will be more likely to utilize deliberate strategies while Jones will rely on unconscious strategies. c. Jones will recall both more relevant information and task-irrelevant information. d. Jones will recall more relevant information and is less likely to recall task-irrelevant information.

d. Jones will recall more relevant information and is less likely to recall task-irrelevant information.

Which is the best example of a semantic memory? a. Knowing that Ringo Starr's real name is Richard Starkey b. Remembering the time you saw the Beatles perform on the Ed Sullivan show c. Recalling how to play the song "A Hard Day's Night" on the guitar d. Knowing that the Beatles were a band

d. Knowing that the Beatles were a band

Loretta is a high school junior looking for a 20-hour-per-week job during the school year. What type of employment would be the LEAST detrimental to her academic and psychological well-being? a. Janitorial work that she can perform overnight b. Fast-food restaurant cashier c. Accounting work in which she will be required to learn new math skills d. Lawn-service work (e.g., lawn-mowing)

d. Lawn-service work (e.g., lawn-mowing)

Which event is best associated with Erikson's integrity versus despair stage of development? a. Committing to a long-term relationship b. Having your first child c. Comparing yourself to your peers d. Life review

d. Life review

Which statement is accurate about memory strategies and basic processing capacities as one ages? a. Verbal knowledge begins to show a steep decline beginning around age 50. b. Holding negative stereotypes concerning memory ability actually leads to improved memory abilities in older adulthood. c. Memory problems in adulthood are more likely the result of original encoding and not retrieval. d. Limitations in working memory in older adulthood may be due to the slowing of the nervous system.

d. Limitations in working memory in older adulthood may be due to the slowing of the nervous system.

Who is accurately associated with the social learning perspective of personality? a. Skinner b. Erikson c. Freud d. Mischel

d. Mischel

Which statement best summarizes the research on the "midlife crisis"? a. Most males experience a significant midlife crisis, but few females have such an experience. b. Most females experience a significant midlife crisis, but few males have such an experience. c. Most middle-aged people experience a significant midlife crisis. d. Most middle-aged people experience some questioning of self during midlife, but few experience a true midlife crisis.

d. Most middle-aged people experience some questioning of self during midlife, but few experience a true midlife crisis.

Which statement is true regarding the development of learning and memory in children? a. Younger children tend to have a greater information-processing capacity and a larger knowledge base than older children do. b. Younger children tend to have a greater information-processing capacity, but older children have a larger knowledge base. c. Younger children tend to have a larger knowledge base, but older children have a greater information-processing capacity. d. Older children tend to have a greater information-processing capacity and a greater knowledge base.

d. Older children tend to have a greater information-processing capacity and a greater knowledge base.

Which "home environment" factor seems to be most important for the intellectual development of a child? a. Having several older siblings b. Having several younger siblings c. A permissive parenting style d. Parental involvement with the child

d. Parental involvement with the child

With regard to personality development, what belief is shared by Albert Bandura and Erik Erikson? a. There are universal, age-related changes in personality development. b. Biological factors are critical in the development of personality. c. Humans are best described in terms of five critical core personality traits. d. Personality has the potential to change during adulthood

d. Personality has the potential to change during adulthood

Which is likely to contribute most to change in personality across the lifespan? a. Consistent environments b. Genetic inheritance c. Long-lasting childhood experiences d. Poor person-environment fit

d. Poor person-environment fit

Which statement on children's eyewitness testimony is true? a. Older children tend to be more suggestible than young children. b. Preschoolers tend to initially offer more information on open-ended questions than older children. c. Frequently repeating the same close-ended question tends to increase the accuracy of memory in both young and old children. d. Preschool children tend to recall less information about an event than do older children.

d. Preschool children tend to recall less information about an event than do older children.

Sam and Sue are shopping for groceries. Sam looks at the list and tells Sue, "I'll get the cat food, soap, toilet paper, and flour, and I'll meet you by the lettuce." Sam takes off, muttering to himself over and over: "Cat food, soap, toilet paper, flour." This best illustrates the use of which memory strategy? a. Chunking b. Elaboration c. Organization d. Rehearsal

d. Rehearsal

Research has shown that _____ had the largest percentage of students scoring in the top 10 percent on math and science tests. a. Japan b. the United States c. Brazil d. Singapore

d. Singapore

Which factor has NOT been used to explain the Flynn effect? a. Better nutrition b. Smaller family size c. Better education d. Smaller gene pools

d. Smaller gene pools

Which is NOT one of the scales on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development? a. Motor b. Mental c. Behavioral d. Social

d. Social

Shakespeare turned in a paper in his English composition class. The teacher returned it with a note that he needs to work on sentence structure (i.e., the order in which words are placed in a sentence). Which aspect of language is this comment addressing? a. Phonology b. Morphology c. Prosody d. Syntax

d. Syntax

Which of the following accomplishments is typically the LAST to occur? a. Recognition of self-image in the mirror b. Engaging in joint attention with an adult c. Recognition of self as physically distinct from others d. The influence of social feedback on the sense of self

d. The influence of social feedback on the sense of self

As you are reading this exam question, what would best represent information in your long-term memory? a. The light waves as they excite the cells in your visual system b. The words from the question as you read them c. The words from the possible answers as you repeat them in your head d. The information you access about the concept of long-term memory that you encoded during the previous night's study session

d. The information you access about the concept of long-term memory that you encoded during the previous night's study session

How could Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development be applied to intelligence testing? a. A blood test could be given before the exam to test for genetic advantages in intellect. b. All intelligence tests could be given in a standard language, as the effects of culture and language on intelligence are minimal. c. The test-taker could be denied access to scratch paper and be told to perform all calculation in his or her head. d. The person giving the test could be allowed to give hints if the test-taker answered incorrectly.

d. The person giving the test could be allowed to give hints if the test-taker answered incorrectly.

What is the developmental relationship between ideal self, present self, and future self? a. The three aspects of self are most similar in the teenage years. b. The three aspects of self are most similar in the young adult years. c. The three aspects of self are most similar in the middle-aged years. d. The three aspects of self are most similar in the elderly adult years

d. The three aspects of self are most similar in the elderly adult years

Why do scores on infant developmental scales appear to be such poor predictors of later IQs? a. They do not account for the negative environmental impacts that trump later experiences. b. They are actually very good predictors. c. They are over-reliant on verbal skills that continue to develop in childhood. d. They may tap qualitatively different abilities.

d. They may tap qualitatively different abilities.

Which statement about the self-conception of typically preschoolers is FALSE? a. They tend to see themselves as "the greatest" at doing things. b. They may be devastated if they are outdone by a member of the opposite sex. c. They are very poor at making comparisons between their skill level and the skill level of others. d. They tend to not include aspects of physical and cognitive competence in their assessment of self-esteem.

d. They tend to not include aspects of physical and cognitive competence in their assessment of self-esteem.

