Human Sexuality Exam 2
What were the main themes related to sexuality and disability as presented on the last day of class?
- Love - Intimacy - Passion - Desire - Romance - Sex - Sexual Expression
What role do social value judgments and science play in determining variant sexuality?
- Typical: a behavior that fits the cultural norm of a community - Atypical: a behavior that includes one of the following: it's harmful, illegal, infers with a relationship or involves another person without consent...? - Cultural and environmental?
In the section "Men and Women and Paraphilic Disorders," what are some general findings related to gender and prevalence of paraphilias?
- Whenever the sex of a person with a paraphilia has been mentioned, it is virtually always a male - The reason for this is because nearly all those who engage in paraphilia are, men - The one possible exception to this rule is sexual masochism (sexual gratification from receiving pain), which is found in women more often than other paraphilias but is still more common in men - The relative prevalence of paraphilia among men as compared to women may be understood better from a larger cultural perspective... In most western cultures, males are given greater "permission" to be sexual in their thinking, language, and behavior... Most societal attitudes consider overt sexuality in men not only normal but also desirable, something to be encouraged and rewarded... A man who is highly sexually oriented is typically referred to in positive terms such as "stud or hottie"... whereas a woman who talks or behaves in similar ways is usually labeled in negative terms such as "slt or whre"
Related to the "Triangular Theory of Love," understand the different types of love (i.e. romantic love versus consummate love; the three elements of love according to Sternberg)
-This is the theory that love is three elements that combine to create 7 different kinds of love. Sternberg's theory that three fundamental components of love - intimacy, passion, and commitment - in various combinations define the qualities of a relationship -Passion: sexual desire and physical attraction -Intimacy: connection and feeling of closeness, the emotional attachment. -Commitment: to love now in the short term, but to maintain the love for a long time.
Your text outlines 5 keys for "Improving Communication" (pgs 121-122). What are they? How is the last one related to the other four?
1. Decide done slide: You need to fix problems in a relationship not avoid them. 2. Do your part: Take responsibility for the problem don't put all your blame on your partner. 3. make it safe to connect: Don't act hostile when your partner comes to you with a problem. 4. Open doors to positive connections: Focus on the positives and good in the relationship 5. nurture your commitment: This is what all of them are about. Each of the partner's mush show commitment and strength in the relationship for it to work.
What behaviors are recommended related to "Safer-Sex Behaviors?
1. Decrease the number of partners 2. Know the sexual backround of your partners. 3. Have protected sex for all kinds of sex 4. Engage in more outer-course 5. Limit alcohol intake
Be familiar with the 4 P's discussed related to STIs.
1. Keep your own perspective: Having an STI is nt the end of the world. Education and treatment exist. 2. Call your provider: Getting correct treatment is important, it is also important to build a relationship with your healthcare provider, and know how to take charge of your health. 3. Tell your partner's. 4. Consider Prevention: Think ahead communicate, educate.
Be familiar with how to distinguish each of the "four horseman of the apocalypse" as studied by John Gottman.
1. Stone Walling: Allowing for a passive form of aggression, by being unreponsive when agressive fights break out. 2. Complaints/Criticisms: verbal fighting and fault finding. 3. Contents: disrespect and disgust 4. Defensiveness: Denying responsibility for the problems that are existing in the relationship.
What are some of the current concerns related to the transmission rates of HIV?
1. the erroneous belief that current treatments make the effects of HIV less serious 2. the current generation did not experience the devastating impact of the earlier years of AIDS and subsequently have not received the same level of education about it.
the three guidelines for sexual communication
1.Know what you want in a relationship 2. Insiston on your right to postpone a sexualrelationship untill you are ready. 3. Be responsible if you decide to engage in casual sex. Sexual self disclosure is challenging because it feels emotional risky to reveal yourself this way.
What percentage of known pregnancies end in miscarriage?
20%
According to Gottman, his findings indicate that relationships most likely to remain stable maintain a ration of ____ positive interaction to _____ negative.
5/1
Related to "Choosing Not to Have a Child," what percentage of women of childbearing age in the United States identifies themselves as voluntarily childless/childfree?
6-7%
Related to "Postpartum Issues" and the "Sexual Activities after Childbirth," what is the average amount of time most couples wait before engaging in intercourse after the birth of the baby?
7 weeks
Review the "Risk factors for STIs" -- understand the influence of symptoms or LACK of symptoms related to STIs? Do most people know they have an STI?
