HUSH UNIT 3 TEST

Federal Judiciary Act

-1789 -Congress working out the the other courts after the supreme court -first justice of the supreme court is John Jay

Whiskey Rebellion

-1794 -reinforced Federalist idea that democracy and freedom are dangerous in the hands of ordinary citizens -broke out when backcountry Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against the new tax on distilled liquor -the rebels used liberty symbols of the Revolution with banners saying "LIberty of Death." -was cut short when Washington arrived 13,000 militiamen to the area -this was the only time a president actually commanded an army in the field -the rebels offered no resistance

Alien and Sedition Acts

-1798 -imposed by Federalists who wanted to silence their critics -the Alien Act allowed the president to deport persons from abroad deemed "dangerous" by federal government -the Sedition Act authorized the prosecution of virtually any public assembly or publication critical of the government -alien: immigrant/non civilian -made it harder for people to become citizens -mainly targeted the Republican press -Jefferson, recalling the events in Salem, Mass, called this era the "reign of witches" -people were charged with spreading things such as "false, scandalous, and malicious" information about the government -people said it violated the 1st Amendment -directly targeting French people -thrust freedom of speech and expression to the center of discussions of American liberty -"true Americans" shouldn't worry about these acts

Macon's Bill #2

-1810 -after the Embargo had failed to achieve its diplomatic aims and was increasingly violated by American shippers -part of new policy enacted by Madison -allowed trade to resume but provided that if either France or Britain ceased interfering with American rights, the president could reimpose a with the other -France accepted, but the British continued to attack American vessels and, in 1812, Madison reimposed the embargo with Britain

Nullification Crisis

-1830 -when South Carolina adopted the ordinance to nullify the tariff acts and label them unconstitutional -suggests that the states have the true right to decide if acts of congress are valid -the compact theory → idea that the Constitution was formed as an agreement of all the states, and that the states are more powerful that the Constitution because they were around first -despite sympathetic voices from other Southern states, South Carolina found itself standing alone -led by John H. Calhoun, Jackson's Vice president -Calhoun writes the South Carolina Exposition and Protest → a document that lays out the ideas of the protest against such a high tariff -Jackson's response is to send in the troops to enforce taxes -to Jackson, nullification amounted to nothing less than disunion

Transcendentalism

-1830s-1840s -encouraged by the restless, competitive world of the Market Revolution -the transcendentalists were a group of New England intellectuals who insisted on the primacy of individual judgment over existing social traditions -has a religious component: closely related to nature and isolation -often pretty elitist -Hudson River School → smallness of man, vastness of nature -2 well-known transcendentalists were Emerson and Thoreau

Bank War

-1832 -the central struggle of Jackson's presidency was the war on the Bank of the US -many people, including Jackson, distrusted of banks -Nicholas Biddle of Pennsylvania was in support of the Bank, and he and his supporters persuaded Congress to approve a bill extending the Bank's charter for another 20 years -Jackson did not sign the bill -Jackson insisted that it was unacceptable for Congress to create a source of concentrated power and economic privilege unaccountable to the people -exclusive privileges like the Back's charter widened the gap between the wealthy and farmers/laborers -by opposing the Bank, Jackson proclaimed himself the symbolic representative of all the people -Jackson's effective appeal to democratic popular sentiment helped his win a sweeping re-election victory in 1832 and ensure the death of the Bank of the US

Election of 1796

-Adams vs. Jefferson -Adams wins, making Jefferson the vice-president -caused conflicts because they were from opposite parties

British keeping forts in the Old Northwest

-Americans were concerned that they were riling up Native Americans -not honoring the Treaty of 1783

The Cotton Kingdom

-Deep South was particularly suited to growing cotton because of its climate and soil fertility -in 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin (also invented interchangeable parts of the rifle), revolutionizing cotton picking by making it easier and faster -revolutionized American slavery that was starting to die out -not as many canals in the South → concerned with tariffs, don't want England to put a tariff on cotton imports