What is the best advice concerning the accuracy of preschoolers' eyewitness testimony? a. Leading questions improve accuracy of responding. b. If it is a memory for a traumatic event, it is definitely a real memory. c. It is very difficult to create a situation where preschool children do not accurately recall basic events like field trips. d. Under conditions of questioning with lots of open-ended questions, memory accuracy will likely decline.

d. Under conditions of questioning with lots of open-ended questions, memory accuracy will likely decline.

Which combinations of memory tasks would prove most difficult to the average older individual? a. Exercised and implicit b. Unexercised and implicit c. Exercised and explicit d. Unexercised and explicit

d. Unexercised and explicit

The most accurate description of a dispositional trait is that it is a. a unique life event. b. a situation-specific way of acting. c. the cultural in which we live. d. a broad and relatively stable dimension of personality.

d. a broad and relatively stable dimension of personality.

According to Siegler's "overlapping waves theory," cognitive development is best conceptualized as a. random in nature. b. a set of stages. c. controlled by unconscious factors. d. a process of variability, choice, and changes.

d. a process of variability, choice, and changes.

Universal grammar is best described as a. a list of the manner in which all words should be pronounced. b. the biological factor that limits the specific language (e.g., English, French) a newborn will acquire. c. the belief that there are an unlimited number of possibilities for forming language. d. a system of common rules and properties for learning any of the world's languages.

d. a system of common rules and properties for learning any of the world's languages.

Test norms are a. a set of procedures for properly administering a test. b. information specifying the number and types of items found on a test. c. a statement indicating the purpose of the test along with information on appropriate and inappropriate use of test results. d. a table of test scores that indicates the average score and how to interpret the range of scores around that average score

d. a table of test scores that indicates the average score and how to interpret the range of scores around that average score

Sternberg would argue that an individual who is outstanding at filtering out irrelevant from relevant information excels on the _____ component of intelligence. a. practical b. experiential c. creative d. analytic

d. analytic

The key to a personal fable is the belief that you a. are being watched by an imaginary audience. b. have an "invisible" friend. c. cannot deal with abstract concepts like philosophy or theology. d. are unique.

d. are unique.

Peak levels of creativity tend to occur EARLIEST in individuals who are in the a. sciences. b. humanities. c. mathematics. d. arts.

d. arts

The best model for explaining recall memory in children includes the factors of a. basic capacities and strategies only. b. basic capacities and metamemory only. c. metamemory and strategies only. d. basic capacities, metamemory, and strategies

d. basic capacities, metamemory, and strategies

As a typical teen, between seventh grade and his senior year of high school, Stefano will most likely show increases in a. basic information-processing capacities but not knowledge base or metamemory. b. metamemory basic but not knowledge base or information-processing capacities. c. information-processing capacities and metamemory but not knowledge base. d. basic information-processing capacities, knowledge base, and metamemory.

d. basic information-processing capacities, knowledge base, and metamemory

The key motivation for someone with a strong sense of performance goals is to a. significantly improve his or her performance. b. process information as deeply as possible. c. feel shame when successful. d. be seen as smart and not dumb

d. be seen as smart and not dumb

While normally calm, 10-year-old Gretta becomes very shy and highly distressed when she is in an unfamiliar setting with people she does not know. Gretta would best be categorized as a. extraverted. b. conscientious. c. open to new experiences. d. behaviorally inhibited

d. behaviorally inhibited

Mystique sees the sentence, "I saw a dog," but reads the sentence as, "I was a god." This indicates that Mystique is best classified as a. ignoring joint attention cues. b. lacking mastery motivation. c. engaging in child-directed speech. d. being dyslexic.

d. being dyslexic.

Erin has a high level of mastery motivation. Given this fact, her most likely response to failing a test would be to a. quit. b. blame her self. c. believe that trying harder on the next test will lead to failure. d. believe that trying harder on the next test will lead to success.

d. believe that trying harder on the next test will lead to success.

A baby with an XY chromosome pattern a. can only develop the internal and external sex system of a male. b. can develop the internal system of a male or female, but can only develop the external genitalia of a male. c. can develop the external system of a male or female, but can only develop the internal reproductive system of a male. d. can develop the internal or external sex and reproductive system of either sex .

d. can develop the internal or external sex and reproductive system of either sex .

When talking to his grandmother on the phone, Riley says, "I am four years old, I am a boy, and I have red hair." This statement best illustrates the concept of a. a looking-glass self. b. self-esteem. c. diffusion status. d. categorical self

d. categorical self

Research on gender-role stereotypes has shown that in the United States during the past few decades, gender-role stereotypes have a. remained the same as in the past. b. virtually disappeared. c. become even stronger. d. changed slightly

d. changed slightly

Around the holidays, Holly feels motivated to change her ways and become a more generous individual. This goal is best characterized as a a. narrative identity. b. self-evaluation. c. dispositional trait. d. characteristic adaptation

d. characteristic adaptation

The personality principle of _____ concerns situation-specific ways in which people adapt to their roles. a. narrative identities b. self-evaluations c. dispositional traits d. characteristic adaptations

d. characteristic adaptations

During adolescence, self-descriptions become LESS a. self-aware. b. differentiated. c. coherent. d. concrete

d. concrete

Research has indicated that as individuals move from adolescence to middle age, they would be most likely to experience a modest increase in a. neuroticism. b. extraversion. c. openness to new experience. d. conscientiousness.

d. conscientiousness.

For Kohlberg, the outcome of the three childhood stages of gender development is the acquisition of gender a. moratorium. b. flexibility. c. androgyny. d. constancy.

d. constancy.

On a(n) ____ memory task, a person trying to remember some information is given a hint but not the entire answer. a. episodic b. implicit c. recall d. cued-recall

d. cued-recall

The intelligence test developed by Binet and Simon (1904) was specifically designed to a. measure the intelligence quotient (IQ) of adults. b. identify gifted children. c. predict which high school students would be successful in college. d. determine which school children were likely to be slow learners

d. determine which school children were likely to be slow learners

If you were to assess the domain identity status of 100 typical high school juniors concerning occupational choice, gender-role attitudes, religious beliefs, and political ideologies, you should expect to find a. the same level of status in all for domains. b. the highest status on gender roles and the lowest on religious beliefs. c. the highest status on political ideologies and the lowest on occupational choice. d. different levels of status in most of the domains.

d. different levels of status in most of the domains.