80% of people don't knwo that they have an STI. Can sometimes have very few warnnign signs, symptoms, and lack of accurate informaiton. Unhealthy emotions and additudes, Poor communcation, high risk behaviors, and substance abuse.
What is a common myth about masturbation that is NOT supported by research of Herbenick and colleagues?
A common myth is that masturbation will take over and become a substitute for a sexual partner.
What does "field of eligibles" (FOE) refer to?
All individuals who meet a person's criteria as a potential romatic partner.
Review the difference between a paraphilia, fetish and kink as listed in lecture notes. Review what Safe, Sane and Consensual is about related to BDSM & other kink behaviors and how is R.A.C.K. different?
Basic criteria used by the text 1. The behavior is engaged in for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification. 2. The behavior tends to be compulsive and recurrent. 3.A clear majority of people in a given cultural setting would consider the behavior to be strange, deviant, pathological, or abnormal. Safe: Trited to minimiz heath risks Sane: is everyone involved mentally okay with what is going on Consensual: FULL CONSENT. RACK Risk, Aware, Consentual, kink. Can a kink be safe?
Review the slide about racial disparities related to maternal and infant mortality rates. What patterns are we seeing?
Black women in the U.S. face significantly higher maternal and infant mortality rates. • 12.4 deaths per 100,000 live births for white women. • 40.0 deaths per 100,000 live births for black women. • 17.8 deaths per 100,000 live births for women of other races.
Review the following lecture slides -- "Do parents talk about sexuality? Do children listen" and "Research shows..." What does research indicate related to the impact of talking to a child about sex related to later attitudes and behaviors?
Children whose parents talk to them are more likely than others to postpone sexual activity. • When they do become sexually active, they have fewer partners and are more likely to use contraceptives.
What is the most common bacterial STI in the U.S.? How is it transmitted? What are the symptoms?
Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STI. It can be passed through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. It can also be passed to the eye by a hand or other body part moistened with infected secretions. Chlamydia can be passed from a woman infected with chlamydia to her baby during delivery. Easily treated by antibiodics.
Be familiar with the aspects associated with clear, coherent, willing and ongoing consent as highlighted in the lecture notes
Clear: Consent is active. The lack of no does not mean yes, expressed through words or actions that can be clearly understood, Silence is not consent, I'm not sure, is not consent. Coherent: People who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol cannot give consent. People who are asleep cannot give consent. Willing: Consent is never given under pressure. Not obtained from physical or violent use or threats, someone in an unbalanced power situation cannot demand consent. Ongoing: Consent must be given and granted everytime that a physical act happens.
What is a barrier protection that can be used during oral sex to protect against STIs?
Condoms, and dental dams
According to Reid's Safer Sex Elevator Speech, how should the conversation about STIs be started with a potential partner?
Do like a miny quiz, ask yourself these questions, and then look at your partner's answers. When were you last tested for STDs, what did you get tested for, and what was the status of those tests? • What is your current relationship status and sexual orientation, and what, if any, relationship agreements do you have that the other person should know about? • What are your Safer Sex Protocols and needs? • One or two things that you know you like sexually (or might want to do with this person). • One thing you know you don't like sexually (or that you aren't up for today). • Optional: Quick rundown of any risky sexual things you've done since you were last tested. • Last step: Then ask the other person, "And how about you?" and listen to what they say.
From lecture, be familiar with information from the slides, "What Can Parents Do?" and "Follow these useful tips to help answer your child's questions about sexuality."
Don't wait for your child to ask questions. • Use children's books as a resource. [Check out THIS LIST for a few ideas.] • Find "teachable" moments. • Relax and be "ask-able." • Share your feelings, values, and beliefs and WHY you feel the way you do. • Know your facts. • Tell them about the joys, not just the dangers. • Listen. • Listen. • Listen.
How is erotic touch typically defined? Are there differences based on sexual orientation?
Erotic touch: often times means foreplay, and refers to all acts before penitration. No differences basised on sexual oreinetaiton or gender.
Related to the sexual comfort zone, what is the difference between erotophobia and erotophilia?
Erotophobic: Narrow, less likely to protect agaist STI's, use birth control less often, more unlikely to want to learn about seuality, less likely to want to talk about sex. Erotophillia: Parents who promote a sex safe enviorment are more likely to bring up kids with this kind of additude. These people are morelikely to seek out sexual information, be comfortable with sexual issues, and enjoy sexual behavior.
what is the primary factor related to how effective the use of repair mechanisms will be within a relationship?
Every relationship has its own conflicts, its weather or not people are wiling to get better and help their relationship.
