HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP, CAPULIN VOLCANO NATIONAL MONUMENT, NEW MEXICO The figure presents a topographic map of Capulin Volcano National Monument in New Mexico. A legend in the bottom right corner of the map indicates that a gray line indicates Contour Lines and a bolded line indicates a road. A graphic scale on the bottom left corner of the map indicates the distance from 0 to 0.5 miles. Contour lines on the map indicate elevations ranging from 7000 to 8060. A road is shown from the left side of the map to the center of the map. Source: United States Geological Survey Which of the following map scales would be used for the topographic map shown?

1:24,000

In 1854, London physician Dr. John Snow mapped the spatial relationship between deaths from the waterborne disease cholera and the locations of water pumps which brought in water directly from tunnels connected to the River Thames. From Snow's research it was determined that a public water pump had been contaminated by sewage. What geographic principle explains the significance of Snow's research?

B Even in areas of urban land use, there is a significant relationship between nature and society.

Which of the following statements best explains the concept of sustainability?

C Natural resource use should be balanced with the needs of the environment and future generations because many resources are non renewable

The figure presents a 5 column table titled "Selected Statistics for German States, Lander." The heading for column 1 is "State (Lander)." The heading for column 2 is "Total Population." The heading for column 3 is "Number of Children Born in 2016." The heading for column 4 is "Average Life Expectancy, in years." The heading for column 5 is "Income per capita, in euros." There are five rows of data in the table. The data are as follows. Row 1. North Rhine-Westphalia: Total Population: 17,912,134; Number of Children Born in 2016: 173,274; Average Life Expectancy: 80.34; Income per capita: 21,614. Row 2. Bavaria: Total Population: 12,997,204; Number of Children Born in 2016: 125,686; Average Life Expectancy: 81.36; Income per capita: 24,026. Row 3. Baden-Wurttemberg: Total Population: 11,023,425; Number of Children Born in 2016: 107,487; Average Life Expectancy: 81.76; Income per capita: 23,947. Row 4. Lower Saxony: Total Population: 7,962,775; Number of Children Born in 2016: 75,215; Average Life Expectancy: 80.42; Income per capita: 21,045. Row 5. Hesse: Total Population: 6,243,262; Number of Children Born in 2016: 60,731; Average Life Expectancy: 81.18; Income per capita: 22,454. Source: Federal Statistical Office of Germany Which of the following types of information is shown in the table?

Census data

COUNTY-LEVEL DATA The figure presents three maps of the United States titled "County Level Data." Each map shows varying shades of gray. Three keys are provided. The key for map 1 is labeled "Population Density per Square Mile," and indicates that black represents Greater than 1,000, dark gray represents 101 through 1,000, light gray represents 10 through 100, and white represents Less than 10. In map 1, most areas of gray and dark gray are located in the eastern half of the United States. Areas of gray and dark gray are also concentrated along the west coast of the United States. The key for map 2 is labeled "Percent Over Age 65," and indicates that black represents 20.1% through 43.4%, dark gray represents 15.1% through 20%, light gray represents 10.1% through 15%, and white represents 0% through 10%. In map 2, nearly the entire map is shaded to some degree, with only small areas of white throughout the map. The white portions of the map are concentrated mostly in the western half of the country. Most of the shading is gray or dark gray, with concentrations of black mainly in the Midwest, the Great Plains region, and the western United States. The key for map 3 is labeled "Average Number of People per Household," and indicates that black represents Greater than 3.0, dark gray represents 2.6 through 2.9, light gray represents 2.1 through 2.5, and white represents Less than 2.0. In map 3, nearly the entire map is shaded to some degree. The map is shaded mostly light gray, with areas of dark gray scattered throughout the map. Areas of black are concentrated mostly in the southwestern United States. The maps show data most likely collected through

Census surveys

PERCENT OF STATE WORKFORCE IN MANUFACTURING, 2019 The figure presents a map of the United States, titled "Percent of State Workforce in Manufacturing, 2019." A key labeled "Percent of Workforce in Manufacturing Jobs," indicates that the following three categories are represented on the map: 7.6% to 10.3%, 5.1% to 7.5%, and below 5%. The data presented by category are as follows. 7.6% to 10.3%: Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, South Dakota, and Kansas. 5.1% to 7.5%: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Utah, and Idaho. Below 5%: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, California, Alaska, and Hawaii. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Which of the following map types is shown

Choropleth

ADULT LITERACY RATE BY COUNTRY The figure presents a map of the world titled, Adult Literacy Rate by Country. A key labeled Adult Literacy Rate indicates that different shading and patterns on the map represent the following 6 categories: 1. 95% to 100%; 2. 90% to 94.9%; 3. 75% to 89.9%; 4. 50% to 74.9%; 5. 15% to 44.9%; and 6. no data. The data given by the map are as follows. Adult literacy rates fall between 95% to 100% in the following locations: the United States, Canada, Cuba, Costa Rica, Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Thailand, most of Europe, and most of central and east Asia. Adult literacy rates fall between 90% to 94.9% in the following locations: most of Central and South America including Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil; South Africa; portions of North Africa and the Middle East including Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Oman; and a portion of Southeast Asia including Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Adult literacy rates fall between 75% to 89.9% in the following locations: a portion of Central America including Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala, portions of Africa and the Middle East including Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. Adult literacy rates fall between 50% to 74.9% in the following locations: Yemen, Pakistan, India, Laos, Cambodia, and Papua New Guinea, and portions of Africa including Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Madagascar, Morocco, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Sudan. Adult literacy rates fall between 15% to 44.9% in the following locations: portions of Africa including the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Chad, Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, and Mauritania. No data is available for Afghanistan, Antarctica, and Greenland. Source: World Bank Which of the following best describes the spatial pattern of adult literacy rates presented in the map?

