Human Development Chapter 8 Study Guide

Research with gay people suggests that people's first sexual feelings arise at _____ years of age.

10

What is the current average age of first sexual intercourse for adolescent girls and boys in the United States?

17.8 for girls and 18 for boys

About 1 in _____ adolescents report having intercourse outside of a committed relationship.

5

On average, the physical changes of puberty take about _____ to complete.

5 years

Of adolescents who engage in sexual intercourse outside of a committed relationship, _____ percent reported that their partner was someone that they knew well.

75

When does sexually abusive behavior between peers first emerge?

7th or 8th grade

Since she watches _____, one can predict that Catalina, a 15-year-old Latina girl, will be less vulnerable to body-image issues. -mainstream American TV shows -African American-oriented TV shows -the nightly TV news -reality TV shows

African American-oriented TV shows

What question would one ask a teen to BEST predict whether that teen has high self-esteem? -Do you have a lot of friends? -Are you good at athletics? -Are you intelligent? -Are you attractive?

Are you attractive?

Which of the following 14-year-old girls is LEAST likely to be sexually active? -Bianca, whose parents are very religious -Sarah, who is a risk-taker and has low self-worth -Therese, who spends time watching sexually explicit movies -Denise, whose boyfriend is 3 years older than her

Bianca, whose parents are very religious

_____ psychologists predict that family stress evokes a younger puberty timetable, as it would enable a person to "leave the nest" sooner.

Evolutionary

Who is likely to become sexually active at the youngest age? -Tracy, a middle-class European American female -Henry, a low-SES European American male -Franklin, a low-SES African American male -T'wellen, a low-SES African American female

Franklin, a low-SES African American male

The command center that produces the physical changes of puberty is the:

HPG axis

The main hormonal system that programs puberty; it involves a triggering hypothalamic hormone that causes the pituitary to secrete its hormones, which in turn cause the ovaries and testes to develop and secrete the hormones that produce the major body changes.

HPG axis

Which of the following statements is true about bulimia? -It is far less common than anorexia. -Its victims often weigh within the normal range. -It involves seriously restricting calories. -It is more life-threatening than anorexia.

Its victims often weigh within the normal range.

Which of the following statements about eating disorders is false? -They have a hereditary component. -They are often comorbid with anxiety and depression. -People never outgrow these problems. -Their prevalence is highest among upper-middle-class females.

People never outgrow these problems.

__________ refer to the body changes directly involved in reproduction. The growth of the penis and menstruation are examples of primary sexual characteristics.

Primary sexual characteristics

Pick the primary twentieth-century trend in puberty. -Girls are unable to get pregnant until later in puberty. -Puberty is happening at a wider variety of ages. -Puberty is happening earlier for boys than girls. -Puberty is occurring at younger ages.

Puberty is occurring at younger ages.

Which statement is false? -The prevalence of chlamydia in teenagers in Canada is very high. -Most teens have sex within a steady romantic relationship. -Rates of teenage sexual intercourse are at an all-time high. -Rates of teen pregnancy are higher in the United States than in many other developed nations.

Rates of teenage sexual intercourse are at an all-time high.

____________ is the label for the hundreds of other changes that accompany puberty, such as breast development, the growth of pubic hair, voice changes, and alterations in the person's skin.

Secondary sexual characteristics

_____ is a cultural code that gives men greater sexual freedom than women.

Sexual double standard

What hormonal chain reaction triggers the onset of puberty?

The hypothalamic hormones cause the pituitary to secrete hormones, causing the ovaries and testes to develop and secrete hormones.

Which of the following is the first sign of puberty in boys?

The penis and testes grow.

What might be a tip-off that a teen boy or girl wants to become sexually active?

The teen gravitates to sexually explicit media.

Which is NOT a feature of anorexia nervosa? -a total obsession with not eating -dropping to well below an ideal weight -a total obsession with health -a distorted view of one's body size

a total obsession with health

Who is LEAST likely to be influenced by the media's thin ideal? -an Asian American girl who does not identify with mainstream Western ideas about beauty -an African American girl who identifies with mainstream Western ideas about beauty -a European American girl who identifies with mainstream Western ideas about beauty -an African American girl who does not identify with mainstream Western ideas about beauty

an African American girl who does not identify with mainstream Western ideas about beauty

Christina, an early-maturing girl, will be MOST likely to experience:

an interest in older friends

Both anorexia and bulimia involve:

an obsession with being thin

A potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by pathological dieting (resulting in severe weight loss and, in females, loss of menstruation) and by a distorted body image.

anorexia nervosa

Debbie weighs about 82 percent of her ideal body weight, yet she sees herself as obese and has severely restricted her diet, frequently skipping meals. Debbie suffers from:

anorexia nervosa

According to research, MOST of today's teens: -feel intense pressure to be virgins. -are comfortable deciding their own sexual path. -feel intense pressure to have sex. -are having sex at a younger age than ever before.

are comfortable deciding their own sexual path.

