Human Heredity - Unit 4

Steps involved in RNA interference

1. Dicer cuts double-stranded RNAs 2. Double-stranded RNAs separate 3. Separated siRNAs bind RISC and target mRNA 4. Target mRNA is cut

Which of the following characteristics are typical of cancer cells?

Loss of cell cycle control Dedifferentiated Lack contact inhibition Can induce blood vessel formation

A fusion protein can be produced due to the _____________ of a proto-oncogene to a site next to another gene.

translocation

RB1 and p53 are __________ __________

tumor suppressors

A cloning ________ is a DNA molecule into which another piece of DNA can be inserted.

vector

Function in Nature

Combines T cell receptor binding with antibody anti-cancer response Cuts DNA in bacteria to stop viral infection Jellyfish gene leads to bioluminescence, repelling predators A natural antibody response is polyclonal

Fluorescent DNA probes that bind to _____________ sequences on the grid are detected by a laser.

Complementary

Exposure to which chemicals or foods increases cancer risk?

Cooked red meat Fumigants Fungicides Herbicides Insecticides

Many drugs are produced using recombinant DNA technology. Identify the drug listed Glucocerebrosidase

Corrects enzyme deficiency in Gaucher disease

A microarray is a piece of glass or plastic to which many small pieces of ________ are attached in a grid pattern

DNA

The enzyme _______ ________ is used to attach DNA strands.

DNA ligase

T/F Oncogenes cause cancer when they are inactivated.

False

T/F Each gene that has been implicated in behavioral traits is important in just a single behavioral disorder.

False

Assessments of heritability show _ _______ contribution from genetics to intelligence.

a high

A tumor suppressor gene mutation that causes cancer is usually a ____________

deletion

The ________ __________test measures verbal fluency, mathematical reasoning, memory, and spatial visualization skills.

intelligence quotient

The molecules that carry out RNA interference are called _________ _________ ________.

small interfering RNAs

An organism that contains DNA from other species is called a ________ organism.

transgenic

Steps involved in a DNA microarray experiment

1. Isolate RNA 2. Generate cDNAs 3. Label probes with fluorescent tags 4. Incubate labeled cDNAs with DNA microarray 5. Detect bound, fluorescent DNA probes with a laser scanner 6. Analyze data with a computer

Two-thirds of all people have an IQ between _______

85-115

Select the passenger mutation from the list below. A mutation that makes cyclin hyperactive A silent mutation in Rb A mutation that inactivates p53 A mutation that leads to overexpression of HER2

A silent mutation in Rb

Determine whether each description pertains to oncogenes. Cancer entails a gain-of-function. Often inactivated by a point mutation or deletion. Activation is usually associated with a point mutation, translocation, or inversion. Activation causes cancer. Inactivation causes cancer. Cancer entails a loss-of-function.

Activation causes cancer. Cancer entails a gain-of-function. Activation is usually associated with a point mutation, translocation, or inversion.

Which of the following events at the cellular level can result in development of cancer?

Activation of cancer stem cells Increase in the proportion of stem cells within a tissue Defective tissue repair Dedifferentiation

In 2010, a federal judge ruled that patents were improperly granted for which gene or genes because they are based on a law of nature?

BRCA genes

The drug bevacizumab is used to treat a number of different cancers including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. This drug is a VEGF inhibitor. In what way do you predict bevacizumab affects cancer?

Bevacizumab inhibits angiogenesis.

Invention

CAR-T CRISPR-Cas9 Green fluorescent protein Monoclonal antibodies

Can be used in any species _______________

CRISPR-Cas9

Can be used to remove, replace, or add more than one gene at a time _______________

CRISPR-Cas9

Uses RNA _____________

CRISPR-Cas9

Breast cancer is classified into four different categories based on the genes that are expressed in the cancer cells. Two of the subtypes are luminal A and luminal B. Both of these cancers start in luminal cells that line the mammary ducts. However, gene expression patterns ultimately differ between the two cancer types. What best characterizes the type of pathway that was disrupted to lead to this difference?

Cell fate pathways

Select the example that shows the interplay between environmental and genetic factors in cancer.

Certain mutations in the genes that encode the cytochrome P450 complex lead to poorer detoxification of cigarette smoke, and thus greater cancer risk.