E It provides a perspective on each country's level of social development.

NEW YORK POPULATION DENSITY AT DIFFERENT SCALES The figure presents three maps titled New York Population Density at Different Scales. Each map is shown at a different scale for the following locations: New York State, New York City, and the Borough of Manhattan. Each map shows population density in varying shades of gray. The first map shows New York State. The counties of the state are shaded. Counties with the lightest shades of gray are located in the northern, central, and western portions of the state. Counties with darker shades of gray are located in portions of western, central, and southern portions of the state. The counties in the darkest shade of gray are located in the southernmost portion of the state, including New York City. The second map shows New York City. The neighborhoods of the city are shaded. The map consists neighborhoods shaded in the medium shades of gray, darker shades of gray, and darkest shade of gray. Manhattan is included in the darkest shade of gray. The third map shows the Borough of Manhattan. The census tracts are shaded. The map consists almost entirely of census tracts shaded in the darker shades of gray and darkest shade of gray. Source: Esri, United States Census Bureau. The darkest shading on the map indicates the areas with the highest population densities. Which of the following statements best describes the pattern of population density shown?

E Manhattan appears to have the highest population density at all three scales.

ADULT LITERACY RATE BY COUNTRY The figure presents a map of the world titled, Adult Literacy Rate by Country. A key labeled Adult Literacy Rate indicates that different shading and patterns on the map represent the following 6 categories: 1. 95% to 100%; 2. 90% to 94.9%; 3. 75% to 89.9%; 4. 50% to 74.9%; 5. 15% to 44.9%; and 6. no data. The data given by the map are as follows. Adult literacy rates fall between 95% to 100% in the following locations: the United States, Canada, Cuba, Costa Rica, Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Thailand, most of Europe, and most of central and east Asia. Adult literacy rates fall between 90% to 94.9% in the following locations: most of Central and South America including Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil; South Africa; portions of North Africa and the Middle East including Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Oman; and a portion of Southeast Asia including Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Adult literacy rates fall between 75% to 89.9% in the following locations: a portion of Central America including Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala, portions of Africa and the Middle East including Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. Adult literacy rates fall between 50% to 74.9% in the following locations: Yemen, Pakistan, India, Laos, Cambodia, and Papua New Guinea, and portions of Africa including Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Madagascar, Morocco, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Sudan. Adult literacy rates fall between 15% to 44.9% in the following locations: portions of Africa including the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Chad, Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, and Mauritania. No data is available for Afghanistan, Antarctica, and Greenland. Source: World Bank A nongovernmental organization is planning a new international elementary education program. Based on the map shown, which of the following groups of countries would be the best candidates to receive funding?

Ethiopia Somalia South Sudan

Which of the following terms best describes the suburban area of Illinois where many residents commute to Chicago?

Functional region

COUNTY-LEVEL DATA The figure presents three maps of the United States titled "County Level Data." Each map shows varying shades of gray. Three keys are provided. The key for map 1 is labeled "Population Density per Square Mile," and indicates that black represents Greater than 1,000, dark gray represents 101 through 1,000, light gray represents 10 through 100, and white represents Less than 10. In map 1, most areas of gray and dark gray are located in the eastern half of the United States. Areas of gray and dark gray are also concentrated along the west coast of the United States. The key for map 2 is labeled "Percent Over Age 65," and indicates that black represents 20.1% through 43.4%, dark gray represents 15.1% through 20%, light gray represents 10.1% through 15%, and white represents 0% through 10%. In map 2, nearly the entire map is shaded to some degree, with only small areas of white throughout the map. The white portions of the map are concentrated mostly in the western half of the country. Most of the shading is gray or dark gray, with concentrations of black mainly in the Midwest, the Great Plains region, and the western United States. The key for map 3 is labeled "Average Number of People per Household," and indicates that black represents Greater than 3.0, dark gray represents 2.6 through 2.9, light gray represents 2.1 through 2.5, and white represents Less than 2.0. In map 3, nearly the entire map is shaded to some degree. The map is shaded mostly light gray, with areas of dark gray scattered throughout the map. Areas of black are concentrated mostly in the southwestern United States. Which of the following geospatial technologies is typically used to analyze the data layers such as those shown in the maps?

