Human Performance and Limitations - Level 3

Disorientation is more likely to occur when the pilot is: 1. flying in IMC 2. frequently changing between inside and outside references 3. flying from IMC into VMC 4. having a cold

1, 2 and 4 are correct

Early symptoms of hypoxia could be: 1. euphoria 2. decreased rate and depth of breathing 3. lack of concentration 4. visual disturbances

1,3 and 4 are correct.

In relation to the word stress as it affects human beings, which of the following responses is correct?

Stress is a term used to describe how a person reacts to demands placed upon him/her.

Which of the following statements concerning stress is correct?

Stress will be evaluated differently depending on whether it improves or reduces performance.

Which part of the ear could be affected due to air pressure changes during climb and/or descent?

The Eustachian tube and the tympanic membrane (ear drum).

Records of radiation are normally kept for flights above:

49,000 feet.

Astigmatism is:

A condition caused by an unequal curvature of the lens of the eye.

What is heart infarct?

A heart infarct is a blockage of the coronary artery; it will almost always lead to a heart attack.

Which one of these represents the steepest trans-cockpit authority gradient?

The captain makes a decision, orders the copilot, but does not give any explanation to his decision.

Which is the audible range to human hearing?

Between 16 Hz and 20 KHz.

Which part of the vestibular apparatus is affected by changes in gravity and linear acceleration?

The sacculus and utriculus.

Which statement about partial pressure is correct?

The sum of the partial pressure of individual gases, in a mixture of gases, is equal to the total pressure.

What does the End Deterioration Effect (Home-itis) mean?

The tendency to sudden, imperceptible errors shortly before the end of a flight

Henrys Law is the underlying reason for:

DCS.

Which would most likely result in hyperventilation?

Emotional tension, anxiety or fear

How can a pilot prevent spatial disorientation in flight?

Establish and maintain a good instrument cross check.

Through which part of the ear does the equalization of pressure take place, when altitude is changed?

Eustachian tube.

The Stroboscopic Effect can cause:

Fits.

Why can complacency be a problem for experienced flight crew?

Flying the same route and knowing what is going to happen can make experienced flight crew too relaxed.

What does the H in the SHELL model mean?

Hardware.

What could be symptoms of hypoxia (when flying without oxygen) above 12.000 ft?

Headache, fatigue, dizziness, lack of coordination.

Between which components is an interface mismatch causing an error of interpretation by using an old three- point altimeter?

Liveware - Hardware

Blood from the pulmonary artery is?

Low in Oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide.

What are vestibular illusions?

The vestibular system may function incorrectly in flight and cause false impressions or microceptions.

What is meant by groupthink?

More or less unconscious support of a solution from group member(s).

Which of the following statements concerning communication is valid?

Professional communication means: using a restricted and specific language, tailored to minimize misunderstandings

What does stress management involve?

Recognising stress, accepting it and developing a coping strategy.

What is the Time of Useful Consciousness?

The length of time during which an individual can act with both mental and physical efficiency and alertness, measured from the moment at which he loses his available oxygen supply.

What is the most decisive factor in regard to a very demanding stress situation?

The subjective evaluation of the situation by the individual.

What triggers stress in humans?

The subjective interpretation an individual gives to a situation experienced.

Short-term acceleration is 1 second or less whereas long-term acceleration is over 1 seconds:

True.

Signs or symptoms of hyperventilation are:

all above mentioned signs or symptoms.

Hyperventilation is:

an increased lung ventilation.

The semicircular canals of the inner ear monitor:

angular accelerations.

Mental schemes correspond to:

memorised representations of the various procedures and situations which can be reactivated by the pilot at will.

The Bends as a symptom of decompression sickness consists of:

pain in the joints.

Learning is called each lasting change of behaviour due to:

practice and experience.

We can observe the following in relation to a state of hypothermia:

reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls below 37° C.

Oxygen, combined with haemoglobin in blood is transported by:

red blood cells.