Many drugs are produced using recombinant DNA technology. Identify the drug listed Atrial natriuretic peptide

Dilates blood vessels, promotes urination

Function as Technology

Directs antibody to cancer cells Molecular tool to remove, replace, or add genes to selected sites Serves as a reporter when attached to selected genes, causing encoded proteins to glow An antibody response directed against a specific antigen

Determine whether each description pertains to passenger mutations. Does not cause cancer Occurs in cancerous and noncancerous cells Known to occur in about 200 genes Provides selective growth advantage to cells Number of mutations increases with the patient's age

Does not cause cancer Occurs in cancerous and noncancerous cells Number of mutations increases with the patient's age

T/F All tumors are cancerous.

False

T/F Behavioral disorders are usually single-gene disorders.

False

T/F Cancer begins when a cell divides less frequently than it should.

False

T/F Changes in chromosome number, deletions, and duplications can cause cancer, but point mutations cannot cause cancer.

False

T/F Chromosomes in cancer cells exist in normal numbers.

False

T/F Duplication of a chromosome in a cancer cell reduces the copies of an oncogene.

False

T/F Most cancers are the result of a single genetic change.

False

T/F Most cases of cancer are are caused by normal chromosomes.

False

T/F Most cases of cancer arise from inheriting a cancer susceptibility allele from a parent.

False

A DNA microarray, also called a _________ ________, is used to detect and display the mRNAs in a cell.

Gene chip

Determine whether each description pertains to tumor suppressor genes. Cancer entails a gain-of-function. Often inactivated by a point mutation or deletion. Activation is usually associated with a point mutation, translocation, or inversion. Activation causes cancer. Inactivation causes cancer. Cancer entails a loss-of-function.

Inactivation causes cancer. Cancer entails a loss-of-function. Often inactivated by a point mutation or deletion.

Mutations in a gene called RGS7 have been shown to result in an increase in anchorage independent growth (i.e. cells can grow without being connected to the extracellular matrix) and in cell migration in a certain type of skin cancer. To which stage or "strike" of cancer progression would this mutation contribute?

Invasion

Transgenic organisms are patentable. Select the conditions that a transgenic organism must satisfy in order to be patented.

It must be new. It must be useful. It must be based on widely used technology. It must be easy to replicate.

Many drugs are produced using recombinant DNA technology. Identify the drug listed Renin inhibitor

Lowers blood pressure

You perform a karyotype on cells from a cancer sample and you see a normal chromosomal array (44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes). However, when you perform gene expression profiling, you see that gene expression in the cancerous tissue is different than in adjacent normal tissue. Select scenarios that are consistent with your observations. Check all that apply.

Point mutations have changed the expression patterns of several transcription factors in the cancer cells. Epigenetic changes throughout the genome have changed the expression patterns of genes. A chromosomal inversion has inactivated a tumor suppressor.

Many drugs are produced using recombinant DNA technology. Identify the drug listed Factor VIII

Promotes blood clotting in treatment of hemophilia

Determine whether each description pertains to driver mutations. Does not cause cancer Occurs in cancerous and noncancerous cells Known to occur in about 200 genes Provides selective growth advantage to cells Number of mutations increases with the patient's age

Provides selective growth advantage to cells Known to occur in about 200 genes

In ________ ___________ a double-stranded RNA molecule separates into single strands. One of the strands prevents a complementary mRNA from being translated.

RNA Interference

____________ is a method of treatment that causes adverse effects by harming healthy cells.

Radiation

Many drugs are produced using recombinant DNA technology. Identify the drug listed Thrombin

Stops postsurgical bleeding

Based on a bacterium that infects plants _______

TALEN

Select the information/inventions that would be patentable under current U.S. guidelines. Check all that apply.

The cDNA sequence from a gene in a newly discovered species of ants The gene sequence used in a diagnostic test for a novel virus A novel high throughput DNA sequencing technique

Many drugs are produced using recombinant DNA technology. Identify the drug listed Deoxyribonuclease

Thins secretions in lungs of people with cystic fibrosis

You are developing cancer drugs. You wish to develop a drug that reduces expression of an oncogene. You want the mRNA encoded by the oncogene to be completely destroyed in the treated cells. Which strategy should you use?