From the time they are born, twins Johnny (a boy) and Joannie (a girl) are treated diversely. For example, whenever Johnny plays with a truck, his parents praise his behavior. Whenever Joannie shows an interest in a doll, her parents praise her actions. A social learning theorist would likely argue that this _____ will likely lead to distinct gender roles for Johnny and Joannie. a. observational learning b. parental identification c. systemizing d. differential reinforcement

d. differential reinforcement

The _____ identity status would best be described as "no conflict, no crisis, and no clue." a. foreclosure b. moratorium c. identity achievement d. diffusion

d. diffusion

About one year after she retired, Betty Joe suddenly became very unhappy and expressed the opinion that she now had nothing to do in her life. Atchley would argue that Betty Joe appears have entered the _____ phase of retirement. a. honeymoon b. reorientation c. midlife d. disenchantment

d. disenchantment

For Britta, the novelty of retirement has begun to wear off and she suddenly finds herself feeling quite unhappy. This indicates that Britta has entered the _____ phase of retirement. a. honeymoon b. reorientation c. midlife d. disenchantment

d. disenchantment

The most effective way to improve school effectiveness is to a. have year-round school. b. add money to the budget but do not directly target academic instruction issues. c. modestly reduce the student-faculty ratio. d. encourage parents to purchase books and intellectually stimulating toys for their children.

d. encourage parents to purchase books and intellectually stimulating toys for their children.

The reliable sex difference concerning identity achievement during adolescence is that a. males tend to attach more emphasis on aspects of identity involving interpersonal relationships. b. females tend to attach more emphasis on aspects of identity involving career identity. c. males tend to attach a greater emphasis on aspects of identity involving sexuality. d. females tend to attach a greater emphasis on aspects of identity involving balancing family and career goals.

d. females tend to attach a greater emphasis on aspects of identity involving balancing family and career goals.

Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender typing suggests all of the following EXCEPT that a. gender-role development is strongly influenced by socialization. b. there are critical periods for the establishment of gender identity. c. early biological developments influence how parents label and treat a child at birth. d. fetal chromosomal differences (e.g., XX versus XY) are the most important factors in determining gender-role behavior.

d. fetal chromosomal differences (e.g., XX versus XY) are the most important factors in determining gender-role behavior.

Longitudinal research on IQ change during adulthood indicates that a. crystallized intelligence peaks in young adulthood and then declines steadily. b. both fluid and crystallized and fluid intelligence peak in middle adulthood and then decline steadily. c. crystallized intelligence peaks and then declines, while fluid intelligence remains steady into middle-old adulthood. d. fluid intelligence peaks and then declines, while crystallized intelligence remains steady into middle-old adulthood.

d. fluid intelligence peaks and then declines, while crystallized intelligence remains steady into middle-old adulthood

The process by which children become aware of the fact that they are either male or female and that there are different cultural expectations concerning the pattern of behavior for the two sexes is called a. androgenizing. b. gender-role stereotyping. c. sexual orienting. d. gender typing.

d. gender typing.

While Charlotte is growing up, she is socialized into believing that a woman should stay home and take care of the children while men go off to work and "bring home the bacon." This message best reflects a a. gender-role stereotype. b. gender type. c. gender identity. d. gender-role norm

d. gender-role norm

Overgeneralizations about attributes for each sex are called a. sex differences. b. androgyny. c. gender-role norms. d. gender-role stereotypes

d. gender-role stereotypes

A large-scale study on intelligence, income, and occupational prestige by Judge, Klinger, and Simon (2010) found that a. general intelligence was not significantly related to either income or occupational prestige. b. general intelligence was significantly related to income but not occupational prestige. c. general intelligence was significantly related to occupational prestige but not income. d. general intelligence was significantly related to both income and occupational prestige.

d. general intelligence was significantly related to both income and occupational prestige

Ideational fluency refers to one's ability to a. pick the most appropriate idea to solve a problem. b. quickly recall synonyms when given a word. c. solve a problem quickly and accurately. d. generate many interesting, novel ideas

d. generate many interesting, novel ideas

Forty-year-old Zelda is proud of the tutoring she is doing at school with kids who have learning problems and feels that she is doing something positive for future generations. It is most likely that Zelda is in Erikson's stage of a. integrity versus despair. b. identity versus role confusion. c. intimacy versus isolation. d. generativity versus stagnation.

d. generativity versus stagnation.

Easy temperament is characterized by a. dysphoria and fear of new experiences. b. happiness and fear of new experiences. c. dysphoria and openness to new experiences. d. happiness and openness to new experiences

d. happiness and openness to new experiences

Some individuals inherit an XX chromosome pattern but are exposed prenatally to drugs that are converted to male hormones once in the body. These individuals are likely to a. physically resemble females but behaviorally act like males. b. look and act no differently as a result of this prenatal exposure. c. have masculinized genitalia at birth but lose this appearance at puberty and become indistinguishable from others. d. have masculinized genitalia and behave in more "masculine ways."

d. have masculinized genitalia and behave in more "masculine ways."

Baron-Cohen claims that a man's tendency to systemize is the result of a. gender training. b. a double standard. c. the androgyny shift. d. having a male brain.

d. having a male brain.

Young infants appear to pay more attention to speech characterized by a. low-pitch sounds and nonvaried intonation. b. low-pitch sounds and varied intonation. c. high-pitch sounds and nonvaried intonation. d. high-pitch sounds and varied intonation

d. high-pitch sounds and varied intonation

Gender intensification appears to be driven by a. the desire to have sex with one's parent. b. prenatal hormones and social experiences in infancy. c. the need to experiment with one's gender role. d. hormonal changes at puberty and peer pressure to conform to gender roles.

d. hormonal changes at puberty and peer pressure to conform to gender roles.

The cumulative-deficit hypothesis is often used to explain a. how deficits in school funding create ineffective schools. b. how people with lower IQs have more children, thus lowering the average IQ in a society. c. how the cumulative effects of a superior education create a feeling of never being satisfied. d. how the negative effects of an impoverished environment "snowball" over time to create lowered IQ scores.

d. how the negative effects of an impoverished environment "snowball" over time to create lowered IQ scores

Hoffman is planning to enter the family's plastics business as soon as he graduates from high school. His parents have a job for him in their shop, and they expect that Hoffman will eventually run the business. Hoffman has never questioned this career goal. According to Erikson, Hoffman's identity status is best described as a. identity diffusion. b. identity achievement. c. moratorium status. d. identity foreclosure.

d. identity foreclosure.

While sitting in his psychology class and daydreaming as his instructor drones on about memory, Mac suddenly recalls a great hamburger he ate at a fast-food restaurant a month ago. Mac's unintentional recall for this event provides a great example of _____ memory. a. explicit b. fuzzy-trace c. scripted d. implicit

d. implicit

If information fails to be encoded, it is _____ to remember. a. easy b. a little difficult c. very difficult d. impossible

d. impossible

The STAT test a. is designed for use with hearing impaired populations. b. generates "creativity" IQ score. c. avoids assessing acquired knowledge. d. includes an essay.

d. includes an essay

Changes in language use during preschool and early elementary school years typically include a. decreased use of decontextualized language. b. decreased vocabulary size. c. increased babbling. d. increased use of transformational grammar rules.

d. increased use of transformational grammar rules

The analytic component of intelligence focuses exclusively on a. genetic. b. cultural. c. operant conditioning. d. information-processing skills

d. information-processing skills

Erikson would argue that 80-year-old Mable is most likely confronting the psychosocial issue of a. identity versus role confusion. b. autonomy versus self-doubt. c. industry versus inferiority. d. integrity versus despair.

d. integrity versus despair.