What are common pregnancy symptoms?
Implantation bleeding Missed period Swollen/tender breasts Darkening areolas Fatigue/tiredness Nausea/morning sickness Backache Headache Frequent urination Food cravings
Infactualtion VS Fautous Love
Infatuation: love based on passion but lacking intimacy and commitment, usually very sexually charged but shallow and devoid of much meaning Fatuous love: love based on passion and commitment but lacking intimacy, a foolish or pointless love
What are the different types of IUDs? How do they work? How long does Mirena (with hormones) protect against pregnancy?
Intrauterine Methods (IUD): 99.2-99.9% effective • ParaGard Copper T causes increase in copper ions and enzymes, impairs sperm function and prevents fertilization; Can remain in for up to 12 years • The Mirena time releases progestin, thickens cervical mucus, inhibits sperm survival, and suppresses the endometrium; Can remain in for up to 5 years
How do fertility awareness-based methods work? What are key things to look for during a female's monthly cycle to be aware of times of peak fertility?
Involves charting menstrual cycles and determining ovulation by daily monitoring of basal body temperature and checking cervical mucus • Body temperature rises 0.4-0.8°F before ovulation & remains elevated until menstruation • Cervical mucus is thin, stretchy during ovulation
What are the primary questions/determinants for clinical diagnosis of a paraphilia?
Is it freely engaged in without personal distress or victimization? Has it been occurring for at least 6 months?
Understand a basic description of the three factors associated with romantic love according to Dr. Helen Fisher.
Lust- drivien by disire for sexual satisfaction Attraction- connection to the brain's reward center Attachment- promotment factor in long term relationships.
Based on research findings, do the majority of teens and young adults consider oral sex as "having sex"?
No, only about 20%
Be aware of the basic information presented in class regarding the history of the vibrator?
Originally used as a medical perscription, and was used to help make women less cranky. Used to save doctors time.
Be familiar with Table 5.2 in your text and information provided in lecture related to typical use and perfect use rates. What forms would have the most similar typical and perfect use rates?
Pill, patch ring, depo, nexplen, abstonence, IUD
Related to the discussion in lecture about "communicating your sexual needs," what are some key points related to previous research and aspects of consent? For example, what are some common ways that consent is implied?
Primarly hetersexual couples Most people show their consent by saying nothing at all Consent is implyed by many nonverbal ques and inuendos.
What are the potential benefits of using a receptive/female condom? How does it compare to the male condom related to prevention of STIs?
Pros: Can use if male partner doesn't want to wear a condom, protects agaist STI and can cover more area of the vulva. Can be used with oil based lube and is not tepreture sensative. rubbing on the outter ring of the clitorus. good for people with latex alergies, no perscription Male condom STI: Same effectaveness agaist STI
Related to "Communication Warning Signs" as outlined in your text and shown in a video clip from lecture, be familiar with the concepts of criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling.
Re watch the video in lecture slides.
Romatice Love Vs Consummate Love
Romantic love: love based on intimacy and passion but lacking commitment Consummate love: love that encompasses intimacy, passion, and commitment simultaneously
What are some common reasons people do not get STI testing?
Sigma, unware of risks, cost, Underestimate their risk, Falsely assume that tests cover all STI's.
What is the purpose of the yes/no/maybe lists and what were the general suggestions for how people could use them as tools to discuss and learn about sexual behaviors?
The purpose behind these test is to make sure that both partners are on the same page, to compare what each person is interested in. Essesntially you take a list of acts and you put a check mark in each collum. It allows for a chance to open up a conversation and talk about sex in the relationship safely.
What characteristics define a polyamorous relationship?
They are a commited cuple who have partners on the side. There needs to be consent and agreement with all parties involved.
Related to lecture notes on "Talking About Sex," what were the research findings reported by Faulkner & Lannutti regarding relationship satisfaction and frequency of sex related to communication about sexuality issues?
They found out that couples who talk about sexual issues report higher levels of relationship satisfaction, and engage in sex more frequently.
What is Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and what were the five main points in the notes?
This is a drug that you take before engaging in intercourse with someone who has HIV. 1. Daily course of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) taken by HIV-negative people to prevent infection. 2. Evidence that when used and taken correctly, PrEp can make transmission of HIV to almost 0. 3. It is cost-effective, and there is a growing demand for people with high risk. Outside of the USA, it is still very limited 4. Does not prevent against other STI's so even if you are taking this you still need to do other measures. 5. Its effectiveness decreases rapidly if it is not taken as regularly as prescribed, so you need to do that and understanding that people often forget.
