Human development unit 3

gender identity

An awareness that they are either a boy or girl

Systemize

Analyze and explore how things work (make)

gender consistency

Understanding that our gender remains the same throughout our lives

Adolescents who have secure attachments with their parents have a. lower levels of social competence. b. higher levels of stranger anxiety c. higher levels of self-esteem. d. lower levels of compassion.

c. higher levels of self-esteem.

Considering the bias that problem teenagers have in processing environmental cues, their aggressive behavior is actually ________. : a. empathic b. reciprocal c. defensive d. prosocial

c. defensive

Estella and John are getting ready to celebrate their 35th wedding anniversary. Which of the following reflects their sex life relative to when they celebrated their 10th anniversary? a. drop in quality and rise in quantity b. rise in quality and drop in quantity c. drop in quality and drop in quantity d. rise in quality and rise in quantity

c. drop in quality and drop in quantity

What is the highest level of peer interaction that infants can attain by age 2? a. reciprocal exchange b. turn-taking c. friendship d. chumship

c. friendship

Which is the LEAST developmentally advanced description of a friend? a. "He is so smart that everyone likes him." b. "He sometimes is nice and other times is mean." c. "He is pretty good at math." d. "He has a big head and blue eyes."

"He has a big head and blue eyes."

Which statement concerning vocational development in adolescence is true? : a. In women, holding traditional gender-role attitudes tends to lead to higher vocational aspirations. b. The fit between one's self-concept, personality, and occupation is unimportant. c. Minority status may lead one to lower or compromise one's career plans. d. Chance events seldom impact career decisions.

. Minority status may lead one to lower or compromise one's career plans.

Androgenized females

A genetic female who was exposed to male sex hormones during the prenatal period and therefore developed malelike external genitals and some masculine behaviors.

Which if the following is a component of a woman's gender

Attire

Androgyny

Balancing or blending of both agentic traits and communal traits

Gender stability happens around age 3

Coming to know that gender identity is stable over time

Bio-social theory

Early biological developments influence how people react to a child, these reactions have much to do with a child's assumes gender roles

Agency (male)

Emphasis traits of dominance, independence, assertiveness, and competitiveness

Communality

Emphasizes connectedness and includes traits of emotionality and sensitivity to others

The last of Abe's 5 children has recently gotten married and moved away. Which of the following is Abe most likely to do in the next couple of years?

Go to church

gender stereotypes

Inaccurate beliefs about the characteristics of all males and females

Gender similarities hypothesis

Males and females are similar on most but not all, psychological variables

gender roles

The patterns of behavior that females and males should adopt in a particular society

Which two groups view violations of gender roles most negatively?

Young elementary school aged children and adolescents

Regarding attachment, which is true? a. A secure attachment to one's father can compensate for poor attachment with one's mother. b. Life events do not impact an attachment style once it has been formed. c. Insecurely attached infants will have emotional problems all their lives. d. The quality of attachments in childhood does not predict later social competence.

a. A secure attachment to one's father can compensate for poor attachment with one's mother.

Which statement reflects Kohlberg's conventional morality? a. Buckle up, it's the law. b. Do your own thing. c. It's me against the world. d. Rules are made to be broken

a. Buckle up, it's the law

Ms. Chao assigned Leon to be room monitor while she went to the office to take a phone call. Within a minute, the first grade class devolved into chaos. When Ms. Chao returned, what did Leon say warranted the most serious punishment? a. Miguel biting Brad on his elbow b. Susie sneaking up to take a drink c. Tam and Ella passing secret notes d. Asha scribbling on Paul's desk

a. Miguel biting Brad on his elbow

Which statement best summarizes the research on the "midlife crisis"? : a. Most people experience some self-questioning at midlife but not a significant crisis. b. Most males experience a significant midlife crisis, but few females have such an experience. c. Most females experience a significant midlife crisis, but few males have such an experience. d. Most people experience a significant midlife crisis.

a. Most people experience some self-questioning at midlife but not a significant crisis.