One of Siggy's most endearing traits is an exceptional sensitivity to other people's motivations and moods. According to Gardner, Siggy would best be classified as having high _____ intelligence. a. bodily-kinesthetic b. intrapersonal c. linguistic d. interpersonal

d. interpersonal

Harter's self-perception research with older children indicated that self-esteem a. emerges as a single entity and remains unchanged after this. b. is unidimensional, consisting of a global sense of self. c. becomes less realistic as children enter adolescence. d. is multidimensional, consisting of several distinct domains

d. is multidimensional, consisting of several distinct domains

With regard to actual psychological differences between males and females, research has consistently found that, on average, a. females have poorer memory skills. b. females are more physically aggressive. c. males perform better on verbal tasks. d. males are more physically active.

d. males are more physically active.

Searching for a hidden toy is part of the assessment of _____ scale on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. a. behavioral-rating b. motor c. physiological d. mental

d. mental

An information-processing theorist would most likely refer to _____ as being part of the mind's "software." a. the brain b. sensory receptors c. neural connections d. mental problem-solving strategies

d. mental problem-solving strategies

Jack knows that he can more easily memorize and recall a list of 10 familiar words than he can 10 unfamiliar words. This knowledge provides an excellent example of a. short-term memory. b. chunking. c. recall memory. d. metamemory

d. metamemory

Most infants begin babbling about 3-4 _____ after birth. a. hours b. days c. weeks d. months

d. months

A study on the long-term retention of foreign language (Spanish) learned in high school in individuals who are elderly found that a. most elderly did not even recall having taking a foreign language in high school. b. a few individuals recalled having had a class in a foreign language in high school but could recall no content from the course. c. many individuals recalled having had a class in a foreign language in high school and a small percent had retained some vocabulary. d. not only did the individuals recall the foreign language courses, but as much as half of the vocabulary was retained nearly 50 years later.

d. not only did the individuals recall the foreign language courses, but as much as half of the vocabulary was retained nearly 50 years later.

. IQ and creativity scores are a. inversely related. b. identical. c. highly related. d. not well correlated.

d. not well correlated.

The majority of words found in the vocabularies of one-year-olds are a. verbs concerning actions of people who were familiar to the child. b. verbs concerning actions of people who were unfamiliar to the child. c. nouns representing objects or people who were unfamiliar to the child. d. nouns representing objects or people who were familiar to the child

d. nouns representing objects or people who were familiar to the child

When contemplating their self-esteem, older individuals tend to compare themselves to a. young, healthy individuals. b. young, but unhealthy individuals. c. older, healthy individuals. d. older and unhealthy individuals

d. older and unhealthy individuals

At what age do infants first appear to demonstrate cross-modal associations concerning gender information by looking longer at a female face when a female voice is heard vs. when a male voice is heard? a. one hour b. one week c. one month d. one year

d. one year

The research study of infant memory involving a ribbon tied to an infant's foot relied heavily on _____ conditioning techniques. a. social-learning-theory b. classical c. humanistic d. operant

d. operant

Long-term research on children who were in Project Head Start indicates that a. while early changes in IQ are rare, significant increases in IQ are seen during the college years. b. compensatory programs like Head Start lead to poorer attitudes about achievement. c. children in these programs are more likely to end up in special education classes than their peers. d. participation in such programs may reduce the likelihood of teenage pregnancy.

d. participation in such programs may reduce the likelihood of teenage pregnancy.

Both Freud and Erikson believed that a. a person's personality is primarily genetically determined. b. there are four stages in the development of personality. c. while personality develops gradually over the first 15 to 20 years of life, people change very little throughout the years of adulthood. d. people in every culture progress through stages of personality development.

d. people in every culture progress through stages of personality development

The social learning perspective assumes that a. there are universal stages in the development of personality. b. personality is best described in terms of trait dimensions. c. personality traits have a strong genetic basis. d. personality development is highly influenced by environmental experience.

d. personality development is highly influenced by environmental experience.

Hamid has just acquired the ability to "sound out" a word. This means that when he sees the word "bend" for the first time, he is able to decode it as "b" plus "e" plus "n" plus "d" and say "bend." Hamid's newfound ability indicates that he has acquired _____ awareness. a. semantic b. syntactical c. morphological d. phonological

d. phonological

The main purpose of the executive control processor is to a. store information in long-term memory. b. collect sensory input from the environment. c. suppress memories that are too painful. d. plan and monitor problem-solving

d. plan and monitor problem-solving

According to triarchic theory, person with "street smarts" possesses high levels of _____ intelligence. a. creative b. analytical c. socioemotional d. practical

d. practical

When four-year-old Methuselah sees an elderly gentleman enter a store, he screams, "Mommy, look at that old man who looks like he should be dead!" The fact that Methuselah does not yet realize that such statements are socially inappropriate indicates that he lacks a complete understanding of the _____ of language. a. semantics b. syntax c. prosody d. pragmatics

d. pragmatics

A _____ disabled child will show major delays in all areas of development. a. mildly b. moderately c. severely d. profoundly

d. profoundly

Nina's mom has been warning her about the danger of playing with her balloon near a burning candle. Suddenly, the balloon hits the flame and explodes. Nina's mom looks at her and says, "I hope that you are happy," but because of the tone of her voice, her mom is really saying, "See, I told you to watch out!" This use of tone to change the meaning of a sentence provides a good example of the concept of a. word segmentation. b. syntactic bootstrapping. c. overregulation. d. prosody.

d. prosody.

Mastery motivation tends to be found in children whose parents a. avoid sensory stimulation and teach the child that most events are due to fate or luck. b. provide sensory stimulation and teach the child that most events are due to fate or luck. c. avoid sensory stimulation but provide the opportunity for the child to see that children can control their environment. d. provide sensory stimulation and the opportunity for the child to see that children can control their environment

d. provide sensory stimulation and the opportunity for the child to see that children can control their environment

If you believe in the social-role hypothesis, then you would be most likely to argue that the most effective way to change the stereotype of men as dominant would be to a. reduce the average amount of testosterone in the male body. b. tell men that it is okay to display their "feminine side." c. ban the use of the terms masculine and feminine. d. put women in charge of every major business

d. put women in charge of every major business

Recent research on adolescent egocentrism (e.g., Bell and Bromnick, 2003) suggests that teens are most worried about how they present themselves in public because of concerns regarding a(n) _____ audience. a. adult b. imaginary c. overly supportive d. real

d. real

In a police lineup, a witness is shown a group of potential perpetrators that includes the actual perpetrator. He or she is then asked to point to the individual who committed the crime. The basic premise of this method involves assessing _____ memory. a. recall b. cued-recall c. implicit d. recognition

d. recognition

Professor Sotomayor gives the students in her law class a multiple-choice test on Supreme Court Justices. This method of assessment requires students to use _____ memory. a. recall b. cued-recall c. repressed d. recognition

d. recognition

Infants appear to remember best when they experience an event a. once and are provided with no recall cues. b. once and are provided with recall cues. c. repeatedly and are provided with no recall cues. d. repeatedly and are provided with recall cues.

d. repeatedly and are provided with recall cues

Research on adult education has shown that a. literacy programs for adults tend to be highly successful. b. older adult college students are more likely to be motivated by external expectations than traditional students. c. adult men tend to return to the classroom for personal enrichment reasons. d. returning adult students often put more effort into learning material because they want or need to use the information

d. returning adult students often put more effort into learning material because they want or need to use the information

When 50-year-old Mustafa says, "I need to decide which work goals are more important and then develop skills to meet these goals," he is speaking about the process of a. optimization. b. compensation. c. generativity. d. selection.

d. selection.