The symptoms of hyperventilation are caused by a:

shortage of CO2 in the blood.

Without visual reference, what illusion could the pilot get, when he is stopping the rotation to recover from a spin? He will get the illusion of:

spinning into the opposite direction.

The ozone-layer is situated in the:

stratosphere.

A pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may get:

the illusion of climbing or descending

Define power-distance and describe how it relates to leadership styles:

Power-distance refers to the nature of the relationship between leaders and subordinates. Subordinates in high power-distance cultures tend to accept and expect autocratic leadership and are generally unwilling to question the acts or decisions of leaders.

What type of acceleration has the most significant physiological effect upon the pilot?

Radial acceleration (+ Gz).

What controls the volume of breathing?

Receptor cells in the brain.

List advantages of automation:

Reduced workload, more time to monitor systems, and, when managed properly, better situational awareness.

Which of the following responses lists most of the common hazardous thought patterns (attitudes) for pilots to develop?

Anti-authority, impulsiveness, invulnerability, resignation, machismo complex.

Among the factors that increase tolerance to long-duration g forces are:

Anti-g suits and correct use of pilot's harness.

The recovery rate for circadian disrhythmia is:

Approximately 90 minutes for each day in the new time zone.

How can a pilot prevent pilots-vertigo?

Avoid steep turns and abrupt flight manoeuvres and maintain an effective instrument cross check.

A human breathing 100% oxygen at 33,700 ft. is equivalent of breathing air at:

Sea Level

What is automation mode awareness?

Being aware of the active mode(s) and understanding the corresponding actions and responses, is necessary for proper use of the automated system.

What is the Time of Useful Consciousness for a rapid decompression at 25.000 ft?

Between 3 and 5 minutes depending on the physical activities of the subjected pilot.

What does the proprioceptive system do?

Both A and C are correct.

The law that states Providing the temperature is constant, the volume of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure is:

Boyles Law.

List the brains most important parts:

Brain stem, cerebellum and cerebrum.

How does CO affect O2 carriage in the blood?

By binding to the haemoglobin before O2 does.

The small sacs located in the vestibule are:

Chalk-like crystals called otoliths.

The discipline of the study of body rhythms is:

Chronobiology.

When turning in IMC, head movements should be avoided as much as possible. This is a prevention against:

Coriolis illusion.

The auditory nerve leads directly to the:

Cortex.

Which of the following applies when alcohol has been consumed?

Even after the consumption of small amounts of alcohol, normal cautionary attitudes may be lost.

What is hyperventilation?

Excessive rate and depth of respiration leading to abnormal loss of CO2 from the blood.

What does not impair the function of the photosensitive cells?

Fast speed.

The organism is mobilized by a process known as:

GAS - General Adaptation Syndrome

You climb from 0 to 50.000 ft and measure the decrease of the pressure per 5.000 ft. The absolute difference in barometric pressure is greatest between:

0 ft and 5.000 ft.

Saccade takes approximately:

0.3 second

Which of the following statements, if any, are correct? 1. Euphoria is a possible result of hypoxia 2. Euphoria can lead to degraded decisions in flight

1 & 2.

Which of the following statements is correct? 1. Psychosomatic refers to a psychological reaction to an outside stimulus causing a physiological change or changes. 2. Psychosomatic refers to the interrelationships of mind and body. 3. Psychosomatic problems can be cured by counselling. 4. Psychosomatic problems are not commonly encountered in pilots because of the high selection standards.

1 and 2

Check the following statements: 1. A person experiencing sleep loss is unlikely to be aware of personal performance degradation. 2. Performance loss may be present up to 20 minutes after awaking from a short sleep (nap).

1 and 2 are both correct.

Environmental capture is a term used to describe which of the following statements? 1. The tendency for a skill to be executed in an environment in which it is frequently exercised, even if it is inappropriate to do so. 2. The tendency for a skill acquired in one aircraft type to be executed in a new aircraft type, even if it is inappropriate to do so. 3. The tendency for people bo behave in different ways in different social situations. 4. The gaining of environmental skills

1 and 2 are correct.

