human nutrition chapter 6

Nutritional genomics explores

- the effects of the gene code on nutritional health - the effects of nutritional health on genetic expression

What is the RDA for protein?

0.8 grams/kg

How many pounds equate to 1 kilogram?

2.2

Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein.

56 grams 70 x 0.8 = 56 grams

If Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh?

70 154/2.2 = 70 kg

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?

Essential amino acid

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet? Nonessential amino acid Essential amino acid

Essential amino acid

What is the term for the chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein?

Peptide bond

______ proteins are heart-healthy because they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat.

Plant

Recycled _____ make an important contribution to total protein metabolism.

amino acids

Most ______ sources of protein provide ample quantities of all nine essential amino acids.

animal

Many of the proposed anti-cancer effects of foods containing plant protein are through ______ mechanisms.

antioxidant

Which form of diabetes has a genetic link?

both types

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are examples of

branched-chain amino acids. essential amino acids.

It is uncommon for intact proteins to be absorbed from the digestive tract except in _____.

infants

When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids can be

metabolized as fuel. converted into ketones. converted into glucose.

Choose the eight foods that account for 90% of food-related allergies. milk orange juice wheat eggs fish soy shellfish bananas peanuts tree nuts

milk soy shellfish peanuts tree nuts wheat eggs fish

Studies have found that consuming at least 20 to 30 grams of protein at a given meal has positive effects on

muscle protein synthesis

Where is DNA located in a cell?

nucleus

Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are two branches of

nutritional genomics.

Although they are a dense source of calories, ______ provide many health benefits.

nuts

Soybean oil, seaweed, walnuts, and flax seeds are all good sources of ______ in a vegetarian diet.

omega-3 fatty acids

A(n) _______ bond is formed between amino acids in a protein. It is difficult to break, but acids, enzymes, and other agents are able to do so, during digestion

peptide

A(n) _________ bond is a chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein.

peptide

Amino acids are the building blocks of

protein

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood? increase excretion of CO2 by the lungs enhance formation of bicarbonate pump ions into and out of cells serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

pump ions into and out of cells serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Intact proteins are ______ absorbed from the digestive tract.

rarely

Amino acids can be converted into glucose to

supply energy for the brain.

A(n) ______ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes.

vegan

Which of the following is a poor source of vitamin B-12? vegetables lean meats ready-to-eat breakfast cereals fortified soy milk

vegetables

Which food would NOT be a good source of iron in a vegan diet? Legumes Whole grains Nuts Liver

Liver

The unique three-dimensional form of a protein dictates the _________ of each protein.

function

Veggie burgers, peanut butter, soy nuts, sunflower seeds, and soy milk are great ways to get ______ in the diet.

plant proteins

True or false: A diet high in animal protein can reduce a person's chance of developing cardiovascular disease.

False

True or false: DNA does not play a vital role in protein synthesis.

False

True or false: Peptide bonds cannot be broken.

False

An example of an epigenetic influence on human health would be

exposure to alcohol during gestation influences fetal development.

Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?

Protein equilibrium

True or false: Nutrition influences gene expression.

True

A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

it is likely to be low in dietary fiber and phytochemicals. foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat.

A form of protein-calorie malnutrition characterized by a fatty liver and edema in the abdomen is

kwashiorkor.

True or false: Exceeding the RDA for protein may contribute to increased body fat.

True

The treatment for PKU involves a

low-phenylalanine diet.

Most plant proteins are examples of ______ proteins.

lower-quality

In order to meet essential amino acid needs, a variety of ______ proteins need to be consumed.

plant

True or false: Proteins contribute to immune function.

True

An incomplete or lower-quality protein

is lacking one more essential amino acids.

The function of a protein is determined by the

protein's shape

Almost all enzymes are ______.

proteins

True or false: Proteins serve in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in blood clotting, fluid balance, and visual processes.

True

True or false: Soy protein is a complete protein, which means it provides all nine essential amino acids.

True

True or false: Studies show that the death rates for chronic diseases like cancer and diabetes are lower for vegetarians than for nonvegetarians.

True

Lower-quality (incomplete) proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential

amino acids.

The DNA code for synthesis of a specific protein must be transferred from the cell's nucleus to the ______ to allow for protein synthesis.

cytoplasm

Protein synthesis takes place in the

cytoplasm.

When blood proteins are too low,

fluid leaks out of the blood vessels into extracellular spaces.