An overall evaluation of your own self-worth best defines your a. self-recognition. b. self-concept. c. self-efficacy. d. self-esteem

d. self-esteem

A major theme of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory of gender typing involves a child engaging in a. resolution of the Oedipal complex. b. an androgyny shift. c. repression. d. self-socialization.

d. self-socialization.

Over- and underextension are best associated with _____ errors. a. phonological b. morphological c. syntax d. semantic

d. semantic

When Jasmine says, "That song makes me blue." Her friend Rice says, "You don't look like a different color to me." Rice's failure to understand that in certain context the word "blue" in English means depressed illustrates a lack of _____ understanding. a. morpheme b. syntactic c. prosody d. semantic

d. semantic

When describing the practical component, Sternberg argues that an intelligent person will a. be successful in all situations. b. score high on an IQ test. c. show outstanding abilities in the areas of music and interpersonal skills. d. shape an environment to better suit his or her skills.

d. shape an environment to better suit his or her skills

Older children can learn faster and remember more than younger children because older children typically show a significant increase in a. the size of their sensory register. b. childhood amnesia. c. the capacity of long-term memory. d. short term memory capacity.

d. short term memory capacity.

Non-anatomical differences between newborn females and males are best described as a. small yet significant. b. large and significant. c. large yet insignificant. d. small and insignificant

d. small and insignificant

Transformational grammar is best associated with rules of a. phonology. b. semantics. c. morphology. d. syntax

d. syntax

Research has indicated that procedural memory is mediated by the straitum. This means that a. only information that is attended to is recalled. b. language plays a significant role in the development of memory. c. memory requires cognitive effort. d. the brain is involved in processing memory

d. the brain is involved in processing memory

With regard to experience, Sternberg believes that a. the level of intelligence of a response can be accurately assessed only after extensive experience with the tasks. b. experience with a task has no impact on ability to intelligently respond to the task. c. there is no way to assess familiarity with a task. d. the creative component of intelligence is best measured by a person's responses on novel tasks.

d. the creative component of intelligence is best measured by a person's responses on novel tasks.

When Vygotsky referred to the concept of scaffolding, he was speaking about a. guided assistance that a skilled individual provides to a less skilled individual. b. the "intellectual ladder of success" that children are innately drive to climb. c. the importance of allowing children to "learn on their own" without adult interference. d. the structures of the mind that hold together lower levels of thought and higher levels of thought.

d. the structures of the mind that hold together lower levels of thought and higher levels of thought.

Older adults experience all of the following changes in language EXCEPT that a. they use less complex sentences than younger adults do. b. they show refinements in the pragmatic use of language. c. their knowledge of semantics increases. d. their knowledge of grammar decreases

d. their knowledge of grammar decreases

Five-month-old Ruby is beginning to recognize that her mother, Opal, does not tend to come to feed her when she is hungry. According to Erikson, Ruby is currently involved in a psychosocial crisis of a. industry versus inferiority. b. autonomy versus shame and doubt. c. integrity versus despair. d. trust versus mistrust.

d. trust versus mistrust.

Research on autobiographical memory in adulthood has shown that the more _____ an event, the better it will later be recalled. a. distant b. emotional c. negative d. unique

d. unique

The fact that humans have a unique genetic capacity to learn language is best associated with the concept of a. metalinguistic awareness. b. syntactic bootstrapping. c. mastery motivation. d. universal grammar

d. universal grammar

Cleo has received a high score on the conscientiousness scale of a personality test. This indicates that she would most likely be a. curious and interested in a variety of experiences. b. extremely outgoing. c. emotional, unstable, and hostile. d. well-organized and highly self-disciplined.

d. well-organized and highly self-disciplined

When someone asks you, "What's on your mind?" the response you give would best exemplify the information currently in your a. sensory register. b. long-term memory. c. collective unconsciousness. d. working memory

d. working memory

Your identity consists of a. your characteristic adaptations and self-esteem, but not your self-concept. b. your self-concept and self-esteem, but not your characteristic adaptations. c. your characteristic adaptations and self-concept, but not your self-esteem. d. your characteristic adaptations, self-esteem, and self-concept

d. your characteristic adaptations, self-esteem, and self-concept

Vygotsky referred to the gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he can do with guidance and assistance as the a. imaginary audience. b. personal fable. c. guided participation. d. zone of proximal development.

d. zone of proximal development.

Saturn has discovered that even though her dad won't let her play with his set of car keys, she can use a ring of metal tabs and pretend that these are his car keys. Saturn's behavior would indicate that she is in the _____ substage of sensorimotor development. a. secondary circular reactions b. primary circular reactions c. tertiary circular reactions d. beginning of thought

d. beginning of thought

Which of Gibson's statements indicates that he is engaging in hypothetical-deductive reasoning? a. "I can still hear the sound of that guitar after the string has been strummed." b. "A guitar is just a larger version of a mandolin." c. "I bet that my guitar looks exactly like the one you have." d. "If the length of a guitar string matters, then a short string should produce a different sound than a long string."

d. "If the length of a guitar string matters, then a short string should produce a different sound than a long string."

In what sort of reasoning does one move from general ideas to their specific implications? a. Empirical-inductive b. Empirical-deductive c. Hypothetical-inductive d. Hypothetical-deductive

d. Hypothetical-deductive

Which of the following is the best example of assimilation? a. Naming your dog Barney after the famous purple Barney on TV b. Changing the name of your dog after finding out that a classmate has a dog with the same name c. Pretending that your dog is a horse d. Naming the first dog you meet, "Spot," and then calling all other dogs that you meet "Spot"

d. Naming the first dog you meet, "Spot," and then calling all other dogs that you meet "Spot"

Which conservation skills does a concrete operations thinker possess? a. The ability to decenter, but neither reversibility nor transformational thought b. Reversibility, but neither the ability to decenter nor use transformational thought c. Transformational thought, but neither the ability to decenter nor to reverse d. The ability to decenter, reversibility, and transformational thought

d. The ability to decenter, reversibility, and transformational thought

One key difference between formal operational thought and concrete operational thought is that formal operational thinkers a. show more centration. b. can apply thoughts to real objects. c. can solve conservation tasks. d. can think about hard to imagine hypotheticals.

d. can think about hard to imagine hypotheticals.

