human development ch 4
A 2-year-old is a real handful. He just cannot sit still. How is this child MOST likely to react at age 4 when his preschool teacher asks the class to sit quietly during story time? A) He or she will still have more trouble than other children obeying the teacher. B) The child will be exactly the same as he or she was at age 2. C) He or she will have calmed down completely. D) There is no way of predicting how he or she will act.
A
A baby's temperament is: A) biological or inborn. B) due to poor mothering. C) due to poor feeding. D) based on the environment.
A
A toddler is becoming embarrassed for the first time. According to the text, a parent should feel: A) pleased that the child is beginning to understand that he or she is a separate person. B) concerned that the child is becoming insecure. C) worried about proving too much discipline. D) upset, but only if the child is a boy.
A
A young child who lives in poverty is MOST likely to be emotionally insulated by: A) having an optimistic, loving parent. B) having an older sibling. C) having a large, extended family. D) being a first-born child.
A
According to attachment theory, the insecurely attached baby who is MOST at risk for later problems is a 1-year-old who: A) reacts in an erratic, confused way when reunited with a primary caregiver. B) doesn't care when reunited with his or her primary caregiver. C) can't be soothed when reunited with his or her primary caregiver. D) doesn't care when his or her primary caregiver leaves.
A
All things being equal, which student is MOST at risk of not graduating from high school? A) Bella, who lived in poverty during her first four years of life B) Sam, who lived in poverty during elementary school C) Clarissa, who has been living in poverty since her dad was laid off last year D) Shanise, whose family has just experienced a decline in income
A
Andre confesses that he was very shy during childhood, but then says, "I got more outgoing as I got older." MOST likely, Andre: A) probably still carries his "shy" temperamental tendency inside. B) has totally conquered his childhood shyness. C) is deluding himself because he is just as shy as before. D) will probably become very shy again as he gets older.
A
As A) Sara, age 2, whose mom is in her early twenties B) Latisha, age 20, who is a college student C) Hernando, age 40, who has six kids D) Isaiah, age 65, who just retired of 2015, who is MOST likely to be living in poverty in the United States?
A
Babies require temperament-friendly childrearing when they: A) are genetically prone to react intensely to the environment. B) live in impoverished urban areas. C) live in rural areas in the United States. D) are exposed to a variety of caregivers.
A
Baby Arina's mom is depressed. According Bowlby, Arina is more likely to develop: A) an insecure attachment. B) a secure attachment. C) a synchronous attachment. D) an unpredictable attachment.
A
Baby Maya and her mom are totally in tune with one another. They know when to come on strong and when to back off. This sense of connection is called _____. A) synchrony B) pure love C) engrossment D) organization
A
Efia has decided to put her infant in family day care (versus a day-care center). Based on the research in this chapter, how would an expert be MOST likely to respond? A) "Good idea! Your baby may get more personal attention and more stable care." B) "Bad idea! Your baby will be more likely to be abused." C) "Good idea! Your baby will probably be staying closer to home." D) "Bad idea! Your baby's caregivers are likely to be poorly educated."
A
Esma believes that, with the right discipline, she can train her child to have good manners as early as age 1. Professor Abidi would MOST likely respond: A) "No—the ability to control oneself develops gradually during childhood." B) "Yes—if you provide the right reinforcements." C) "Possibly—if your child really wants to please you." D) "Yes—but only if your child is a girl."
A
Fiona returned to work when her child was 4 months old. In the United States, the person who MOST likely would be responsible for the baby's care is a _____. A) spouse or another relative B) day-care center C) nanny D) neighbor
A
Generalizing from the text, the WORST stage in life to live in poverty is: A) early childhood. B) adolescence. C) emerging adulthood. D) old age.
A
Harlow's findings with motherless monkeys showed that physical contact (or love) is: A) a basic human need. B) an overrated human need. C) less important than food. D) important in other species, but not in our own.