GIS

The figure presents an image labeled Emergency Call Center Data Screen. The screen includes textual information on the left side of the screen, and a map on the right side of the screen. The textual information reads as follows. Caller Phone: 5 5 5, 5 5 5, 5 5 5 5. Address: 387 East Park Street. Request, Medical. Description, Individual Injury. Units Responding: Fire Engine 50, E T A: 9 minutes; Ambulance 4, E T A: 6 minutes. Rerouting: Accident, Intersection of Main Street and Spring Street. The map shows the streets of a small section of a city. Near the top right corner of the map, a fire engine labeled E N G 50 is drawn. A path is drawn from the fire engine showing the engine's movement over several streets. The path ends near the left center of the map, at a point labeled Medical Call, 387 East Park Street, 5 5 5, 5 5 5, 5 5 5 5. Approximately halfway along the fire engine's path, an ambulance is drawn labeled A, M, B, 4. The ambulance follows the same path as the fire engine, ending at the point labeled Medical Call. Toward the right center of the map, a triangle labeled Road Accident: Intersection of Main Street and Spring Street is drawn. Above this triangle, a police car labeled P O L 7 is drawn. Based on the geospatial data in the example shown, which combination of technologies provides real-time data to emergency call centers to route police, fire, and ambulance vehicles directly to incidents in the shortest possible travel time?

GIS

The figure presents a map of the world presented as circles of varying sizes. The following areas are shown from left to right: North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. The two largest circles are overlapping and located in Asia, with smaller circles of varying sizes located around the largest circles. Oceania has a mixture of the smallest circles. Both North America and South America contain a mixture of large, medium, and small circles. Both Europe and Africa have a mixture of medium sized and small circles. The data presented in the map shown depict

Population in a cartogram

For centuries, sugar crystals were made from the evaporated juice of sugarcane, a plant grown only in tropical and subtropical climates. In the 1800s, industrial methods were developed to manufacture crystalline sugar from sugar beets. This allowed for large amounts of sugar to be produced in colder, temperate climate zones. Which of the following geographic concepts best explains the ability of humans to use technology to overcome the limitations of climate and modify the landscape

Possibilism

Median Home Price Median Monthly Rent State of California $509,400 $1,447 County of Los Angeles $588,700 $1,402 City of Los Angeles $647,000 $1,397 Source: United States Census Bureau, 2017 American Community Survey Which of the following concepts best explains the differences among the values shown in the table?

Relative location

The figure presents two maps of the Earth, one labeled Mercator Projection and the other labeled Robinson Projection. The Mercator Projection shows parallel lines of latitude spaced farther and farther apart as distance from the equator increases. The Robinson Projection shows gently curving meridians and flattened north and south poles. Which of the following statements is an accurate comparison of the two map projections shown?

The Mercator projection accurately shows direction but distorts the size of some areas compared to the Robinson projection.

The figure presents a map of the United States. A key indicates the Population Density per Square Mile: black indicates Greater than 1,000; dark gray represents 101 to 1,000; gray represents 10 to 100; and white represents less than 10. Most areas of gray and dark gray are located in the eastern half of the United States. Areas of gray and dark gray are also concentrated along the west coast of the United States. Which of the following patterns is evident on the map of population density?

The great plains are less densly populated than the midwest

NEW YORK POPULATION DENSITY AT DIFFERENT SCALES The figure presents three maps titled New York Population Density at Different Scales. Each map is shown at a different scale for the following locations: New York State, New York City, and the Borough of Manhattan. Each map shows population density in varying shades of gray. The first map shows New York State. The counties of the state are shaded. Counties with the lightest shades of gray are located in the northern, central, and western portions of the state. Counties with darker shades of gray are located in portions of western, central, and southern portions of the state. The counties in the darkest shade of gray are located in the southernmost portion of the state, including New York City. The second map shows New York City. The neighborhoods of the city are shaded. The map consists neighborhoods shaded in the medium shades of gray, darker shades of gray, and darkest shade of gray. Manhattan is included in the darkest shade of gray. The third map shows the Borough of Manhattan. The census tracts are shaded. The map consists almost entirely of census tracts shaded in the darker shades of gray and darkest shade of gray. Source: Esri, United States Census Bureau. Which spatial patterns on the maps shown would be most helpful to someone selecting the location for a new coffee shop?

The map of the Borough of Manhattan, because it shows both population density and the pattern of streets.

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL Decade Passengers 1950s 648 million 1960s 1.7 billion 1970s 5.4 billion UN International Civil Aviation Organization With the dawn of the Jet Age, international airline travel increased rapidly after 1950, and much of this early growth in jet travel was between Europe and North America. Which of the following best describes the spatial pattern suggested by the table?

The relative distance between Europe and America decreased

In his book My Tears Spoiled My Aim, John Shelton Reed explains the difficulty of defining the American South. "Where is the South? . . . The South is, to begin with, a concept—and a shared one. It's an idea that people can talk about, think about, use to orient themselves and each other. People know whether they're in it or not." Based on Reed's explanation, the South is best described as which kind of region?

Vernacular

Which of the following questions must be answered in order to identify a functional region

What area is influenced by a node