A passenger complains about a painful inflated belly at 8.000 feet. You advise him to: 1. unbuckle and massage the belly 2. stand up and let go the gases out of the intestines 3. eat less gas forming food and avoid carbohydrate beverages before flight in the future 4. drink a lot of water throughout the flight

1, 2 and 3 are correct

Stress is a frequent aspect of the pilots job. Under which of the following circumstances does it occur? 1. Stress occurs whenever the pilot must revise his plan of action and does not immediately have a solution. 2. Stress occurs with inexperienced pilots when the situational demands exceed their individual capabilities. 3. Stress occurs if a pilot is convinced that he will not be able to find a solution for the problem he just is confronted with

1, 2 and 3 are correct

Which of the following symptoms could a pilot get, when he is subjected to hypoxia? 1. Fatigue. 2. Euphoria. 3. Lack of concentration. 4. Pain in the joints. 5. Sensation of suffocation.

1, 2 and 3 are correct

Tolerance to decompression sickness is decreased by: 1. SCUBA-Diving 2. Obesity 3. Age 4. Body height

1, 2 and 3 are correct.

What are the main consequences of latent errors? They: 1. Remain undetected in the system for a certain length of time. 2. May only manifest themselves under certain conditions. 3. Are quickly detectable by the front-line operator whose mental schemas on the instantaneous situation filter out formal errors. 4. Lull the pilots into security. The correct statement(s) is (are):

1, 2 and 4

What are the main factors which bring about reduced or low vigilance (hypovigilance)? 1. The monotony of the task. 2. Tiredness the need for sleep. 3. A lack of stimulation. 4. Excessive stress.

1, 2, 3

Getting uneasy will effect: 1. attention 2. concentration 3. memory 4. prudence

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

The severity of hypoxia depends on the: 1. rate of decompression 2. physical fitness 3. flight level 4. individual tolerance

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Which of the following are primary sources of motivation in day-to-day professional life? 1. Being in control of ones own situation 2. Fear of punishment 3. Success (achievement of goals) 4. Social promotion, money

1, 2, 3, 4

Decompression sickness may occur as from: 1. an altitude of more than 18.000 ft 2. an altitude of more than 5.500 ft 3. a rate of climb of more than 500 ft/min exceeding 18.000 ft 4. a temperature of more than 24° C

1, 3

To optimise ones night-vision performance, it is necessary: 1. to spend some time getting adapted to low levels of illumination 2. to increase the instrument panel lighting by reducing the cockpit lighting 3. not to focus on the point to be observed 4. to avoid blinding

1, 3, 4

What may be the origins of representation errors? 1. Perception errors. 2. The catering for all available information. 3. Incorrect information from the observed world. 4. The receipt of a bad piece of information.

1, 3, 4

What are the various factors which guide attention? 1. The level of automation of behaviour 2. Response time 3. The salience of the information 4. Expectations

1, 3, 4.

Which statement is correct? 1. Smokers have a greater chance of suffering from coronary heart disease. 2. Smoking tobacco will raise the individuals physiological altitude during flight. 3. Smokers have a greater chance for lung cancer.

1,2 and 3 are correct

In decision-making, the selection of a solution depends: 1. on objective and subjective criteria 2. on the objective to be achieved 3. on the risks associated with each solution 4. above all on the personality of the decision-maker

1,2,3,4

Healthy people are usually capable to compensate for a lack of oxygen up to:

10.000 - 12.000 feet

Expired air contains;

15% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide.