A
If Hernando is a very active child who has trouble obeying, he is at risk of being subjected to which childrearing strategy? A) power assertion B) overprotection C) positive reinforcement D) guilt induction
A
If parents have an extremely inhibited or exuberant toddler, they can expect that with age their child will: A) still have the same temperament, but become less "extreme." B) completely outgrow this temperamental tendency. C) be just as "extreme" temperamentally. D) develop serious emotional problems.
A
In the United States, the person MOST likely to live in poverty today is a(n) _____. A) young child B) adolescent C) emerging adult D) elderly person
A
Milo has a secure attachment at age 1. As he grows older, Milo's attachment status: A) may change if he has an environment-sensitive genetic profile. B) will remain as securely attached, no matter what is his genetic profile. C) may change, no matter what is his genetic profile. D) will remain as securely attached, but only to his mom.
A
One-year-old Gyan needs to be near his main caregiver, his dad, all of the time. He gets uncomfortable when other adults pick him up. This response, in general, is: A) normal. B) excessive. C) a sign of male bonding. D) a serious problem.
A
Parents first (or earliest) socialization efforts revolve around: A) teaching a child to avoid dangerous objects. B) teaching a child to "be nice." C) toilet training a child. D) instilling moral values in a child.
A
Sonia asks her professor if she should send her 3-year-old to preschool. Professor Eng should answer: A) "Go for it, as high-quality preschool gives children a cognitive boost." B) "Go for it, but only because preschool helps with social skills." C) "Be careful, as staying at home is usually best at this age." D) "Avoid it, as most preschools are poorly run and unsafe."
A
Tania, a toddler, gets incredibly upset in stressful situations, while Thomas, another toddler, is amazingly calm. Which child should BEST flourish in a supportive, nurturing environment? A) Tania B) Thomas C) both children equally D) No predictions are possible.
A
The Head Start Program provides high quality: A) preschool to low-income children aged 3 to 5. B) day care to low-income children aged 1 to 5. C) preschool to any child aged 3 to 5. D) day care to any child aged 1 to 5.
A
The hormone involved in attachment is called _____. A) oxytocin B) estrogen C) cortisol D) testosterone
A
Ting and her baby travel to visit Ting's mom in another state, and Grandma picks up the child on their arrival. At younger than 7 to 8 months of age, the baby MOST likely would show _____. A) happiness B) fear C) indifference D) varying responses
A
Tonia is sending her baby to a day-care center. Which is the MOST important quality she should look for in the staff? A) sensitivity, empathy, and warmth B) early childhood education degrees C) workers who are older than age 25 D) a majority of part-time workers
A
Two-year-old Roshni reacts with intense fear to people and clings to her mom. At about age 25, Roshni MOST likely will: A) become more outgoing, but still be a bit anxious in unfamiliar situations. B) outgrow her fear completely. C) be just as shy as she was before. D) become even shyer.
A
What is the impact of attending preschool on low-income children? A) If the program is high quality, then preschool can make an enduring difference. B) Every preschool makes an enduring difference. C) No preschool can make an enduring difference. D) Most preschools have a negative impact.
A
When people are upset, they want their significant other close. According to attachment theory, this response indicates: A) normal proximity-seeking behavior. B) an emotional problem. C) abnormal fear. D) insecure attachment.
A
Which parent is using temperament-friendly childrearing? A) Margaret, who arranges her son's life to minimize things that cause him problems B) Nigel, who insists his daughter fit in with the family rules especially at dinner time C) Olivia, who is teaching her child to be humble and not to want expensive things D) Miguel, who adds a new room to the house every time his wife has another baby to make sure that each child sleeps alone
A
Who is eligible for Early Head Start? A) low-income infants and toddlers B) low-income preschoolers C) any infant or toddler D) any preschooler
A
According to attachment theory, when can the dance of attachment be seen? A) during the first few months of life B) at 7 months of age C) during the phase of clear-cut attachment D) at any time of life
D
Eight-month-old Nate suddenly begins to cry when he is left at the babysitter's house, whereas before he never got upset. Nate is MOST likely crying because: A) he is being abused by the sitter. B) he has entered the phase of clear-cut attachment. C) he is having abnormal trouble separating. D) his parents are having marital troubles.