Treatment of cancer cells with RNAi

T/F A mutation present in all stages of a tumor acts early in the disease process.

True

T/F Chromosomes in cancer cells may bear translocations.

True

T/F Chromothripsis shatters several chromosomes and may kill the cell—or trigger cancer.

True

T/F Different mental and behavioral conditions can have the same symptoms.

True

T/F Environmental influences can affect behavioral traits.

True

T/F Somatic cells may develop mutations in cancer-causing genes.

True

T/F The older a tumor is, the more genetic changes it will have.

True

T/F The process of a tumor spreading is called metastasis.

True

T/F Translocations that join parts of nonhomologous chromosomes can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes.

True

T/F Genes control the synthesis of and response to neurotransmitters.

True

________ ______ ________ is targeted based on genetic information.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

Relies on the FokI nuclease ________

ZFN

Fusarium graminearum is a fungus that decimates harvests and contaminates grains with a harmful toxin. Australian scientists are currently using a fungal technology to inactivate three of the fungal genes that make the fungus infectious and the infected grains toxic. At the end of their experiment, they showed that 92% of the fungal population they were studying now carried the inactivated forms of the gene. This experiment is an example of

a gene drive

A variation of ________ _________ uses morpholinos to silence mutations that cause exons to be cut out of mRNA.

antisense technology

CD133 is a cell surface molecule that is commonly used to identify cancer stem cells in certain types of tumors. CD133 is typically lost from cells

at the late progenitor stage.

The release of bacteria or plants that can detoxify pollutants is called ___________

bioremediation

Rice containing genes encoding mammalian cytochrome P450 monooxygenases can be used to metabolize herbicides to non-phytotoxic metabolites. This is an example of __________. Check all that apply.

bioremediation a transgenic organism genetically modified food

The release of bacteria or plants that can detoxify pollutants is called ___________

bioremediation.

The use or alteration of cells or biological molecules for specific applications is called _________

biotechnology

Reverse transcriptase is used in the lab to make ________ which is complementary to a specific mRNA.

cDNA

You are conducting a study to understand differences in gene expression between identical twins. You decide to perform a DNA microarray experiment. Select the molecules that will be fluorescently labeled in your study comparing gene expression between twin #1 and twin #2. Check all that apply.

cDNA from twin #1 cDNA from twin #2

When a DNA microarray experiment is conducted, the ____ _______ ______ ________ are labeled with fluorescent dyes.

cDNAs from each sample

Cancer can result from a failure of a ________ ________ ____________

cell cycle checkpoint

Making many copies of a specific DNA sequence is called _________

cloning

Activation of a proto-oncogene into an oncogene could occur due to a mutation or a change in the _____________ of the wild-type gene.

expression

The ______ _______ _________eliminates the effect of unequal opportunities on assessment of intelligence.

general intelligence measure

Cancer susceptibility is passed onto future generations when a(n) ___________ mutation has occurred.

germline

Traditional treatments for cancer, such as radiation and chemotherapy, are effective because they ______ ________ _______ _______

kill rapidly dividing cells

A ___________ is a sequence of twenty-five DNA bases attached to organic groups that are different from the usual sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.

morpholino

Genes control the synthesis of _________, a fatty substance that coats and insulates neurons

myelin

Neurons use chemical signals called __________to communicate with one another.

neurotransmitters

Small circular DNA molecules that are found in some bacteria, yeasts, and plant cells are called ____________

plasmids

During neurotransmission, the cell that synthesizes and releases the signaling molecule is called the __________ neuron.

presynaptic

Genes that normally stimulate cell division when it is appropriate are called _________ ___________

proto-oncogenes

A DNA molecule that includes nucleotide sequences from two different organisms is called a _________ DNA molecule.

recombinant

DNA is cut into fragments by __________ __________

restriction enzymes.

A mutation that occurs in cells that do not develop into gametes is called a(n) ___________ mutation.

somatic

Sporadic cancer is due to __________ mutations.

somatic

Some restriction enzymes produce ________ ___________ that are complementary to each other.

sticky ends

The oldest approach to treating cancer is __________

surgery

Associations between neurons called _________ are the site of neurotransmission.

synapses

Cancer cells often have longer telomeres due to reactivation of the enzyme _____________.

telomerase