A ______ primarily eats fruits, nuts, honey, and vegetable oils. People who consume this diet are at risk of nutrient deficiencies, which is why this type of diet is not advised.

fruitarian

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______ such as insulin and glucagon.

hormones

Protein equilibrium occurs when protein intake

is equal to protein losses.

A ______ diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products and eggs.

lactoovovegetarian

A ______ dietary pattern is primarily plant-based, but does include dairy products.

lactovegetarian

A(n) ______ amino acid is the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize.

limiting

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the

limiting amino acid.

What macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

protein

Which of the following is a genetic variation that increases a person's risk for cardiovascular disease?

Altered ability to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

______ are proteins produced by one type of white blood cell that bind to foreign proteins to facilitate their removal from the body.

Antibodies

Which foods could a lactovegetarian choose for breakfast? Calcium-fortified orange juice Parfait made with yogurt, granola, and blueberries Omelet made with eggs, spinach, and feta cheese Oatmeal with butter and brown sugar

Calcium-fortified orange juice Parfait made with yogurt, granola, and blueberries Oatmeal with butter and brown sugar

Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids? Carbon Hydrogen Argon Nitrogen Oxygen

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

The nucleus is the storage site for ______ in the cell.

DNA

Which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells? Fats Water Carbohydrates Proteins

Fats Carbohydrates

What are some good sources of omega-3 fatty acids in a plant-based diet?

Flax seeds Walnuts Canola oil Soybean oil

Which of the following are functions of protein?

Fluid balance Production of enzymes and hormones Blood clotting

______ are a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds.

Legumes

Which of the following are good sources of iron in a vegan diet? Legumes Whole grains Red meat Nuts Egg yolks

Legumes Whole grains Nuts

Which of the following meals would be acceptable for a lactoovovegetarian? Spinach and artichoke lasagna with Alfredo sauce; Italian bread; iced tea Chili with ground turkey, kidney beans, and hominy; tortilla chips; skim milk Grilled salmon with mango salsa; sauteed spinach; corn on the cob; wine Poached eggs; whole-wheat toast with jam; banana; orange juice

Spinach and artichoke lasagna with Alfredo sauce; Italian bread; iced tea Poached eggs; whole-wheat toast with jam; banana; orange juice

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

Stomach

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

Synthesis of enzymes and hormones Aid in blood clotting Building block for muscles and bone Maintenance of fluid balance

Which of these foods will a vegan eat? Vegetable oil Watermelon Goat's milk Tofu

Vegetable oil Watermelon Tofu

How do "nature" and "nurture" interact to affect the development of obesity?

Weight gain for a person with a genetic predisposition for obesity depends on one's environment.

What is the best way to obtain all of the essential amino acids?

Whole foods

Edema refers to

a buildup of fluid in extracellular spaces.

What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?

complementary protein

A protein that contains all nine essential amino acids is a(n) ______ protein.

complete high-quality

Legumes

contain a single row of seeds.

Approximately 90% of cancers are related to

environmental and lifestyle factors

The study of inherited changes in gene expression that are not due to the DNA sequence is known as ______.

epigenetics

A(n) ______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet.

essential

Which of the following are functions of protein? Blood clotting Fluid balance Production of enzymes and hormones Primary source of fuel

Blood clotting Fluid balance Production of enzymes and hormones

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ________ code.

DNA

It is the role of _________, located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.

DNA

Protein synthesis takes place in the nucleus.

False

Food allergies occur when the immune system perceives a harmless food protein as harmful invader.

True

For dietary advice to be effective, it should be tailored to personal and cultural preferences.

True

PKU is caused by

an enzyme insufficiency

Enriched tofu, fortified soy milk, and fortified orange juice are all good sources of ______ in a vegan diet.

calcium

Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies

calorie deficiency. lack of nutrients.

A defective gene that delays cholesterol removal from the bloodstream could increase an individual's risk for

cardiovascular disease.

There are times during an illness, injury, or wound healing when an amino acid that is normally not an essential amino acid might become one. This amino acid is called a(n)

conditionally essential amino acid.

A conditionally essential amino acid

is a nonessential amino acid that becomes essential during times of stress.

When carbohydrates are in short supply, the ______ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues.

liver

Proteins supply the body with about ___ kilocalories per gram.

4

What is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?

Denaturation

______ protein is an example of a plant-based protein that does meet essential amino acid needs.

Soy

When counseling individuals about nutrition, recommendations should be

tailored to personal and cultural preferences.

How are nutrition and genetics linked?

-nutrients affect gene expression -genes determine nutrient requirements -genes influence development of some nutritional diseases

What are some vegetarian foods that supply the body with vitamin B-12?