B
All are classic behaviors at age 2 EXCEPT: A) wanting to dress and feed oneself. B) angry outbursts and temper tantrums. C) becoming embarrassed or ashamed for the first time. D) not following a pointing finger or looking in the direction of someone's gaze.
D
A teaching-oriented group setting that enrolls children age 3 and above is called: A) day care. B) preschool. C) afterschool care. D) family care.
B
A working woman in the United States has a 3-year-old child. Statistically speaking, when this person is at her job, the child is MOST likely to be: A) with grandma. B) at preschool or a day-care center. C) with another relative. D) at home with the other parent.
B
At the park, 20-month-old Etan crawls through tunnels, throws sand everywhere, and lets a dog lick his face. But as he moves from one activity to another, he looks over his shoulder to see whether his daddy is watching. What is the name for Etan's behavior? A) excessive anxiety B) social referencing C) insecure attachment D) stranger anxiety
B
Claude asks, "How can I BEST socialize my incredibly active 2-year-old?" Dr. Cornet should reply: A) "Provide very rigid rules." B) "Provide lots of love." C) "Tell the child that only children who behave are loved." D) "Don't be afraid to physically punish the child."
B
Compared to rural poverty, urban poverty is: A) worse for children's development. B) worse for children's development if parents earn under a threshold amount. C) better for children's development. D) better for children's development if parents earn under a threshold amount.
B
Dr. Out-of-Date is an old-style behaviorist. How would he explain 1-year-old Ned's efforts to be close to his mother at all times? A) "This child shares a unique emotional bond with his mother." B) "Ned's behavior is being reinforced because his mother feeds him." C) "Ned's behavior is irrational." D) "The behavior of children is genetically programmed."
B
Elaine is visiting her 13-month-old nephew, and the child gets agitated when she picks him up. Elaine should feel: A) insulted, because her nephew doesn't love her. B) not surprised, since this is normal at this age. C) concerned for her nephew's mental health. D) angry that her nephew is not being raised properly.
B
Given the research, which is the BEST advice to give a friend about choosing day care for her young baby? A) "Send the baby to full-time day care; it will help socially and cognitively." B) "During the infant and toddler years, it's better not to rely heavily on day-care centers." C) "Keep the baby at home during the first 4 years of life." D) "Don't send the baby to family day care, but day-care centers are fine."
B
If Mayumi is 1 month old, she MOST likely: A) happily smiles at every adult. B) is indifferent to the human world. C) only goes to her primary caregiver. D) has two or three people she really likes.
B
If a twenty-year-old in the United States has a child, MOST likely, that parent will: A) be economically secure. B) struggle economically. C) struggle economically, but only if that person is a single mother. D) be unemployed.
B
In addition to fostering a secure attachment, which socialization strategy promotes healthy development? A) Make sure that the child has respect for adults. B) Promote "goodness of fit" between the child's temperament and the environment. C) Expose the child to every new experience. D) Have the child follow a strict regimen.
B
In general, living in poverty: A) has no impact on the quality of caregiving. B) puts caregivers at risk of not responding sensitively to children. C) means that caregivers will definitely not respond sensitively to children. D) only matters if a person is a single mom.
B
Juanita asks, "How can I help my shy toddler daughter become less anxious?" According to the text, the BEST advice is to: A) insulate her from social situations until she is older. B) gently expose her to supportive social situations. C) immerse her in intense stressful social situations. D) treat her in the same way as any other child.
B
Kai asks her doctor, "When can I expect my child to begin to obey rules when I'm not in the room?" The doctor should answer: A) "around age 1." B) "around ages 2 to 4." C) "around age 6." D) "around age 10."