The human ear is capable of perceiving vibrations between the frequencies

16 - 20,000 Hz

The critical altitude at which hypoxia starts is:

18.000 feet

According to the ICAO standard atmosphere, the temperature lapse rate of the troposphere is approximately:

2 ° C every 1.000 feet

Our body takes its energy from: 1. minerals 2. protein 3. carbohydrates 4. vitamins

2, 3

The following course of action roust be taken if gastrointestinal or cardiopulmonary complaints or pain arise before take-off: 1. take the standard medicines and advise the doctor on returning from the flight 2. assess your own ability to fly, if necessary with the help of a doctor 3. if in doubt about fitness to fly - do not fly! 4. reduce the cabin temperature, and drink before you are thirsty so as to avoid dehydration

2, 3

What are the communication qualities of a good briefing? A good briefing must: 1. Contain as much information and be as comprehensive as possible. 2. Be of a standard type so that it can be reused for another flight of the same type. 3. Be short and precise. 4. Be understandable to the other crew member(s). The correct statement(s) is (are):

2, 3 and 4 are correct.

In civil air transport, linear accelerations (Gx): 1. do not exist 2. have slight physiological consequences 3. may, in the case of pull-out, lead to loss of consciousness 4. cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis

2,4

What is the audible range of the human ear:

20 - 20.000 Hz.

In the short-term-memory, information is stored for approximately

20 seconds

The approximate percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 30.000 ft is:

20%

How much of the air is occupied by oxygen?

20.94%.

Where is the critical threshold at which a pilot not using oxygen reaches the critical or lethal zone? It starts at:

21.000 ft.

In order to get rid of excess nitrogen following scuba diving, subsequent flights should be delayed:

24 hours.

It is recommended that aircrew restrict themselves to a maximum caffeine intake a day of:

250 - 300 mg.

Which of the following are characteristics of paradoxical sleep? 1. It refreshes the body and muscle. 2. It decreases during the night. 3. Rapid eye movements. 4. Brain activity is similar to that being awake.

3 and 4.

After a cabin pressure loss in approximately 35.000 ft the TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) will be approximately:

30 - 60 seconds.

Breathing 100% O2 will lift the pilots physiological safe altitude to approximately:

38.000 ft.

100% oxygen without pressure can be used up to:

40.000 ft

About ... of a normal sleep is spent in Stage 2 sleep.

50 percent

The chemical composition of the earths atmosphere (ICAO standard atmosphere) is:

78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0,9 % argon, 0,03 % carbon dioxide.

Breathing 100% oxygen at 38.000 ft is equivalent to breathe ambient air at:

8.000 ft.

What is rhodopsin?

A chemical called visual purple which sometimes is present in rod cells.

Regarding arousal, which of the following statements is wrong?

A medium level of arousal can be dangerous, since you have little spare mental capacity in this situation

Which statement best defines hypoxia?

A state of oxygen deficiency in the body.

Which of the following measures can reduce the chance of a black-out during positive G-manoeuvres?

A tilt back seat.

What is the average Time of Useful Consciousness after a rapid decompression at 40.000 ft?

About 12 seconds.

The ozone layer:

Absorbs UVB better than UVA.

Presbycusis causes loss of:

High tones.

The primary function of the Pressoreceptors is:

Homeostasis.

Among the factors which affect acuity are:

Hypoxia, age and angular distance from the fovea.

List the four major types of hypoxia, which are classified according to the cause of the hypoxia.

Hypoxic, hypaemic, stagnant and histotoxic.

Among the factors which affect night vision are:

Age, cabin altitudes above 8.000 ft, smoking and alcohol.

Which of the following statements about alcohol is true?

Alcohol will lower the tolerance for hypoxia

If spatial disorientation occurs, flight crew should:

All of the above are correct.

Which statement about automation is correct?

All of the above are correct.

A forward acceleration, without visual reference, can cause:

An illusion of backward tilt because it results in backward displacement of the otolithic membranes.

What is angina?

Angina is a symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle, usually caused by narrowing or obstruction of the coronary artery.

In relation to hypoxia, which of the following paraphrase(s) is (are) correct?

This is a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues, leading to mental and muscular disturbances, causing impaired thinking, poor judgement and slow reactions.

To overcome the symptoms of hyperventilation, a pilot should:

Slow the breathing rate.