Abstinence-focused sex education programs in the United States: -are infrequently offered. -have decreased the rate of STIs. -are not very effective. -are highly effective.

are not very effective.

Girls tend to _____ after puberty.

become stronger

Pick the factor that does NOT encourage an early "transition to intercourse." -having an older boyfriend or girlfriend -having a best friend who is having sex -being the youngest sibling in a family -being an early maturer

being the youngest sibling in a family

A newly labeled eating disorder defined by recurrent, out-of-control binging.

binge eating disorder

Bulimia involves:

binging and purging

During and after puberty: -girls become thinner than during elementary school. -boys become much stronger than girls. -girls become weaker than during elementary school. -both genders become equally strong.

boys become much stronger than girls.

An eating disorder characterized by at least biweekly cycles of binging and purging in an obsessive attempt to lose weight.

bulimia nervosa

Ellen is within 15 pounds of her ideal body weight, yet she constantly worries about becoming obese. Usually, she eats a reasonable diet. When her self-control falters, she binge-eats, indulging herself in a dozen donuts at one sitting. She makes up for these lapses by forcing herself to regurgitate the food. Ellen probably suffers from:

bulimia nervosa

With regard to puberty, developmentalists recommend: -that fathers make a special effort to discuss puberty with their daughters. -that mothers make a special effort to discuss puberty with their sons. -discussing puberty after the overt physical changes begin to occur. -changing to K-8 schools or having smaller, more intimate schools for preteens.

changing to K-8 schools or having smaller, more intimate schools for preteens.

Girls become MOST self-conscious about their developing bodies:

during puberty

A pathological obsession with getting and staying thin. The best-known eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

eating disorders

What causes adolescent girls' breasts to grow and hips to widen?

estrogen

Which of the following environmental factors is NOT tied to an earlier onset of puberty? -absence of a father -family stress -obesity -family size

family size

The hormone leptin is sensitive to the amount of _____ in the body.

fat

Which of the following does NOT encourage teenage eating disorders? -feeling in control of one's life -having low self-efficacy and self-esteem -having internalizing tendencies -adhering to the thin ideal

feeling in control of one's life

Another name for the testes and ovaries is:

gonads

Long-term research on adolescents with eating disorders shows that MOST will:

grow out of the disorder

Pick the primary sexual characteristic. -changes in a male's voice -development of breasts -growth of the penis -growth of armpit hair

growth of the penis

During puberty, the cephalocaudal and proximodistal trend reverses, meaning that the:

hands, feet, and legs mature before the trunk and head.

Which factor has NO impact on teenage dieting and body image concerns? -having siblings -being teased by peers -media messages stressing thinness -reaching puberty and dating

having siblings

Testosterone is produced:

in both boys and girls

When is one likely to first experience sexual feelings?

in fourth grade

Which of the following qualities is found in young adults with eating disorders? -flexible personality -high self-esteem -feeling in control -insecure attachment

insecure attachment

When is an eating disorder MOST likely to develop?

late teens or early twenties

Which substance is critically involved in the onset of puberty?

leptin

Compared to European American girls, African American girls are _____ the media messages that stress being thin.

less vulnerable to

A core problem for people with eating disorders is:

low self-efficacy

The thin ideal stems from _____ about how women should look.

media-driven messages to women

A female's first menstruation is called:

menarche

The main index that researchers use to measure the secular trend in puberty is when:

menarche occurs

Jessica has just entered sixth grade. In eleventh grade, Jessica will probably be _____ with her physical appearance.

more dissatisfied

Research suggests that: -thin people are seen as more attractive than people of normal weight. -there are objective standards for being judged attractive. -personality weighs heavily in whether one is judged attractive. -people are either attractive or not.

personality weighs heavily in whether one is judged attractive.

The internal and external changes related to physically becoming an adult are called:

puberty

A coming-of-age ritual in traditional cultures is called a(n):

puberty rite

Being obese or having a high BMI predicts:

reaching puberty at a younger age for girls

Teens want more information about _____ in sex education classes.

relationships

Which of the following is NOT a predictor for engaging in intercourse at an early age? -socioeconomic status -ethnicity -religious affiliation -entering puberty earlier than peers

religious affiliation

Pick the word that BEST characterizes boys' reaction to spermarche. -disgusted -secretive -horrified -proud

secretive

A decline in the average age at which children reach puberty is known as the:

secular trend in puberty

The male sign of fertility—an event in boys comparable to menarche in girls—is called:

spermarche

Ovaries are to estrogen as testes are to:

testosterone

What programs one's first sexual feelings?

the adrenal androgens

Pick the first sign of puberty in girls. -changes in hip shape -underarm hair -menarche -the growth spurt

the growth spurt

Which of the following is a primary sexual characteristic? -the growth of pubic hair -the growth spurt -the maturation of ovaries -the growth of breasts

the maturation of ovaries

The Western media-driven culture that promotes the idea that females need to be abnormally skinny is referred to as the _____ ideal.

thin

Pamela is a 14-year-old girl. Statistically, her first sexual experience will MOST likely occur:

within a steady relationship