B
Link the correct attachment style to the following descriptions: (1) thrilled when reunited with a caregiver; (2) confused, erratic response when reunited with a caregiver; (3) doesn't care when reunited with a caregiver. A) (1) secure; (2) avoidant; (3) disorganized B) (1) secure; (2) disorganized; (3) avoidant C) (1) secure; (2) anxious-ambivalent; (3) avoidant D) (1) secure; (2) avoidant; (3) anxious-ambivalent
B
One-year-old Francisco is terribly clingy even when his mom is in the same room. If she leaves, he cries frantically and cannot be comforted by her when she returns. According to attachment theory, what is Francisco's attachment status? A) secure B) anxious-ambivalent C) avoidant D) disorganized
B
Parents in the United States begin to seriously teach their children to "share," be nice, and not hit at around: A) 14 months. B) their second birthday. C) age 3. D) age 4.
B
Researchers find that _____ babies worldwide have secure attachment styles. A) virtually all B) about 2 in 3 C) about 1 in 2 D) a minority of
B
Sasha is a toddler. Sasha is _____. A) 8 months old B) 1 to 2 1/2 years old C) 2 1/2 to 3 years old D) 3 years old
B
The BEST sign that a 1-year-old is securely attached is when the child: A) separates easily from a primary caregiver. B) is thrilled to see a primary caregiver after a separation. C) becomes incredibly distressed when separated from a primary caregiver. D) becomes calm when a primary caregiver returns after a separation.
B
The attachment response: A) totally disappears after infancy. B) is evoked at any time of life when people feel threatened. C) is a symptom of dependency approximately after age 4. D) is reinforced by parents.
B
The most dramatic change in U.S. child care during the late twentieth century was the increase in: A) nannies. B) large day-care centers. C) moms who quit their jobs to stay home with their kids. D) neighbors caring for children.
B
The phase of clear-cut attachment: A) begins at about 4 months of age and lasts through age 1. B) starts at about 7 or 8 months of age and lasts through toddlerhood (till about age 3). C) begins at about age 1 and lasts through age 4. D) starts at about 18 months of age and lasts until kindergarten.
B
The text explains that attending an excellent preschool cannot have a great impact on low-income children's later academic achievement, because poor children: A) have parents who work long hours. B) go to substandard elementary schools and high schools. C) don't have enough to eat. D) have parents who rarely care about them.
B
The text's MAIN message is that early childhood poverty: A) always has a serious negative impact on development. B) can have a serious negative impact on development, unless caregivers are upbeat, sensitive, and loving. C) has little impact on development if, during elementary school, a family is no longer poor. D) is rare in the United States.
B
Too much mother love during infancy produces whiny, dependent adults." This statement would MOST likely be made by a(n): A) evolutionary psychologist. B) old-style behaviorist. C) Eriksonian theorist. D) psychoanalyst.
B
When choosing infant day care, a person should look for all of these qualities EXCEPT: A) low staff turnover. B) plenty of babies in each room. C) close to one-to-one care for each child. D) caring, empathic caregivers.
B
Which is NOT a message suggested by the research tracking eastern-European orphanage infants? A) Damage depends on the quality of the institution and the age when the baby leaves. B) Babies never recover from this early deprivation. C) Babies typically recover if they are adopted during very early infancy. D) Problems can crop up again as children reach the teenage years.
B
five-month-old Tracey is more easily soothed by her dad; she smiles and looks more at him than at others. Still, when Aunt Corrie comes for a visit, Tracey has no problem giving her a cuddle. Tracey is in the _____ phase. A) preattachment B) attachment-in-the-making C) clear-cut attachment D) working model
B
According to attachment theorists, which reason BEST explains what has happened when a caregiver and baby aren't attached, or "dancing well together"? A) It's the caregiver's fault. B) The baby has a difficult temperament. C) Either the baby has a difficult temperament and/or it's the caregiver's fault. D) This problem will persist throughout the child's life.