France

-French Revolution is going on -scares the Federalists -Democratic-Republicans support it and think it's a way of establishing freedom -1797 - the US issues the Neutrality Act -also, forbids Americans from fighting for the armies of other countries -the US does not support France in its conflicts with Britain → against the treaty of Amity -"Citizen Gênet" French guy who comes to the US and tries to recruit Americans to fight against the British

Jim Crow

-Jim Crow was a character from a popular minstrel show created by Thomas D. Rice in 1829 -he was a happy, childlike plantation slave who fulfilled many of the black stereotype of the period -in later years, Jim Crow would be used to refer to the laws and customs of southern segregation -these Jim Crow laws mandated the segregation of public schools, public transportation, and even drinking fountains

Marbury v Madison

-Madison, Jefferson's secretary of state, refused to issue commissions to several judges, including Marbury, who were chosen in the end of Adam's administration -lame duck -although Marbury was entitled to his commission, but the Supreme Court had no power under the Constitution to order Madison to deliver it -announced for the first time the principle that a court may declare an act of Congress void if it is inconsistent with the Constitution → declares a law as unconstitutional: a writ of mandamus (something that gives the court the right to enforce a decision) -even though it leaves Marbury without commission, it showed how much power the Supreme Court had → Judicial Reviews -courts only review laws that are brought to them

Emerson

-Ralph Waldo Emerson was one of the leaders of the transcendentalists -a divinity student from Harvard criticizes ideas of divinity in Europe -in the 1830s, he wrote that the "one important revolution" of the day was "the new value of the private man" -Emerson believed that rather than being a preexisting set of rights or privileges, freedom was an open-ended process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives

Pinckney's Treaty (Treaty of San Lorenzo)

-Spain is forced to acknowledge the US as a country -sort of as a result of Jay's Treaty

Right of deposit

-Spanish were not allowing the right of deposit at New Orleans, on the Mississippi

Dartmouth College v Woodward

-State of New Hampshire wanted to take over the college of Dartmouth (a private college) -Supreme Court established that the state could not take over a private Institution that was even older that the state and had a contract -federal government overturning state -establishes the important legal weight of private property

Lowell system

-a shift from self-sufficient rural societies where everything would be produced in the home -factories began employing many women, early New England textile mills, such as the ones at Lowell, relied largely on child labor -mostly young unmarried women from Yankee families that tended the spinning machines -to persuade parents to allow their daughters to leave home to work in the mills, Lowell owners set up boarding houses with strict rules regulating personal behavior -they also established lecture halls and churches to occupy women's free time -first time in history a large group of women left their homes to participate in the public world -these "mills girls" valued being able to earn money independently -this money was often used for dowries so they could get married -very paternalistic -but these women didn't become a permanent class of factory workers → typically worked in the factories for only a few years, they left to return home, marry, or move west -in the late 1850s, with a massive rise in immigration, the Yankee farm women increasingly began to be replace with Irish families -starts strikes in different mills

Gibbons v Ogden

-about interstate monopolies -the government has the right to regulate commerce -only interstate commerce is given to the federal government

pet banks

-after Jackson's veto, two groups emerged: -soft money advocates: state bankers who wished to free themselves from Biddle's regulation and issue more paper currency -hard money advocates: opposed all banks and believed that gold and silver formed the only reliable currency -Jackson's attempt to eliminate the Bank of the US resulted in the rise of pet banks, state banks that received deposits of federal money -2 of the Secretaries of the Treasuries refused to transfer federal money into the pet banks so Jackson finally appointed Attorney General Roger B. Taney to Treasury post and he carried out the orders -when Marshall died in 1835, Jackson rewarded Taney by appointing his chief justice -the results: -the value of banknotes rose dramatically -Specie Circular: people have to pay in gold -numerous labor unions emerged, attempting to protect the urban worker -speculators hastened to cash in on rising land prices