Breakfast cereals Fortified soy milk

______ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues.

Edema

Select the foods that would be good sources of calcium for a person who follows a vegan dietary pattern. Chocolate milk Fortified soy milk Fortified orange juice Calcium-fortified tofu

Fortified soy milk Fortified orange juice Calcium-fortified tofu

Which of the following are examples of branched-chain amino acids? Leucine Isoleucine Histidine Valine

Leucine Isoleucine Valine

Which of the following is the term used to describe the dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more of the essential amino acids?

Lower-quality proteins

Which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein? Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair Protein serves multiple functions in the body There is only one main function of protein which is to build muscle Protein is the primary fuel source for the body

Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair Protein serves multiple functions in the body

An error in the DNA code results the incorrect sequence of

amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Inadequate intake of essential amino acids may lead to

impaired growth muscle wasting slow production of body proteins

Which MyPlate food groups offer rich sources of foods with cancer-fighting antioxidants?

grains vegetables fruits

A(n) ______ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

Due to the activity of some phytochemicals, foods made from ______ can lower the production of cholesterol by the body.

soybeans

Choose the characteristics of marasmus. maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat wasting of muscle and body fat edema develops gradually severe weight loss

wasting of muscle and body fat develops gradually severe weight loss

______ protein balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed.

Negative

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?

Negative protein balance

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

Nonessential

______ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses.

Positive

True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

False

True or false: The presence of proteins in the blood causes edema.

False

True or false: There is very little risk involved in taking amino acids as supplements.

False

Put the steps of protein digestion in the correct order, from start (top of the list) to finish (bottom of the list). CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes. Partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK. Peptides are broken into single amino acids. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine.

1. partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2. partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK 3. CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes 4. peptides are broken into single amino acids

Researchers now recommend that adults consume at least _____ grams of protein at more than one meal in order to maintain healthy muscles and bones.

30

Proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie needs, can supply the body with ______ kcal per gram.

4

True or false: Once an amino acid is used by the body, it cannot be used again.

False

True or false: A fruitarian diet is a healthy way for people to include more nutrients in their diet.

False

True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.

False

True or false: Fats and carbohydrates are rarely used to meet energy needs.

False

True or false: Most enzymes are lipids.

False

True or false: Nuts are high in fat, so they should not be included in a heart-healthy dietary pattern.

False

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses?

Positive protein balance

Which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein? There is only one main function of protein which is to build muscle Protein is the primary fuel source for the body Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair Protein serves multiple functions in the body

Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair Protein serves multiple functions in the body

______ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood.

Proteins

Which of the following are potential health benefits of consuming plant proteins in place of animal sources of protein? Reduced risk for type 2 diabetes Reduced risk for obesity Increased body fat Reduced risk for cancer Lower blood pressure Reduced risk for cardiovascular disease

Reduced risk for type 2 diabetes Reduced risk for obesity Reduced risk for cancer Lower blood pressure Reduced risk for cardiovascular disease

Mary's family has a history of obesity. Her mother, father, and two brothers are obese. As Mary is concerned about becoming obese herself, what advice would you share with Mary?

She can take lifestyle steps to reduce her risks.

Which foods would supply the body with plant proteins? Steak Soy milk Veggie burgers Cow's milk Sunflower seeds

Soy milk Veggie burgers Sunflower seeds

Which of the following are true about complete protein sources? Supplies all nine essential amino acids Most foods of plant origin are sources of complete protein. Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein. Complete proteins are sometimes called "lower-quality" proteins.

Supplies all nine essential amino acids Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein.

Approximately 90% of cancers are related to environmental and lifestyle factors.

True

True or false: A protein deficiency usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients.

True

True or false: Amino acids play a role in the synthesis of hormones.

True

True or false: Amino acids serve as a source of nitrogen for the human body.

True

True or false: Antibodies protect the body by binding to foreign proteins and helping the body overcome and prevent illness.

True

True or false: During transcription, an mRNA copy of the DNA code moves out from the cell's nucleus, into the cytoplasm, and to the ribosomes.

True

True or false: Genes play a role in development of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

True

True or false: If adequate amounts of essential amino acids are not consumed, a person's health will deteriorate.

True

True or false: In order to meet essential amino acid needs, a vegetarian would need to consume a variety of plant proteins.

True

True or false: Plant sources of fat are good for the heart because they are usually high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

True

Plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no ______ than animal sources of protein.

cholesterol saturated fat

A(n) ______ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

complementary