C
All of these forces work against academic success for poor children EXCEPT: A) living with more stressed-out caregivers. B) living in dangerous neighborhoods. C) attending family day care. D) living in crowded, substandard housing.
C
Attachment-in-the-making coincides with the onset of: A) the primary circular reactions. B) separation anxiety. C) the secondary circular reactions D) the first social smile.
C
If 1-year-old Erik doesn't seem to care when his mother leaves the room, and shows no reaction when she returns, Erik's attachment style is _____. A) secure B) disorganized C) avoidant D) anxious-ambivalent
C
Juanita, age 5, goes to kindergarten happily and without any distress. The MOST likely reason is that Juanita is: A) insecurely attached. B) securely attached. C) in the working-model phase of attachment. D) in the phase of attachment-in-the making.
C
Sara is teaching her 2-year-old to sit at the table and say "please." The name for this training is: A) habituation. B) committed compliance. C) socialization. D) assertive discipline.
C
Shyness is: A) caused by incompetent parenting. B) a warning sign of child abuse. C) an inborn tendency that can be evident throughout a person's life. D) an inborn tendency that usually disappears over time.
C
The _____ is a baby's primary attachment figure. A) child's dad. B) child's mom. C) person who spends the most time with a child. D) person who feeds the child.
C
These four babies have difficult temperaments. According to attachment theorists, which child is MOST likely to develop a secure attachment? A) Martin, whose mother keeps him on a strict schedule B) Nadia, whose child-care arrangements change frequently C) Olaf, whose mother is highly sensitive to his needs D) Paul, whose mother is frequently upset because nothing she does pleases her baby
C
What is the MAIN message from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHID) study of child care? A) Day care has a clear positive impact on development. B) Day care has neither a positive nor a negative impact on development. C) Long hours spent in day care can have a negative impact on development. D) Day care has a negative impact on all children.
C
Which inhibited toddler will MOST likely develop the best coping skills? A) Ramon, whose parents expose him to many stressful social situations to toughen him up B) Sadie, whose parents treat her as though she were made of glass and keep her insulated from frightening social experiences C) Theo, whose parents carefully expose him to less threatening social experiences D) Ursula, whose parents see no need to treat her any differently from any other child
C
Which is NOT a true statement about self-conscious emotions? A) They normally emerge during late toddlerhood. B) These emotions suggest that the child is becoming aware of being a "self." C) They predict having future emotional problems. D) These emotions are crucially important in socialization.
C
A baby's first social smile occurs at about 2 months of age and shows _____. A) intestinal gas B) attachment C) ambivalence D) a reflexive response
D
A mental health professional is concerned because a client and her baby don't seem to be attached, or "dancing well." Which is NOT a situation that could be true in this relationship? A) The client is depressed. B) This baby has a difficult temperament. C) The client is having marital troubles. D) This baby is the client's first child.
D
According to Bowlby, having a primary attachment figure is vital during: A) infancy. B) early childhood. C) childhood and adolescence. D) any time of life.
D
According to attachment theorists, a baby's attachment style is affected by all of the following forces EXCEPT: A) a caregiver's sensitivity. B) the child's temperament. C) the caregiver's other relationships. D) the climate of the world region where a child is raised.
D
All are major concerns that U.S. parents report when they send a baby to day care EXCEPT: A) "I'm worried about the expense." B) "I'm worried about the quality of care my child will receive." C) "I'm worried my child won't be as attached to me." D) "I'm worried that the setting is too far away."
D
All are true of early childhood poverty EXCEPT that it: A) impairs the quality of the attachment dance. B) leaves kids "behind" academically in kindergarten. C) promotes premature disease. D) affects a child's athletic abilities.
D
All of the following are forces that affect how children respond to daycare EXCEPT the: A) child's genetics. B) quality of caregiving at the center. C) child-caregiver ratio at the center. D) distance of the center from the child's home.
D
All of the following promote burnout in day-care workers EXCEPT: A) pay that is very low. B) low job status. C) working at a center with a high child-caregiver ratio. D) needing transportation to one's job.