A person should be able to overcome the symptoms of hyperventilation by:

Slowing the breathing rate and increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the body.

What are the main clinical signs of hypoxia during explosive decompression?

Increase in heart and respiratory rates, euphoria, impairment of judgement, memory disorders.

Mental training, mental rehearsal of cognitive pertaining is called the inner, ideomotor simulation of actions.

It is most important for the acquisition of complex perceptual motor skills.

Which of the following tasks are possible to do simultaneously without mutual interference?

Maintain manual straight and level flight and solve a problem.

The effects of Boyles law can cause:

Trapped gas disorders.

A smoker of 20 cigarettes a day at height will suffer from Anaemic Hypoxia and will have a raised carboxy- haemoglobin level of about 7%. He/she will start to suffer from Hypoxia approximately 4 - 5,000 ft below that of a non-smoker.

True.

The following statement about UV radiation is false:

UVB penetrates deeper into the skin than UVA and causes skin cancer.

Which of the following statements about psychosomatic stress is or are correct? 1. Psychosomatic stress should hardly affect aviation because of good crew selection procedures. 2. Psychosomatic stress causes physiological symptoms to have psychological effects.

Neither.

What misjudgement may occur if an airplane is flying into, fog, snow or haze?

Objects seem to be farther away than in reality.

Which statement is correct?

Oxygen diffusion from the blood into the cells depends on their partial oxygen pressure gradient.

If a pilot experiences negative acceleration (Gz) what is the effect on the pilots inertia?

Upwards and vertical.

How can a poor diet influence vision?

Vitamin A is an essential element in the build-up of rhodopsin (visual purple); without this, night vision is degraded.

Under what circumstances will a pilot change from automated level to rule-based level?

When detecting, that an automated behaviour will no longer lead to the intended outcome.

A pilot who has been scuba diving should avoid flying:

Within 12 hours, or 24 hours if a depth of 30 ft has been exceeded

Some hours after a rapid decompression at FL 300 you experience pain in the joints. Which of following answers is correct?

You should ask for medical advice (flight surgeon) since this is a symptom of decompression sickness.

One of the causes of Conductive Deafness is:

a blow on the head with subsequent damage to the ossicles.

Presbyopia is normally caused by:

a decrease of accommodation.

Cigarette smoking has particular significance to the flyer, because there are long-term and short-term harmful effects. From cigarette smoking the pilot can get:

a mild carbon monoxide poisoning decreasing the pilots tolerance to hypoxia.

Which of the following responses is an example of habit reversion (negative habit transfer):

a pilot who has flown many hours in an aircraft in which the fuel lever points forward for the ON position, may unintentionally turn the fuel lever into the false position, when flying a different aircraft, where the fuel lever has to point aft to be in the ON position.

Decision-making is a concept which represents:

a voluntary and conscious process of selection, from among possible solutions, for a given problem.

The requirement of good sunglasses is to:

absorb enough visible light to eliminate glare without decreasing visual acuity, absorb UV and IR radiation and absorb all colours equally.

A pilot will get hypoxia:

after decompression at high altitude and not taking additional oxygen in time.

The procedure to be followed in the event of decompression when flying above 10.000 ft must:

allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent the pilot becoming hypoxic.

Narcolepsy is:

an inability to stop falling asleep when in sleep credit.

What are the best visual cues for height during the round out?

apparent speed and texture of ground objects

The area in front of a threshold descends towards the threshold. Possible danger is:

approach is higher than normal and may result in a long landing.

The Effective Performance Time or Time of Useful Consciousness after a decompression at 35.000 ft is:

between 30 and 60 seconds.

Human behaviour is determined by:

biological characteristics, social environment and cultural influences

During a night flight at 10.000 feet you notice that your acuity of vision has decreased. In this case you can increase your acuity by:

breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask.

The rate and depth of breathing is primary regulated by the concentration of:

carbon dioxide in the blood.

Starting a coordinated level turn can make the pilot believe to:

climb.

If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying you should:

continue on instruments.

