Human Growth and Development Chapter 14

Kevin's dream is to work with children as a physical therapist. By finding a summer internship at a camp for children with physical disabilities, Kevin is testing his dream in the real world. According to Levinson, he is:

exploring the possibilities for adult living.

In personality research aiming to predict future well-being, _____ tends to be more positive years later, and _____ tends to be more negative years later.

extraversion; neuroticism

Which of the following places individuals on a continuum from trusting to suspicious?

Agreeableness

Kayla and David have been married for over 30 years. Their relationship has changed over the years in typical, predictable ways. Which of the following is likely to be MOST important in their relationship?

Loyalty

Which of the following is FALSE regarding recent research on love and marriage in middle-age?

Marriages that were difficult and rocky in early adulthood tended to stay that way.

Which of the following is TRUE of middle-aged and older adults who had poor sibling relationships in childhood?

Men were more likely to develop depression by age 50.

According to the Almeida and Horn study, which of the following is the difference in the experience of stressors between young adults and middle-aged adults?

Middle-aged adults experienced more "overload" stressors.

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics generally changed the most across time for the adult?

Nurturance or hostility

Alexis is feeling the stress of a major life event—her daughter's wedding. Her already high blood pressure is soaring, causing her to worry. The contemporary life-events approach would consider her health issues to be:

a mediating factor.

Levinson sees the twenties as a(n) _____ phase of adult development.

novice

As an art studio professor, Dr. Brandywine is both smart and creative. He enjoys reading high-level books on the philosophy and neuroscience of supporting artistic endeavors, and communicating that information in an understandable way to his students. These characteristics are most closely related to:

openness.

Dr. Taylor has a very high IQ and several post-baccalaureate degrees. Even though she is pleasant to talk with, her vocabulary is challenging. These characteristics are most closely related to:

openness.

In a recent study, a higher level of _____ following an acute coronary event was linked to engaging in more physical activity.

optimism

Vivian feels overwhelmed by her schedule. Aside from demands at work, she is responsible for getting her children to various events, taking care of her mother's shopping, and managing her household. According to the Almeida and Horn study, she is experiencing:

overload stressors.

Jacqueline nurtures and guides her children. As a homeschool mother, she is in tune with both their education and social development. According to Erikson, she has achieved _____ generativity.

parental

The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it:

placed too much emphasis on change.

According to research on intergenerational relationships, adult children are the least likely to have similarities with their parents in all of the following EXCEPT in:

politics.

In 1900, _____ of children 10 years old had four living grandparents; in 2000, _____ of children 10 years old had four living grandparents.

4%; 40%

In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, _____ of the divorced women said they initiated the divorce compared with only _____ of the divorced men.

66%; 41%

According to Levinson, one of the changes to middle adulthood requires that the adult male come to grips with four major conflicts. Which of the following is NOT one of these major conflicts?

Being attractive versus being unattractive

Which of the following places individuals on a continuum from disciplined to impulsive?

Conscientiousness

Which of the following is the conclusion of the study conducted by Costa and McCrae on approximately 1,000 college-educated men and women aged 20 to 96?

Considerable stability occurs in the five personality factors.

Which of the following is NOT one of the main reasons that grandparents are thrust back into the "parenting" role they thought they had shed?

Filling the "empty nest"

According to research on intergenerational relationships, in which of the following ways is an adult child most likely to be similar to his or her parents?

In politics

Which of the following statements about sibling relationships is TRUE?

It is rare for sibling closeness to develop for the first time in adulthood.

What did Levinson's research conclude about women in midlife transition?

Levinson reported that his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age hold for women as well as men.

Which of the following places individuals on a continuum from independent to conforming?

Openness

Cathy and Miguel, in their late twenties, have been dating for six months. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST important in their relationship?

Security

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for the adult?

Self-confidence

Which of the following statements about intergenerational relations is TRUE?

Similarity between parents and an adult child is most noticeable in religion and politics.

_____ develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation.

Stagnation

Which of the following is a major difference between Levinson's and Valliant's views on midlife?

Valliant maintains that only a minority of adults experience midlife as a crisis.

Chelsea has severe coronary heart disease. This condition is most closely linked to:

neuroticism.

Vaillant's research showed that at age 50, the best predictors of who would be dead at 75 to 80 years of age were:

alcohol abuse and smoking.

According to a recent study, middle-aged adults report more ______ when discussing caring for aging parents than when supporting their emerging adults.

ambivalence

The term not used in your textbook to describe middle-aged adults who care for their own adolescent or young adulthood children as well as their aging parents is the _____ generation.

ambivalent

For the first time in his life, Austin, now 46 years old, is allowing himself to spend time to learn how to paint with watercolors. He has always considered this a feminine hobby and a waste of time because it doesn't make money. Levinson would say he is working through the conflict of:

being masculine versus being feminine.