Bell is shown a set of jars and is asked to arrange a group of them from shortest to tallest. This is a test for a. classification. b. conservation. c. seriation. d. centration.

d. centration.

Cognition is best defined as the activity of

knowing and processing through which knowledge is acquired.

Adam has a schema for saying, "Hi." He has a second schema for holding out his hand. He has another schema for making eye contact. With time, Adam is able to combine the simple schemas into a complex structure of a greeting (i.e., simultaneously making eye contact, saying "Hi," and holding out his hand to be shaken). According to Piaget, Adam is demonstrating

organization.

Piaget argued that newborns enter the world with

senses and reflexes that can assist in adaptation.

Assimilation is best defined as the process in which

we interpret new experiences in terms of existing schemas.

Which is the most advanced substage of the sensorimotor stage? a. Beginning of thought b. Secondary circular reaction c. Coordination of secondary schemes d. Tertiary circular reaction

a. Beginning of thought

Which of the following is an example of a symbolic schema?

Pointing a finger and saying "Bang!"

Which infant behavior best demonstrates object permanence? a. Crying and reaching for a favorite toy you were playing with after it has been put inside a toy box b. Repeatedly swiping at a mobile hanging over the crib c. Crying when someone grabs a toy out of your hand d. Trying to grab a toy that you can see, but is just out of reach

a. Crying and reaching for a favorite toy you were playing with after it has been put inside a toy box

What is the first step in hypothetical-deductive reasoning? a. Generate all possible hypotheses. b. Get a concrete example. c. Consider what others in your position would do. d. Engage in guided participation

a. Generate all possible hypotheses

Four-year-old Lenny has invented an imaginary companion, an invisible octopus named Squiggy. How would a Piagetian most likely react to Lenny's behavior? a. He might suspect that Lenny is cognitively and socially advanced. b. He would see it as a sign of possible mental illness. c. He would suggest that Lenny cannot decenter from an object. d. He would state that it is impossible for a child that young to create any imaginary companions.

a. He might suspect that Lenny is cognitively and socially advanced.

Which cognitive skill would a formal operations thinker possess that a concrete operational thinker would lack? a. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning b. Seriation c. Transformational thought d. Class inclusion

a. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Which childhood activity best illustrates symbolic capacity? a. Pretending to be a superhero b. Riding a two-wheeled bicycle c. Kicking a soccer ball d. Playing with an electric train

a. Pretending to be a superhero

Which of the following demonstrates the child has developed symbolic capacity? a. a child who uses a cooking pan as a hat b. a child who has names for favorite stuffed animals c. a child who is comforted by thumb-sucking d. a child who waves hello and goodbye

a. a child who uses a cooking pan as a hat

From first to last, what is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations b. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operations, concrete operations c. Sensorimotor, concrete operations, preoperational, formal operations d. Preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations, sensorimotor

a. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

Mabel always thought of herself as being incapable when it came to fixing things. She easily developed the habit of asking her husband, Abel, to do even the simplest "fix-it" tasks, such as changing a light bulb. Then one day Mabel got a flat tire on a country road. She managed to struggle through the process of changing the tire all on her own. From then on, she felt much more capable, and started to fix more things around the house. This best illustrates a. accommodation. b. assimilation. c. disequilibrium. d. fixation.

a. accommodation.

Sarah Lee is helping her dad, Jefferson, bake cookies. First, Sarah divides the dough into two equal round piles. Then, as she goes to roll her dough, she trips, flattens her pile, and begins to cry. Her dad asks her if she's hurt, whereupon Sarah tells her dad that she isn't hurt but she's sad because now he has a tall pile with more dough than her. Sarah Lee's response demonstrates a. centration. b. conservation. c. relativistic thinking. d. seriation.

a. centration

Jack is taking a class on Piaget, and as part of an assignment, he is "testing" someyoungsters on various Piagetian tasks. He gives four-year-old Meg a bag of white and striped marbles. They discuss the fact that marbles are made of glass. Meg counts the marbles—7 whites and 18 stripes. Jack asks, "Are there more striped marbles or more glass marbles?" Meg answers, "There are more striped marbles." This demonstrates Meg's difficulty with a. class inclusion. b. conservation. c. identity. d. transformations.

a. class inclusion

Molly's mommy is mad, and Molly doesn't believe it when mommy says, "I'm angry, but I still love you!" Molly thinks that mommy can't be mad and still love her at the same time. Piaget might suggest that Molly's thought process demonstrates Molly's inability to engage in a. decentration. b. conservation. c. irreversibility. d. centration

a. decentration

The Piagetian concept of "decentration" refers to the inability to a. focus on more than one dimension of a problem at one time. b. mentally reverse simple operations. c. understand that the amount of something remains the same regardless of a change in shape or position. d. take another person's point of view.

a. focus on more than one dimension of a problem at one time.

Concerning mental actions, concrete operations are to formal operations as a. objects are to ideas. b. knowing is to doing. c. imagined is to real. d. centration is to decentration

a. objects are to ideas.

Focusing on the most obvious features of an object or situation is referred to as a. perceptual salience. b. horizontal décalage. c. decentration. d. transitivity.

a. perceptual salience.

While watching a pizza being cut into 10 pieces, eight-year-old Domino suddenly realizes that the 10 pieces of pizza are actually the same amount as the original one pizza. This realization best reflects the process of a. reversibility. b. A not B error. c. seriation. d. static thought.

a. reversibility

Transitivity is best defined as a. the necessary relations among elements in a series. b. understanding one's own mental limitations. c. private, mental speech. d. the ability to convert an object into a mental image.

a. the necessary relations among elements in a series.

Accommodation is best defined as a. the process of modifying existing schema to better fit a new schema. b. knowing an object continues to exist even after it has left your sensory range. c. thinking that everyone else possesses the same experiences as you. d. using scientific logic to solve all problems.

a. the process of modifying existing schema to better fit a new schema.

Formal operational thinking differs from Piaget's other stages in that a formal thinker gains the ability to a. think systematically about abstract concepts. b. mentally manipulate objects that they can see. c. understand the symbols used in language. d. form mental schemas.

a. think systematically about abstract concepts.

Houdini is watching a magician pour a clear liquid from one glass into another. When the liquid enters the second glass, it magically changes to the color blue. While Houdini finds the trick interesting, he is not surprised that an object can be changed from one state to another. This indicates that Houdini possesses _____ thought. a. transformational b. egocentric c. sensorimotor d. animistic

a. transformational

According to Piaget, adaptation is best defined as

adjusting to the demands of the environment.