What is the developmental relationship between ideal self, present self, and future self? a. The three aspects of self are most similar in the elderly adult years. b. The three aspects of self are most similar in the teenage years. c. The three aspects of self are most similar in the middle-aged years. d. The three aspects of self are most similar in the young adult years.

a. The three aspects of self are most similar in the elderly adult years

Which question would you be most likely to find on a sociometric assessment? a. Which classmate do you really like? b. What makes you feel sad? c. Does mommy make you feel safe? d. Do you feel good about yourself?

a. Which classmate do you really like?

Who is most likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior in high school? a. a European American teenager b. a Scandinavian teenager c. a Hispanic American teenager d. a Japanese teenager

a. a European American teenager

When Lamont saw Debbie looking at her neighbor's paper during the spelling test, he immediately raised his hand and told the teacher that Debbie was cheating. Which component of morality is Lamont demonstrating? a. behavioral b. reciprocal c. cognitive d. emotional

a. behavioral

A positive sense of ethnic identity : a. can protect an adolescent from damaging effects of racial prejudice. b. has little to do with parental behavior. c. tends to be completed by elementary school. d. is seldom found in African-American adolescents.

a. can protect an adolescent from damaging effects of racial prejudice.

According to James Marcia, adolescent identity can be classified into one of four statuses that are based on the key issues of a. crisis and commitment. b. comparison and crisis. c. conscientiousness and comparison. d. commitment and conscientiousness.

a. crisis and commitment.

During adolescence, : a. crowd affiliation has implications for social identity. b. peer influences are typically negative. c. those with friends are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior. d. crowd membership is best predicted by personality factors.

a. crowd affiliation has implications for social identity.

By any standard, Viola would be considered a young adult who has achieved a stable and positive identity. What type of parenting style did Viola's parents likely practice when she was growing up? : a. democratic b. authoritarian c. uninvolved d. permissive

a. democratic

The process by which children become aware of the fact that they are either male or female and that there are different cultural expectations concerning the pattern of behavior for the two sexes is called a. gender typing. b. sexual orienting. c. gender-role stereotyping. d. androgenizing.

a. gender typing

Companionate love is best characterized by a. high levels of intimacy and commitment, but low levels of passion. b. high levels of intimacy, commitment, and passion. c. high levels of commitment and passion, but low levels of intimacy. d. high levels of passion, but low levels of intimacy and passion.

a. high levels of intimacy and commitment, but low levels of passion.

Zola puts her toys away in the toy chest and goes to eat dinner. Her brother, unbeknownst to her, decides to take all of her toys and put them under his bed. As a child who has a theory of mind, when Zola returns after dinner, she will a. look for her toys in the toy chest. b. not remember anything about her toys. c. look for her toys where her brother has hidden them. d. try to think of where her brother likes to hide things.

a. look for her toys in the toy chest.

Robin has successfully completed her moratorium stage and is ready to navigate the world committed to her goals and values. On the Big Five scale, she likely scored low on ________. a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. conscientiousness d. agreeableness

a. neuroticism

Irene has been a secretary for 40 years. Despite her advancing age, her typing skills remain excellent. This is mostly due to the fact that she continues to practice her typing every day. The Baltes' model would suggest that the process of _____ is most responsible for Irene's continued high level of performance. a. optimization b. compensation c. stagnation d. selective

a. optimization

Which is true regarding personality during adulthood? a. There is little stability of personality traits between young and old adulthood. b. Broad personality dimensions, such as extroversion and neuroticism, are fairly stable across adulthood. c. Personality traits cannot be measured in older adults. d. An introverted young adult will most likely become an extraverted older adult.

b. Broad personality dimensions, such as extroversion and neuroticism, are fairly stable across adulthood

Why is pretend play important for the development of social cognition? a. It follows common rules. b. It takes place in the mind. c. It requires cooperation. d. It demands joint attention.

b. It takes place in the mind.