In Vaillant's longitudinal study, factors at age 50 that were linked with being in the "happy-well" group at age 75 to 80 years of age included all of the following EXCEPT:

being wealthy.

The majority of sibling relationships in adulthood are:

close.

A recent study by Specht, Egloff, and Schukle found that _____ showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood.

conscientiousness

Kaitlin told her daughter, "I just scored high on _____ on this personality test." Her daughter, a therapist, replied, "Well, you'll be happy to know that research shows you will experience less cognitive decline as you get older."

conscientiousness

Jesse is known for setting goals and achieving them. When faced with a challenge or problem he will tackle it quickly and directly. His great health is partly due to his running skills, but also to his attention to his nutrition. These characteristics are most closely related to:

conscientiousness.

The _____ life-events approach focuses on the ways life events and the circumstances surrounding the events influence development.

contemporary

The _____ model of personality development states that with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality.

cumulative personality

In terms of Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage, the achievement of generativity is linked to all of the following EXCEPT:

decreased stress.

According to research, grandparents who are raising their grandchildren are at increased risk for developing:

depression.

From about the ages of 28 to 33, a man goes through a transition period in which he must face the more serious question of:

determining his goals.

Michael, 33 years old, is married, a father of two, and getting established in his career. He finds himself torn between obligations to his family and his employer, and often ponders where his loyalties are and where to draw boundaries. According to Levinson, he is:

determining his goals.

Dylan's father just passed away. He knows that he needs to arrange care for his mother and prepare his parents' house for sale. Even though he has an overwhelming list of tasks, he has withdrawn by going hiking for the day. He is responding in a typically male:

fight-or-flight manner.

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a:

fight-or-flight manner.

Joe finds himself revisiting questions he has had since high school about being young or old and taking risks or taking the typical route to adulthood. According to Levinson, Joe's transition to middle adulthood will last about _____ years.

five

According to Levinson, the transition from dependence to independence is marked by the:

formation of a dream.

George Vaillant concludes that the _____ are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years.

forties

Saeko is committed to the improvement of society as a whole through her connection with her children and grandchildren. She believes that by nurturing them to become productive and active citizens, she is making the world a better place. According to Erikson, she is:

generative.

In a longitudinal study of Smith College women, the desire for _____ increased as the participants aged from their thirties to their fifties.

generativity

In a recent study by Cox and others, _____ was strongly linked to middle-aged adults' positive social engagement in contexts such as family life and community activities.

generativity

Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue that he termed:

generativity versus stagnation.

Joshua, now in midlife, has been a Boy Scout leader since his children were small. He is taking great pride in watching his son take a leadership position in the scouts. His son is fulfilling Joshua's needs for:

generativity.

According to George Vaillant's longitudinal studies, _____ in middle-age was more strongly related than _____ to whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age.

generativity; intimacy

Adult development experts are virtually unanimous in their belief that midlife crises:

have been exaggerated.

The results from an 18-year longitudinal study revealed that the longevity gap between African American and non-Latino white men is linked to:

higher marriage rates for non-Latino white men.

Holly asked her husband, Cody, if he felt as if he was in crisis during his midlife years. Cody replied, "My thinking on a lot of things changed, but it wasn't a crisis." Cody's experience:

is consistent with current adult development experts.

Katelyn is a recent 43-year-old divorcee. She is likely to report feeling more _____ than her ex-husband, who is 45.

lonely

A common complaint voiced by both adult children and their parents when adult children return home is a(n):

loss of privacy.

Middle adulthood is referred to as the sandwich generation because:

middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents.

According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in _____.

midlife

Whereas _____ is important in new relationships, especially in young adulthood, _____ becomes more important in middle adulthood.

romance; mutual emotional interest

Younger adults are more likely to experience _____ love and older adults are more likely to experience _____ love.

romantic; affectionate

As he looks back over his life, Chris realizes that his work was not as important to him as he believed, and that he lost too much valuable time with his children. If he could do it over again, he would work less and spend more time with his children. According to Erikson, Chris is experiencing some degree of:

stagnation.

Michelle's employer just announced through email that there will be a restructuring of the company and jobs will be eliminated. She quickly hurried down the hall to talk to her friend Phyllis. She is responding in a typically female:

tend and befriend manner.

D'Angelo and his wife just had their last child move out of the house. They had lived vicariously through their children, letting their sports activities and various achievements dominate their lives. Now they may experience _____, which includes a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.

the empty nest syndrome

In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, divorced adults reported that they had generally stayed in their marriages and postponed their divorces because of:

their children.

Alexander is a 19-year-old college freshman. He has a dream of becoming a sports journalist and living a fast-paced professional life in a large city. According to Levinson, Alexander is right on time in his:

transition from dependence to independence.

Guillermo has taught his apprentices all the specialized techniques he has developed over the years as a carpenter. It makes him feel proud and useful to pass along what he has learned. According to Erikson, he has achieved _____ generativity.

work