Piaget's intrigue concerning _____ initially spurred his interest in cognitive development.

age-related mistakes in children's responses

Which statement best describes Piaget's theory on intelligence? a. Intelligence develops as the result of the interactions of classical and operant conditioning. b. Intelligence develops as the result of interactions between biologically based individuals and their interaction with an environment. c. Intelligence is solely the product of the interaction of genetic predispositions with biological maturation. d. Intelligence is solely the product of sociocultural experiences.

b. Intelligence develops as the result of interactions between biologically based individuals and their interaction with an environment.

Why might perceptual salience lead a child not to believe in the Easter Bunny? a. The fact that Easter is a holiday b. The fact that it would be impossible for one rabbit to deliver millions of eggs in one night c. The fact that eggs come from chickens d. The fact that Easter eggs come in many colors

b. The fact that it would be impossible for one rabbit to deliver millions of eggs in one night

Jerry likes to play with his stuffed animals, dragging them around the house by their arms, ears, or tails. He tries to do this with Tom the cat one day, but Tom hisses at Jerry and runs off, leaving Jerry perplexed and crying. Jerry's original attempt to play with the cat best illustrates the concept of a. accommodation. b. assimilation. c. disequilibrium. d. fixation

b. assimilation.

The tendency to focus on only a single aspect of a problem is called a. assimilation. b. centration. c. conservation. d. identification

b. centration.

Transformational thought is best defined as the ability to a. think to one's self. b. conceptualize processes of change from one state to another. c. put two or more objects in some order. d. focus on one aspect of a task.

b. conceptualize processes of change from one state to another.

Jimmy watches as his mom pours all of his juice out of a tall skinny glass into a short wide cup. He puts up a fuss, because he now thinks he doesn't have as much juice as he started with. Jimmy is unable to a. center. b. conserve. c. seriate. d. animate.

b. conserve.

According to Piaget, _____ occur when an infant combines secondary actions to achieve a simple goal. a. secondary circular reactions b. coordination of secondary schemes c. tertiary circular reactions d. beginning of thought

b. coordination of secondary schemes

Findings from the Munich Longitudinal Study of the Ontogenesis of Individual Competencies (LOGIC) demonstrated that most 12-year-olds a. could not recognize good or bad examples of scientific research nor could they create a good experiment themselves. b. could recognize good or bad examples of scientific research but could not create a good experiment themselves. c. could not recognize good or bad examples of scientific research but could create a good experiment themselves. d. could recognize good or bad examples of scientific research and could create a good experiment themselves.

b. could recognize good or bad examples of scientific research but could not create a good experiment themselves.

Belle is excited when she receives a telephone call from her grandmother on her birthday. When Belle's grandmother asks Belle how old she is, Belle holds up three fingers in front of the phone. Belle's belief that because she can see her fingers, so can her grandmother, reflects the Piagetian concept of a. centration. b. egocentrism. c. animism. d. formal thought.

b. egocentrism.

The inability to take a point of view other than one's own is referred to as a. animism. b. egocentrism. c. object permanence. d. static thought.

b. egocentrism.

According to Piaget, when our internal thoughts are consistent with the evidence we are receiving from the world, we are experiencing a. plasticity. b. equilibration. c. cognitive dissonance. d. fixation.

b. equilibration.

Baby Jay accidentally sucked his thumb, now seems to love to suck his thumb, and has learned to do it over and over again. This best exemplifies the concept of a a. beginning of thought. b. primary circular reaction. c. secondary circular reaction. d. tertiary circular reaction.

b. primary circular reaction.

Piaget suggested that the key cognitive acquisition in the preoperational stage of cognitive development is the ability to a. comprehend object permanence. b. refer to people and objects that are not physically present. c. seriate concepts. d. construct a personal fable.

b. refer to people and objects that are not physically present.

A hallmark achievement of concrete operational thought is being able to a. solve object permanence tasks. b. solve conservation tasks. c. solve hypothetical problems. d. use relativistic thinking.

b. solve conservation tasks.

The ability to use images or words to stand for objects or experiences is called a. object permanence. b. symbolic capacity. c. reversibility. d. horizontal décalage.

b. symbolic capacity.

The A not B error involves the a. inability to realize that a bowl of ice cream has the same amount when the ice cream has melted. b. tendency to search for an object in a place where it was last found rather than in a new hiding place. c. failure to convert a concrete problem into an abstract problem. d. valuing adaptation over organization.

b. tendency to search for an object in a place where it was last found rather than in a new hiding place.

Oscar, a college student, is checking seven-year-old Meyer to see what cognitive skills he has. He asks him to do some basic conservation tasks. Meyer has correctly responded that there is still the same amount of clay, whether it is in a round ball or rolled out into a hotdog-type shape. When Oscar asks why, Meyer demonstrates how the hotdog-type shaped piece of clay can be rolled back into a ball. This shows that Meyer has a good grasp of a. assimilation. b. transformational thought. c. equilibrium. d. primary circular reactions.

b. transformational thought.

During which stage of development would a person first be able to understand that her dad is a parent, an uncle, and someone's son (i.e., understand class inclusion)? a. Formal operations b. Sensorimotor c. Concrete operations d. Preoperational

c. Concrete operations

A researcher asked students of different ages "What would the world be like if humans had tails?" According to Piaget's theory, which one of the following answers would be most likely from an adolescent in the formal operational stage? a. People don't have tails, so this is a useless exercise. b. I guess they could swing from trees just like the monkeys I saw at the zoo. c. People would be able to hold tails and pass notes under the table while still keeping both hands on the table. d. I wouldn't like having a tail all the time.

c. People would be able to hold tails and pass notes under the table while still keeping both hands on the table.

Billy always walks to kindergarten. His mom always picks him up at school after kindergarten on her way home from work. One day, mom asks Billy to walk home from kindergarten by himself. Billy insists he does not know how to walk home from kindergarten—he only knows how to walk to kindergarten. Which cognitive operation does Billy apparently lack? a. Centration b. Equilibration c. Reversibility d. Transformation

c. Reversibility

Once while she was about to take a nap, baby Carolyn accidentally sucked on her blanket. Now she repeatedly sucks on the blanket when she's going to sleep. This new behavior is an example of a. coordination of secondary schemes. b. a primary circular reaction. c. a secondary circular reaction. d. a tertiary circular reaction.

c. a secondary circular reaction.

Eighteen-month-old Mickey is visiting a theme park for the first time. At the park, he sees some zebras, an animal with which he is unfamiliar. Despite this, he looks at the animals and shouts, "Look at the horses!" He had previously formed a mental schema for horses. Piaget would say that Mickey's reaction best demonstrates the concept of a. accommodation. b. reversibility. c. assimilation. d. formal thought.

c. assimilation.

Piaget argued that object permanence is fully developed at 18 months. Recent research has indicated that a. Piaget's time estimate was right on. b. object permanence is actually developed at birth. c. awareness of object permanence is not apparent at birth but develops well before Piaget thought. d. object permanence actually develops around age two years.

c. awareness of object permanence is not apparent at birth but develops well before Piaget thought.