What is the best advice concerning successful aging? a. Older adults should strive to follow younger role models. b. Older adults should find a good fit for their personality and environment. c. Older adults need to keep active and engaged. d. Older adults need to be allowed to disengage.

b. Older adults should find a good fit for their personality and environment.

Which action is the best example of a power assertion form of discipline? a. Telling a child that you hate him b. Taking away a child's television privileges c. Taking away parental love from a child d. Telling a child that a child who gets hit feels bad

b. Taking away a child's television privileges

Which question best exemplifies the identity and role confusion conflict? a. Am I the fastest runner in my class? b. What kind of moral values do I have? c. Has my life been worthwhile? d. Have I produced something that will outlive me?

b. What kind of moral values do I have?

An individual who is at Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development is most likely to a. ignore the intent of an act and focus on its impact. b. behave in ways that earn the approval and avoid the disapproval of others. c. do anything to avoid being punished. d. do something nice for someone so that the individual will be rewarded in return.

b. behave in ways that earn the approval and avoid the disapproval of others.

As he enters his final year of high school, Hakeem has a pretty solid sense of who he is and where he wants to go in life. From a cognitive perspective, Hakeem has mastered ________. a. effortful control b. concrete operations c. postformal thought d. formal operations

b. concrete operations

Which of the following would be considered a dispositional trait? : a. feeling anxious starting a new job b. feeling worried about life in general c. feeling nervous about a final exam d. feeling fear at a bloody horror movie

b. feeling worried about life in general

Which of the following will be the most effective indicator that a person will behave ethically at work? a. being at Kohlberg's Stage 3 b. having a strong moral identity c. being at Kohlberg's Stage 4 d. having weak power assertion

b. having a strong moral identity

Which of the following terms best describes the process of forming attachments in humans? : a. automatic b. interactive c. unitary d. biological

b. interactive

The period of experimenting with different roles that is so common during adolescence is referred to as the _____ period. a. temperament b. moratorium c. joint attention d. foreclosure

b. moratorium

As an individual who subscribes to socioemotional selectivity theory, Darlene is most likely to believe that a. older adults experience significantly more negative emotions than young adults. b. older adults seek interactions that are emotionally meaningful. c. having fewer friends in older adulthood is a sign of potential psychosis. d. social networks in adulthood serve no useful purpose.

b. older adults seek interactions that are emotionally meaningful.

With regard to gender-role development, social learning theorists have been criticized for a. placing too little emphasis on the role of differential reinforcement. b. portraying children as passive participants in the developmental process. c. overemphasizing the role of biological factors. d. denying the role that the media (e.g., television) play in promoting gender typing.

b. portraying children as passive participants in the developmental process.

According to cognitive-developmental theory, the initial phase of gender identity is established around age 2 or 3, when a child : a. first begins to be treated differently by their parents. b. recognizes that they are a male or female. c. realizes that boys and girls do different things. d. first begins to use the terms "boy" and "girl."

b. recognizes that they are a male or female.

The slow-to-warm-up temperament is characterized by a. high levels of activity and mild reactions to change in routine. b. relative inactivity and mild reactions to change in routine. c. high levels of activity and intense reactions to change in routine. d. relative inactivity and intense reactions to change in routine.

b. relative inactivity and mild reactions to change in routine.

Jackson is about to retire. In preparation, he has begun to take up golf as a way to fill some of the time he would normally have been at work. Jackson's response best fits with the _____ theory concerning successful aging. a. disengagement b. temperament c. activity d. stagnation

c. activity

Compared to other clients' family members, the staff at the Sunnyside Retirement Home notices that Shanelle comes to visit her mother more frequently and is more engaged in her care plan and progress. How would Shanelle's attachment style in her own marriage be characterized? a. codependent b. secure c. fearful d. preoccupied

b. secure

Which statement concerning childhood friendships is FALSE? : a. Many unpopular children have at least one reciprocal friend. b. Having a friend increases the odds of being happy. c. Having a chum is not as good as having a friend. d. True friends are not considered attachment figures.

c. Having a chum is not as good as having a friend.