How does the contraceptive patch work? How many times do you change the patch within the monthly cycle?
This is a patch that is worn of the butt, abdomen or upper torso. Use a new patch each week for three weeks, no patch on the fourth week. 92-99.7% effective.
Are most people fully aware of the process of filtering through their FOE? Does the FOE change over time?
This is an unconcious process that most people don't even relize happens. This does change overtime because meeting new people an buliding new relationships can lead to something special.
What is bacterial vaginosis? What are the symptoms and risk factors related to it?
This is the most common for of unheathly vaginal discharge. Symptoms often include an increase in discharge and a strong "fishy" odor. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, changing to a new partner, douching, inconsistent condom use.
From lecture (also in your text), review information about the role of sexual fantasies and expressions of sexuality. Those who report fantasies also report...? What are some of the reasons fantasy may be used?
Those who report fantasies also report better overall sexual adjustment, few sexual problems, and greatest over satisfaction into sexual relationships. Some reasons for fantasies include providing a safe sex outlit, enhance arousal, relive boredom, treatment of sexual trama, and allow for exploration.
What type of STI is herpes? What are the symptoms and treatments?
Viral, Often asymptomatic, clusters of small painful blisters in genital and anal areas or around the mouth - General flu-like symptoms: mild fever, fatigue, and tenderness in lymph nodes, perhaps urinary pain No cure, treated with antiherpetic drugs (acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir)
Review the basic types of lube and reasons for choosing each. For example, if a person had sensitive skin and wanted a lubricant that lasted longer without needing to reapply, what would be the best option?
Water-based: Most common, safe to use with condoms and sex toys, could require more application Oil-Based: DON"T USED WITH LAYTEX. Can use with people who have sensitive skin, might feel more comfortable and natural, can be harder to clean up. Silicon-based: Sensitive skin and allergies, Less application, safe with latex and most toys ( except the ones that contain silicon) Good for anal and activities involving water. Sillicon-based would be the best option for the person.
When can masturbation and/or sexual fantasy cause problems?
When they become compulsive, cognative dissonance, interfers with having an intimate relationship, interfers with daily work. Criminal behavior.
What are some unreliable birth control methods?
Withdrawal • Douching • Lactational Amenorrhea Method • Different sex positions
Approximately what percent of pregnancies in the United States each year are unintended? What are the risks associated with unintended pregnancies?
about half (51%) of the 6.6 million pregnancies in the United States each year (3.4 million) are unintended. 1. Delayed start of prenatal care 2. Increased risk of premature birth 3. Negative outcomes mental health for moms and children 4. Increased public funding expenditures (2010, 68% unplanned vs. 38% planned) 5. Increased abortion rates
What does the author list as barriers that can make sexual self-disclosure challenging?
exual dislikes and likes sexual need/desires sexual fears/concerns past positive sexual experiences
Compassionate love
love based on true intimacy and commitment but lacking passion, the partners are companions more than lovers
What are the factors that influence higher erotophilic attitudes?
parents who are not embarrassed to talk about sex, more masturbation in childhood/adolescents, factual understanding of sexual topics in adolescents.
What factors are associated with identifying someone's FOE?
physical atractivness, proximity and time spent around one another, and how much the tow people have in common.
Be familiar with basic information about anal intercourse - for example, who practices anal sex and what are 4 important basics to know?
practiced by both men and women of all kinds of sexual oreinetaions. 1. Lube 2. Hygiene 3. Toys: anything analy should have a flared end 4.Communication, go slow and start small
What were the findings of the Pfizer Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors that asked respondents "has your doctor asked whether you have sexual difficulties (within the last 3 years) and what was the implication of those findings as discussed in lecture?
• 1,154 doctors,53% male & 47% female, mean age 48 years • Do you ask your patients about: 1. Sexual activities - 63% 2. Sexual orientation - 27% 3. Sexual satisfaction - 28% 4. Sexual problems - 40% 5. Sexual pleasure - 13% Do you ever express disapproval or disagreement with your patients' sexual practices - 25% YES
Be familiar with facts presented in lecture about abortions. For example, what statistics were discussed related to who typically gets abortions in the U.S. - i.e. first time pregnancy, already mothers, religious, not religious?
• Abortion rates in the U.S. have steadily decreased since the 1990s. • One in three American women will have had an abortion by age 45. • 50% of women obtaining abortions are younger than 25. • About 60% of abortions are obtained by women who have one or more children. • 43% of women obtaining abortions identify themselves as Protestant and 27% as Catholic.