During final approach under bad weather conditions you are getting uneasy, feel dizzy and get tingling sensations in your hands. When hyperventilating you should:

control your rate and depth of breathing.

The intensity of a sound is measured in:

decibels.

You are transporting a passenger who has to be at a certain destination for a meeting. The weather forcast at destination tends to be much worse than expected, so you consider to divert. The businessman offers you money if you manage to land there at any case. What is your appropriate way of action? You will:

decide to divert if you think it is necessary.

Henrys Law explains the occurrence of:

decompression sickness.

The momentum of gas exchange in respiration is:

dependent on the pressure gradient between the participating gases during respiration.

If a pilot in an un-pressurised aircraft suffers from severe stomach pain in flight. He/she should:

descend.

Decompression symptoms are caused by:

dissolved gases from tissues and fluids of the body.

The decision making in emergency situations requires firstly:

distribution of tasks and crew coordination

The following situations can lead to stagnant hypoxia

excessive G forces

Vibrations can cause blurred vision. This is due to tuned resonance oscillations of the:

eyeballs.

Once a pilot has developed a certain way of thinking about a problem he will probably:

find it difficult to get out of that way of thinking and difficult to try a different interpretation of the data.

Hepatitis can be passed through:

food or water which has been contaminated.

The thin walls of capillaries are permeable for:

gases.

The proprioceptive senses (Seat of-the-Pants-Sense):

give wrong information, when outside visual reference is lost

Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood to carry oxygen. This is because:

haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than it has for oxygen.

With regard to the average influence of age on pilot performance, it may be said that age:

has little impact when the pilot is able to compensate for it by his/her flight experience.

When the pilot suffers from hypothermia (loss of cabin heating):

his need for oxygen will be increased as long as he stays conscious.

During running your muscles are producing more CO2, raising the CO2 level in the blood. The consequence is:

hyperventilation (the rate and depth of breathing will increase).

A person experiencing light headaches, dizziness, tingling at the fingertips and breathing rapidly may be suffering from:

hypoxia or hyperventilation

The following statement about relative humidity is false:

if an air mass is warmed, its relative humidity increases.

During flight under IMC information from the proprioceptors should be:

ignored.

In the absence of external reference points, the sensation that the vehicle in which you sitting is moving when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is moving is called:

illusion of relative movement.

Hypothermia causes a:

increase in the demand for oxygen and eventually lends to unconsciousness.

What is the remedy for decompression sickness, or bends?

increase the pressure on the body

The problems of hyperventilation are caused by:

increased exhaling of carbon dioxide.

The effects of Galactic radiation:

increases with altitude.

Young pilots or pilots with little experience of airplanes differ from experienced pilots in the following way:

inexperienced pilots refer to information more than experts when carrying out the same task.

The metabolism of alcohol is:

influenced by time.

The purpose of action plans which are implemented during briefings is to:

initiate procedures and reactions for situations that are most likely, risky or difficult during the flight.

Incapacitation is most dangerous when it is:

insidious.

CRM (Crew Resource Management) training is:

intended to develop effectiveness of crew performance by improving attitudes towards flight safety and human relationship management

The phase of flight most prone to accidents is:

intermediate and final approach.

The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric information (piercing vision):

is limited to the foveae area of the retina.

The readiness for tracing information which could indicate the development of a critical situation:

is necessary to maintain good situational awareness.

Concerning the capacity of the human long-term memory

its storage capacity is unlimited

Which symptom does not belong to the following list:

leans.

When consciously breathing fast or hyperventilating due to high arousal or overstress, the carbon dioxide level in the blood is lowered, resulting in:

less oxygen to be diffused into the cells.

In order to completely resynchronise with local time after zone crossing, circadian rhythms require:

less time when flying from east to west.

The otoliths in the inner ear are sensitive to:

linear acceleration and gravity.

Fatigue and permanent concentration:

lower the tolerance to hypoxia.

