Human Growth and Development

Which of the following might influence the environment of identical twins and therefore complicate the interpretation of twin studies?

- Adults may stress the similarities of identical twins more than those of fraternal twins. - Identical twins might see themselves as a "set" and play together more than fraternal twins do.

Which of the following are views of developmentalists who emphasize stability in human development?

- Heredity plays an important role in development. - Early childhood experiences are most important for development. - Positive experiences in adulthood typically cannot override the negative experiences from childhood.

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

- embryonic - fetal - germinal

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period? (More than one option may be correct.)

-support systems for cells begin to form -organs begin to appear

The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns at

1 and 5 minutes after birth.

______ genotype-environment correlations occur when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating

Active (niche-picking)

Which of the following is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth?

Apgar Scale

Which aspects listed are part of the multidimensional characteristic of life-span development?

Cognitive, biological, and socioemotional

_______________________encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

Culture

____________________encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

Culture

What is the complex molecule, shaped like a spiral staircase, that contains genetic information?

DNA

In terms of development, which of the following is/are an example of discontinuity?

Distinct stages

___________________genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

Evocative

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood

False

True or false: Phenotype is a person's genetic heritage, the actual genetic material.

False

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

False

__________________twins (monozygotic twins) develop from a single zygote, whereas_______________wins (dizygotic twins) develop from separate eggs and separate sperm cells.

Identical, fraternal

Which of the following are characteristics of the life-span perspective of development?

It is lifelong. It is multidirectional. It is multidimensional.

Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development?

It occurs throughout life. It involves growth and change.

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

Passive

Which of the following issues may complicate the interpretation of a twin study?

The environments of identical twins might be more similar than the environments of fraternal twins.

True or false: An adoption study seeks to discover whether the behavior and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like those of their adoptive parents or their biological parents.

True

True or false: Fraternal twins are no more genetically similar than ordinary siblings.

True

True or false: Infants who weigh less than 90 percent of all babies of the same gestational age are called small for date infants.

True

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of

a cross-sectional study.

Descriptive

aims to observe and record behavior

Development is the pattern of movement or change that:

begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

The Blank______ processes refer to the changes in an individual's physical nature.

biological

Which of the following are recessive characteristics?

blond hair freckles nearsightedness

The threadlike structures found in the nucleus of each human cell and made up of deoxyribonucleic acid are called

chromosomes

Normative history-graded influences are

common to members of a particular generation.

Which of the following refers to a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long-lasting effects on development?

critical period

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the Blank______ approach.

cross-sectional

What term describes the beliefs, customs, and general behavior patterns of a group of people?

culture

The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period?

embryonic

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

Fertilization typically takes place in the

fallopian tube.

The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the__________________period.

fetal

A specific assertion and prediction that can be tested is referred to as a

hypothesis

Dr. Kim is adding short review quizzes for his students to complete in class each day. He predicts that this will lead to increases in their exam grades. This prediction is a(n)

hypothesis

A Blank______ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of a particular age group.

normative

Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as Blank______ influences.

normative age-graded

A developmentalist who emphasizes Blank______ would be most likely to focus on the continuity of development.

nurture

A developmentalist who emphasizes ______ would be most likely to focus on the continuity of development.

nurture

The female egg is known as the

ovum

Bobby's dad is a banker and loves numbers, and Bobby and his dad enjoy solving arithmetic problems. According to Blank______, Bobby will probably grow up to be skilled in arithmetic.

passive genotype-environment correlations

Which term best describes infants that are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term?

preterm

Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term are called___________infants

preterm, premature

Genes direct cells to replicate themselves and to assemble

proteins

Which of the following is not one of the three main types of research designs?

standardized research

Which of the following are some of the methods of data collection used by developmental researchers?

standardized testing observations interviews

The embryonic period occurs from_____________________weeks to eight weeks after conception.

two

X-linked diseases are more likely to affect men than women because

women have an extra copy of the X chromosome, which usually has the non-mutated gene.

Low birth weight infants weigh less than Blank______ at birth.

5 pounds 8 ounces

A mother's ability to effectively care for her infant is sometimes compromised by postpartum depression.

True

An X-linked disease is more likely to harm men than women

True

Jake likes to read and write; so when Jake has any free time, he likes to spend it in the library. This is an example of which type of correlation?

active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation

Correlational

aims to provide information that helps to predict how people will behave

Experimental

aims to understand causality

In an adoption study, investigators seek to determine whether adopted children's characteristics are

biological or environmental.

Evocative genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's Blank______ elicit certain types of environments.

characteristics

Observation, surveys, interviews, standardized testing, physiological measures, and case studies are all methods of_______________ collection.

data or information

According to the epigenetic view, development is:

due to heredity and environment each affecting the other

The probability of a structural defect as the result of exposure to a teratogen is greatest during the early Blank______ period, when organs are being formed

embryonic

Which four of the following concepts are particularly useful when studying the sociocultural context?

ethnicity gender culture socioeconomic status

Prenatal development begins with Blank______ and ends with Blank______.

fertilization; birth

Which prenatal period lasts about seven months?

fetal

Which four of the following concepts are particularly useful when studying the sociocultural context?

gender ethnicity culture socioeconomic status

What term is used to describe the focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development?

gene-gene interaction

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

genes inherited from parents brain development cardiovascular decline hormonal changes of puberty weight gain

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the Blank______ period.

germinal

In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when:

it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

Mothers with postpartum depression are:

less sensitive to their infants regardless of their culture or socioeconomic class

What type of research involves studying the same people over a period of time, usually several years or more?

longitudinal

Tamara is one of 30 participants in a study of language development. She was tested when she was 2 years old, again when she was 5, and will be tested every three years until she is 14. Tamara is participating in a

longitudinal study.

Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) Blank______ infant.

low birth weight

Which of the following aspects of the life-span perspective is characteristic of an emphasis on change in human development?

plasticity

Most characteristics are determined by the interaction of many different genes; they are said to be Blank______ determined.

polygenically

The building blocks of cells that regulate and direct body processes are called

proteins

A dominant gene will override the potential influence of a____________. gene

recessive

Which of the following can produce defects in offspring or cause damage during birth?

rubella syphilis genital herpes

Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to:

rubella.

Which term best describes infants whose birth weight is below normal, compared to what would be expected given their gestational age?

small for date

Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are Blank______ components of life-span development.

sociocultural

The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and Blank______ of exposure to a teratogen.

time

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

weight gain cardiovascular decline hormonal changes of puberty brain development genes inherited from parents

The fertilized egg is called the

zygote