The ability to separate prior knowledge from the demands of a task at hand is referred to as a. egocentrism. b. conservation. c. decontextualization. d. class inclusion.

c. decontextualization

Five-year-old Linus is playing with his baby sister, Lucy. He takes Lucy's teddy bear and hides it behind a pillow while Lucy watches. Lucy quickly finds the bear. Then Linus puts teddy in a bag, puts the bag behind a chair (where he dumps teddy), and then brings out the empty bag. Lucy looks inside the bag, but doesn't look for teddy behind the chair and is surprised when it is not there. According to Piaget, Lucy a. lacks object permanence. b. is playing to an imaginary audience. c. is committing the A not B error. d. is a formal operational thinker.

c. is committing the A not B error.

Piaget contended that in infancy, a. reaching was a developmental precursor of looking. b. reaching and looking represented the same activity. c. looking was a developmental precursor of reaching. d. reaching and looking were unrelated behaviors.

c. looking was a developmental precursor of reaching.

To a young infant, out of sight is literally out of mind. Piaget stated that this was due to a lack of a. reversibility. b. insight. c. object permanence. d. horizontal décalage

c. object permanence.

Piaget hypothesized that an infant's first schemas for interacting with the environment always involve a. cross-modal reactions. b. conservation. c. reflexes. d. trial-and-error accommodations

c. reflexes

Amber can quickly and accurately arrange crayons from lightest to darkest. This demonstrates a capacity for a. animism. b. centration. c. seriation. d. transitional thinking

c. seriation

A preoperational thinker is most likely to exhibit _____ thought. a. decentration b. reversible c. static d. transformational

c. static

Franco is enjoying a fine lunch in his high chair. He picks up a handful of spaghetti and stuffs it in his mouth. Next, he picks up two handfuls and shoves them in his ears. The next handful goes in his hair, and the one after that is casually thrown on the floor. As his motivation appears to be simply the novelty of each of these acts, Franco's behavior would best be categorized as a a. secondary circular reaction. b. primary circular reaction. c. tertiary circular reaction. d. beginning of thought.

c. tertiary circular reaction.

A true sense of curiosity and novelty first emerge during the _____ stage of development. a. secondary circular reactions b. coordination of secondary schemes c. tertiary circular reactions d. beginning of thought

c. tertiary circular reactions

Conservation is best defined as the ability to a. think abstractly. b. think the way other people think. c. understand that some properties of an object remain the same even if other properties change. d. realize that an object continues to exist even if that object has left the sensory range.

c. understand that some properties of an object remain the same even if other properties change.

Four-year-old Kula is given a puppet and told to teach it all of the names that she can think of for certain animals and food items. At one point, she is asked the following questions about a lion: "Is it an animal?" and "Is it a type of cat?" Her correct response of "yes" to both questions indicates that Kukla understands a. object permanence. b. seriation . c. hypothetical-deductive reasoning. d. classification hierarchies.

d. classification hierarchies.

Asked to choose between two cookies of equal size, one whole, and one broken, Jenny takes the broken cookie, saying that three cookies are better than one. Piaget would say that Jenny lacks a. centration. b. object permanence. c. seriation. d. conservation

d. conservation

The "crowning achievement" of the sensorimotor stage is the ability to a. display secondary circular reactions. b. deal with a purely abstract task. c. conserve. d. construct mental symbols to guide behavior.

d. construct mental symbols to guide behavior.

Peggy finds that yelling at her dog is an effective way to get the dog to learn to behave. Peggy has recently taken a job as a substitute Spanish teacher at a local middle school. During her first week of class, Peggy becomes aware that yelling at her students is not an effective way to get them to learn to behave. Piaget would say that Peggy's situation would likely lead her to experience cognitive a. inclusion. b. conditioning. c. realism. d. disequilibrium.

d. disequilibrium.

Research has demonstrated that when shown a card with a cat on one side and a dog on another side, three-year-olds seemed to correctly understand that when a researcher held the card so that the child saw the dog, the researcher must be seeing a cat. This indicates that children may not be as _____ as Piaget suggested. a. animated b. schema-driven c. logical d. egocentric

d. egocentric

The term "concrete" is used to describe concrete operations because a. understating reversibility at this stage is so hard (like concrete). b. once a child focuses on one aspect of a task, his thinking appears to be unmovable (set in stone or concrete). c. the path of understanding is paved with challenges (like a concrete road). d. individuals in this stage can mentally manipulate objects as long as they are present (concrete example).

d. individuals in this stage can mentally manipulate objects as long as they are present (concrete example).

Seriation involves a. the realization that properties of objects do not change even though appearance might be altered. b. understanding that subclasses are included in the whole class. c. understanding the difference between big and small. d. mentally arranging elements along a quantifiable scale.

d. mentally arranging elements along a quantifiable scale.

Object permanence research has found that a. it is a purely cognitive task and physical task demands have, at most, a very limited impact. b. toddlers who watch a lot of television tend to develop object permanence at a later age. c. toddlers who do not achieve object permanence still have normal cognitive development. d. object permanence responding may be influenced by the time interval between seeing and being able to reach for it.

d. object permanence responding may be influenced by the time interval between seeing and being able to reach for it.

The logic of class inclusion focuses on understanding that a. inanimate objects cannot move. b. a simple transformation does not change all aspects of an object. c. objects out of perceptual range still exist. d. parts are included in the whole.

d. parts are included in the whole.

Virginia tells her mom that "there is no Santa Claus" and as evidence, presents the fact that most of the gifts that are supposed to come from Santa have labels from Target, Wal-Mart, and other retail stores. Virginia's questioning of Santa appears to be based on the concept of a. guided participation. b. adolescent egocentrism. c. seriation. d. perceptual salience.

d. perceptual salience.

Imaginary companions are most likely to first develop during the _____ stage of development. a. formal operations b. concrete operations c. sensorimotor d. preoperational

d. preoperational

Almost all of Timmy's cognitive structures appear to involve basic behavioral schemas for coordinating sensory input and motor responses (e.g., put hand near object, if object is hot, then pull hand away from object). Given this description, Timmy is best classified as being in Piaget's _____ stage of development. a. formal operations b. preoperational c. concrete operations d. sensorimotor

d. sensorimotor

"Pete is older than Jill, and Jill is older than Pat. Who is older, Pete or Pat?" The ability to solve problems such as this demonstrates competence in a. decentration. b. identity. c. centration. d. transitivity

d. transitivity

By late adolescence, most individuals a. replace intuitive reasoning with scientific reasoning. b. replace scientific reasoning with intuitive reasoning. c. abandon both scientific reasoning and intuitive reasoning strategies. d. utilize both scientific reasoning and intuitive reasoning strategies

d. utilize both scientific reasoning and intuitive reasoning strategies