What were the overall points related to abortion? (i.e. role of access to contraception; services for men; what makes a woman more at risk for negative psychological symptoms following an abortion?)
• Baby would interfere with life goals • Lack of financial resources • Poor relationship with the father • Don't want others to know they had sex • Partner and/or family pressure to abort • Fetal deformity or risk to mother's health • Rape • Younger at time of abortion • Lack of family or partner support • Persuaded/pressured to have an abortion or difficult time making the decision • Strong religious & moral background • Medical or genetic reasons for abortion (i.e. if born, child would not have survived) • History of psychiatric problems (i.e. depression) 10% of cases
Under the section in your text "Sexuality in Infancy and Childhood" and the slides "Sexuality in Infancy and Childhood" and "Preschool Years," what do experts in child development say about genital touching/self-stimulation?
• Children want to know... • Does it work? • How does it work? • How do I control it? Sexual Exploration: • Parents should be more concerned if babies & children show absolutely no curiosity about exploring their world & their bodies than if they touch themselves. Preschool Years: • Genital touching continues to be common • While you should not be negative and be careful not to shame a child, it is ok to set boundaries such as teaching children the appropriate time and place to engage in these behaviors (i.e. in privacy in their room or in the shower vs. at the playground) • Sex play - I'll show you mine, you show me yours, touching or undressing each other, rubbing against each other, often simulate "adult" things they have seen between adults in their lives or from the media. • Again it is important to not invoke shame and not to overreact. This is a very common behavior. It is an important time to let them know that while it is normal to be curious about each other's bodies; it is also important to have boundaries with our bodies. This is a perfect "teachable moment." You can use picture books to help talk with children about basic anatomy, how the body works, and as a springboard for answering their questions. This sets the stage to make you an "askable" adult in their life! Text: - Child development specialists, are quick to reassure that such behaviors are usually normal signs of childhood curiosity and a healthy enjoyment of activities that feel good. - Behaviors in children have been shown to decrease as age increases - School-age children overall tend to engage in a decreasing number of sexual behaviors than two or three year olds
Be familiar with the information about emergency contraception in your text and as discussed in lecture. What are some of the common misconceptions and concerns? Does research support this? How does it compare in effectiveness to other forms of contraception?
• One in nine (11%) women reported having used emergency contraception. Up from 4.2% in 2002. • For ages 20-24, about one in four had used it. • Of those who used it, 59% had used it only once and 24% had used it twice; 17% had used it more than twice. • 45% reported using it from fear of method failure and 49% used it because they had unprotected sex • It should NOT be used in place of regular contraception. It is approximately 75-80% effective in preventing pregnancy after unprotected intercourse (Hock text) RESEARCH RESULTS: • 54% of women who have abortions reported having used a contraceptive method (usually the condom or the pill) during the month they became pregnant. Among those women, 76% of pill users and 49% of condom users report having used their method inconsistently. Importance of correct use! • 46% of women who have abortions had not used a contraceptive method during the month they became pregnant. Of these women, 33% had perceived themselves to be at low risk for pregnancy, 32% had safety concerns about contraceptive methods, 26% had unexpected sex and 1% had been forced to have sex.
Types of STIs - know the difference between a bacterial STI and a viral STI. How are bacterial STIs treated? Do they go away?
• Viral - Herpes, Hepatitis B, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), HIV • Bacterial - Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU), Syphilis -Treatable with antibiotics; Left untreated can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, in rare cases death. Treatment is less complicated and typically fairly easy when bacterial STIs are treated early. • Parasitic - Trichomoniasis pubic lice and scabies
According to information presented in lecture, what are current c-section rates in the U.S.? What is recommended by the World Health Organization? What are some of the reasons given for an increase in cesarean sections both in your text and during lecture?
◦ 1970 - 6% ◦ 1980 - 17% ◦ 1990 - 23% ◦ 2016 - 31.9% (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Statistics) ◦ Preferred rate acc. To World Health Organization is no more than 10-15% Reasons: 1. More women are choosing to have C-sections 2. Doctors are often more willing to perform C-sections due to litigation fears 3. Average age of giving birth has increased, which could lead to increase in complications 4. C-section births are approximately twice as profitable for hospitals Other factors include: ◦ Side effects of common labor interventions ◦ Refusal by some hospitals and/or insurance companies to offer informed choice of vaginal birth (VBAC) ◦ Casual attitudes about surgery and c-sections in general ◦ Limited awareness of risks associated with c-sections