Which is the primary distinction between associative and cooperative play? a. Cooperative play involves sharing the same materials while associative play does not. b. Cooperative play emerges during the concrete-operational period while associative play emerges during preoperational thought. c. Cooperative play involves activities directed toward a common goal and associative play does not. d. Cooperative play involves interaction between playmates while associative play does not.

c. Cooperative play involves activities directed toward a common goal and associative play does not.

Which of the following fourth grade students is likely to retain a rejected sociometric status throughout their school years? a. Jaden, who is insecure b. Tomiko, who is quiet c. Danielle, who is a bully d. Rajesh, who is snobby

c. Danielle, who is a bully

According to Dumpy (1963), the typical developmental sequence of events in the adolescent peer group is : a. heterosexual crowds, isolated unisex cliques, interaction between unisex cliques, groups of couples. b. isolated unisex groups, heterosexual crowds, interaction between heterosexual groups, groups of cliques. c. isolated unisex cliques, interaction between unisex cliques, heterosexual cliques, fully developed crowds. d. isolated heterosexual cliques, interaction between heterosexual crowds, unisex cliques, groups of couples.

c. isolated unisex cliques, interaction between unisex cliques, heterosexual cliques, fully developed crowds.

Which of the following is a key factor in the decrease of social relationships for older adults? : a. homogamy b. career c. selectivity d. culture

c. selectivity

What are the key characteristics of someone with the personality dimension of high agreeableness? : a. a high achiever and a person with self-discipline b. hostile and anxious c. trustworthy and compliant d. open to fantasy and interested in variety

c. trustworthy and compliant

Separation anxiety generally appears a. at the time when infants begin to express a preference for familiar people. b. at the time when infants begin to prefer human to nonhuman stimuli. c. when the child forms his or her first genuine attachment. d. toward the end of the preoperational period.

c. when the child forms his or her first genuine attachment.

Which of the following is an example of the emotional component of morality? a. Knowing that you made the right decision in a difficult situation b. Taking some food from the cafeteria without paying for it c. Feeling good about giving money to charity d. Jumping up and down in joy after you win the lottery

c. Feeling good about giving money to charity

Which of the following children is likely to exhibit the most aggressive behavior? a. Rico, who is 1 year old b. Reba, who is 4 years old c. Hakim, who is 3 years old d. Elaine, who is 2 years old

c. Hakim, who is 3 years old

Regarding moral development in adulthood, which is true? : a. Moral reasoning deteriorates significantly in old age. b. Moral development in older males progresses at a faster rate than in older females. c. Postconventional thinking emerges only during adulthood. d. The majority of older adults are preconventional thinkers.

c. Postconventional thinking emerges only during adulthood.

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, a. teenagers are biologically programmed to be more conforming. b. the older we get, the more important it becomes to acquire knowledge. c. shrinking social networks in adulthood are by choice. d. most older adults will conduct a life review.

c. shrinking social networks in adulthood are by choice.

Which is the most developmentally advanced description of a friend? a. "He is tall, hairy, and smells like smoke." b. "He has a cool car and rides around a lot." c. "He is a really good dancer." d. "He buys me ice cream because he's generous."

d. "He buys me ice cream because he's generous."

Which statement concerning emotional lives is true? : a. Older adults require large social networks to feel happy and fulfilled. b. Younger adults experience longer-lasting periods of positive emotions. c. Older adults have more depressed emotional lives than young adults. d. Negative emotions are less common in older adults than in younger adults.

d. Negative emotions are less common in older adults than in younger adults.