After a rapid decompression at an altitude of 30 000 ft the first action of the pilot shall be:

maintaining aircraft control and preventing hypoxia (use of oxygen mask).

What should a pilot do if he has no information about the dimensions of the runway and the condition of the terrain underneath the approach? He should:

make an instrument approach and be aware of the illusory effects that can be induced.

Stress is a reaction to adapt a specific situation. This reaction:

may include various psychological and physiological elements which one can learn to manage.

The Seat-of-the-Pants Sense is including receptors in the:

muscles, tendons and joints sensitive to the position and movement of body parts.

The cabin pressure in airline operation is:

normally not exceeding 6.000 to 8.000 feet.

In order to make communication effective, it is necessary to: 1. Avoid the synchronization of verbal and non-verbal channels. 2. Send information in line with the receivers decoding abilities. 3. Always concentrate on the informational aspects of the message only. 4. Avoid increasing the number of communication channels, in order to simplify communication. The correct statement(s) is (are):

only 2 is correct.

In the pulmonary artery there is:

oxygen poor and carbon dioxide rich blood.

It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. The reason for this is:

pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents.

Positive linear acceleration when flying in IMC may cause a false sensation of:

pitching up.

The following statements are true except:

poor circulation is called hypoxic hypoxia.

The development of procedures makes pilots more effective and more reliable in their actions. This is called:

procedural consistency.

The WHO definition of alcoholism is: when excessive use of alcohol ... damages a persons ... ,... or ... life.

repeatedly; physical; mental; social.

The three coats of the eye are:

sclera, uvea, retina.

Depth perception when objects are close (< 1 m) is achieved through:

seeing with two eyes (binocular vision).

The PNS passes information from:

sensory inputs to the CNS through sensory and motor nerves.

The first stage in the information process is:

sensory stimulation.

An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to:

shortness of breath.

Please mark the counter-measure a pilot can use against a Barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis):

stop descending, climb again and then descend with reduced sink rate.

Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected when:

stress is high.

It is desirable to standardize as many patterns of behaviour (operating procedures) as possible in commercial aviation mainly because:

such behaviour reduces errors even under adverse circumstances.

When a pilot is facing a problem during flight he should:

take as much time as he needs and is available to make up his mind

The carcinogen (a substance with the ability to produce modifications in cells which develop a cancer) in the bronchi of the lungs is:

tar.

The cocktail party effect is:

the ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally.

Adaptation is:

the adjustment of the eyes to high or low levels of illumination.

A high degree of cockpit automation may alter the traditional tasks of the pilots in a way, that:

the attention of the cockpit crew will become reduced with the consequence of being out of the loop.

The pressoreceptors are located in:

the carotid and aortic arterial vessels.

Workload essentially depends on:

the current situation, the pilots expertise and the ergonomics of the system

The group of tiny bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) are situated in:

the middle ear.

A stress reaction is:

the non-specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person

The atmospheric pressure at 18.000 feet altitude is half the atmospheric pressure at sea level. In accordance with this statement,

the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to 1/2 of the pressure of oxygen at sea level

In the initial phase of flight training the relationship between confidence and expertise can be described as:

the pilot is competent enough to fly the aircraft at this stage, but does neither have a great deal of confidence in his/her abilities nor in the whole system

Henrys law states:

the quantity of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.

The individuals perception of stress depends on:

the subjective evaluation of the situation and ones abilities to cope with it.

The use of check lists must be carried out in such a way that:

their execution must not be done simultaneously with other actions.

The risk of getting a spatial disorientation is growing, when:

there is contradictory information between the instruments and the vestibular organs.

Large amounts of carbon dioxide are eliminated from the body when hyperventilating. This causes the blood

to become more alkaline increasing the amount of oxygen to be attached to the haemoglobin at lung area

In case of in-flight stress, one should:

use all available resources of the crew.

The time between inadequate oxygen supply and incapacitation is called TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness). It

varies individually and depends on cabin pressure altitude.

One of the waste products of the metabolic process in the cell is:

water.