D
Bella is pointing up flaws in the ideas of Bowlby and Ainsworth about infant attachment. Which is NOT a statement Bella should make? A) "Attachment security in infancy can change over time." B) "Attachment security in infancy depends on many forces, not just the caregiver." C) "Attachment security in infancy may not necessarily predict long-term mental health." D) "Attachment security in infancy is not important."
D
Dr. Caring is offering reasons why early childhood poverty has negative academic outcomes. He can make all of the following points EXCEPT: A) poor children have less stimulating experiences at home. B) low-income children are more apt to live in dangerous neighborhoods. C) poor children are more likely to have health problems. D) low-income children are less likely to attend Head Start.
D
Francesca and her husband have adopted a 2-year-old child from an eastern European orphanage. According to the research, which problem is the child LEAST likely to suffer from? A) deficits in attention B) difficulties getting attached to any person C) indiscriminate friendliness D) difficulties walking
D
Francesca and her husband have adopted a child from an eastern European orphanage. Which is NOT a suggestion based on the related research? A) The child is at risk of having a reactive attachment disorder. B) There should be no negative effects on development if the child is younger than 6 months old when adopted. C) The child is at risk of having attention problems. D) There should be no negative effects on development if this child is a boy.
D
In evaluating the quality of different day cares, which question is LEAST important to consider? A) Are the caregivers sensitive and nurturing? B) What is the caregiver-child ratio? C) Is there staff stability? D) Is the setting very close to home?
D
In explaining the attachment response, Dr. Love might make all of the following comments EXCEPT: A) "It's genetically built into the human species (and others)." B) "It's programmed to appear during infancy." C) "It helps promote survival." D) "It disappears when people reach old age."
D
People use social referencing to pace and modify their behavior: A) only during infancy. B) only during childhood. C) only during adolescence. D) at every age.
D
To a mom is who is worried about putting her baby in day care, Dr. Athalie should give all of the following heartening bits of advice EXCEPT: A) "There are many exceptional facilities." B) "The care provided at home matters most." C) "The baby will probably still be securely attached to you." D) "There are never any negative effects from day care."
D
Which event is LEAST likely to evoke proximity-seeking behavior? A) learning you have a serious disease B) listening to your boss insult you C) leaving for a dangerous part of the world D) arriving at a job
D
Which is NOT a bottom-line message of the text's attachment discussion? A) Profound attachment deprivation is more difficult to overcome. B) Enduring attachment deprivation is more difficult to overcome. C) Attachment security can change over time for the better or for the worse. D) Attachment security is irrelevant to development.
D
Which is NOT a finding that helped Bowlby formulate attachment theory? A) Monkeys raised without moms couldn't socially relate as adults. B) Orphanage babies were apathetic and mentally disturbed. C) Baby geese would follow forever "an object" that they saw at a specific time after birth. D) Babies love their moms more than other people in their lives.
D
Which is NOT a message of this chapter's discussion relating to toddler temperaments? A) Fit the environment to a child's temperamental style. B) What looks like "a problem" in one environment can be a plus in another setting. C) A child's basic temperament is genetically determined. D) A child's basic temperament can be completely altered by changing the environment.
D
Which young child is MOST likely to obey the rule "Don't touch this toy till dinner"? A) Gretchen, an active, fearless child of age 4 B) Hai, an active fearless child of age 2 C) Irina, an anxious child of age 2 D) Harry, an anxious child of age 4
D
Yao is devising a checklist to help parents evaluate early child-care settings. Which is NOT a question that should appear on Yao's list? A) Are there very few children per caregiver? B) Is there little staff turnover? C) Is the staff empathic and committed to this field? D) Does the staff have advanced degrees?
D
if a dad who is a primary caregiver says that he is upset about leaving his baby and going to work, this feeling MOST often illustrates: A) insecurity. B) paranoia. C) excessive dependency. D) a normal response.
D