Which provides the best example of a perspective-taking skill? : a. Realizing that an object hidden in one place may have been moved to another place. b. Believing that your position on an issue is the most accurate. c. Deciding that the most moral decisions are ones in which you personally benefit. d. Understanding that the person across the table has beliefs in direct opposition to yours.

d. Understanding that the person across the table has beliefs in direct opposition to yours.

Moral disengagement a. is a basic component of the theory of mind. b. tends to only be found in individuals with conduct disorders. c. is found exclusively in premoral thinkers. d. allows a person to justify his or her own immoral behavior.

d. allows a person to justify his or her own immoral behavior.

or Kohlberg, the outcome of the three childhood stages of gender development is the acquisition of gender a. moratorium. b. flexibility. c. androgyny. d. constancy.

d. constancy.

If you were to assess the domain identity status of 100 typical high school juniors concerning occupational choice, gender-role attitudes, religious beliefs, and political ideologies, you should expect to find a. the highest status on gender roles and the lowest on religious beliefs. b. the highest status on political ideologies and the lowest on occupational choice. c. the same level of status in all for domains. d. different levels of status in most of the domains.

d. different levels of status in most of the domains.

Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender typing suggests all of the following EXCEPT that a. there are critical periods for the establishment of gender identity. b. early biological developments influence how parents label and treat a child at birth. c. gender-role development is strongly influenced by socialization. d. fetal chromosomal differences determine gender-role behavior.

d. fetal chromosomal differences determine gender-role behavior.

Cedric has always considered a career in professional baseball as his best career option. Lately, he's begun to question this choice. In fact, he's been trying other sports to see if they may be more of what he wants in life. James Marcia would say that Cedric is currently experiencing _____ status concerning his career goals. : a. identity achievement b. foreclosure c. diffusion d. moratorium

d. moratorium

When asked to describe his sister Maggie, Jake says, "It's like she is afraid all the time." If accurate, this statement indicates that Maggie would likely score high on a measure of a. effortful control. b. foreclosure. c. conscientiousness. d. negative affectivity.

d. negative affectivity.

Wanda is 58 and suffers from inflammatory arthritis in her knees and hips. What was Wanda's likely sociometric status in fifth grade? a. neglected b. controversial c. average d. rejected

d. rejected

Mirror neurons are activated when a person a. sees and speaks a word at the same time. b. engages in an activity witnessed the previous day. c. says what someone else is thinking. d. sees someone doing an action they have previously performed .

d. sees someone doing an action they have previously performed .

According to Bowlby, the underlying drive for infants and parents to form attachments is ________. a. security b. affection c. contact d. survival

d. survival

Cognitive developmental theorists tend to view moral reasoning as involving a. a genetic predisposition toward helping that is based on the evolutionary need to survive. b. a battle between id, ego, and superego. c. a set of behaviors acquired through observation. d. the progression through an invariant sequence of ways of thinking.

d. the progression through an invariant sequence of ways of thinking

In general, young adolescents a. show significantly fewer sex difference on tests of cognitive abilities. b. are more accepting of peers' cross-sex interests than they are likely to be as adults. c. make less negative judgments of peers who violate traditional gender roles than do those in middle childhood. d. view gender-role violations as a sign of psychological abnormality.

d. view gender-role violations as a sign of psychological abnormality.

In terms of regulating moods and emotions, Sarah would be considered contrahedonic. How old is Sarah? : a. 29 b. 61 c. 42 d. 17

d. 17

gender intensification

gender differences may be magnified by hormonal changes associated with puberty and increased pressure to conform to gender roles

childhood gender nonconformity

not adhering to the typical gender-role norms expected for members of one's assigned gender group

Gender schemata

organized sets of beliefs and expectations about males and females that influence the kinds of information they will attend to and remember

Biological sex

physical characteristics that define male and female

Gender segregation

separating themselves into boys' and girls' peer groups and interacting far more often with their own sex than with the other sex

double standard

sexual behavior that is viewed as appropriate for males is considered inappropriate for females

Parental imperative

the requirement that mothers and fathers adopt different roles to raise children successfully