Federalism

-also called the division of powers -along with checks and balances, also known as separation of powers (stating that the executive, legislative, and judiciary powers of government should be divided into different branches and not concentrated in one), federalism is one of the 2 basic principles embodies by the Constitution -it refers to the relationship between the national government and the states -compared to the Articles of Confederation, it strengthened national authority -charged the president with enforcing the law and commanding the military -empowered Congress to levy taxes, borrow money, regulate commerce, declare war, deal with foreign nations and Indians, and promote the "general welfare" -barred states from issuing paper money, impairing contracts, interfering with interstate commerce, and levying their own import and export duties -states remained in charge of things from education to law enforcement -caused a lot of debate about the balance of power between the national government and the states, which continues to this day

Treaty of Paris

-an accomplishment because the US was being recognized as a free nation -forced Americans to repay all of their debts

Samuel Slater

-an immigrant from England who established America's first factory in 1790 at Pawtucket, RI -since British law made it illegal to export the plans for industrial machinery, he built from memory a power-driven spinning jenny, one key invention to the early industrial revolution -used an "outwork system," in which rural men and women earned money by taking in jobs from factories -eventually the manufacturing system was brought under a single roof -a lot more manufacturing going on in the US due to the Embargos with England -factories not only produced textiles but also a wide variety of other goods such as tools, firearms, shoes, clocks, ironware, and agricultural machinery -reason for why New England was the first industrialized part of the US

"Revolution of 1800"

-as opposed to Republicans who developed effective techniques from mobilizing voters (such as printing pamphlets and newspapers and having mass meetings to promote their cause), Federalists found this to more difficult -nevertheless, they dominated New England and had considerable support in the Middle States -Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) was elected 3rd president over Adams -before assuming office, there was an unusual constitutional crisis -both Jefferson and Burr, his running mate were tied with 23 electoral votes → in the Hamilton was forced to chose -although he disliked Jefferson, he believed his enough of a statesman to recognize the Federalism agenda -resulted in the adoption of the 12th Amendment, requiring electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president -this was a peaceful revolution -caused a feud between Burr and Hamilton → ended in a duel where Hamilton lost -demonstrated that a majority of ordinary Americans could play an active role in politics -Jefferson's triumph would have been possible without slavery and the ⅗ clause

Haitian Revolution

-began in 1791 -in Saint Domingue (modern-day Haiti), an important French colony -led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, an educated slave on a sugar plantation -with the help of thousands of slaves, Toussaint was able to defeat British forces seeking to seize the island, and eliminate French authority -left the country in ruins, but resulted in Haiti's establishment as a free nation in 1804 -inspires hopes for freedom among slaves in the US -white Americans, on the other hand, were not as happy -Haitian refugees poured into the US which resulted in many massacres of slaveowners and the burning of their plantations, reinforcing white Americans' fears of slave insurrection -as president, Jefferson was against Haiti as an independent nation

Missouri Compromise

-began in 1819, when Congress considered a request from Missouri to draft a constitution in preparation for admission to the US -MO had a slave population already exceeding 10000 -James Tallmadge, a Republican congressman from NY, moved that the introduction of further slaves be prohibited and that children of those already in Missouri be freed by age 25 -this proposal sparked 2 years of controversy -passed in the House, where most northern congressmen supported it but died in the Senate -in 1820, Senator Jesse Thomas of Illinois proposed the Missouri Compromise -admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state -meant to maintain the sectional balance between slave and free slates -said that slavery would be prohibited in all remaining territory within the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri's southern boundary -Congress adopted this plan -increased the divide between free and slave states, and North and South

Manifest Destiny

-by the 1830s, the market revolution and westward expansion of the US produced a society that was energetic, materialistic, and seemingly in constant motion -this phrase was first employed by John L. O'Sullivan, meaning that the US had a divinely appointed mission to occupy all of North America -he wrote this in 1845, but the essential idea was familiar much earlier -many Americans believe that the settlement and economic explorations of the West would prevent the US from following the path of Europe and becoming a society with fixed social classes and large group of wage-earning poor -the West was considered to be an opportunity for economic independence because land was more readily available and oppressive factory labor was far less common that in the East -this idea remained for a very long time

Tecumseh

-caused by a lot of conflict between Indians and Americans: Jefferson had long favored the removal beyond the Mississippi of Indians tribes that refused to cooperate in "civilization" themselves -1800-1812 → "age of prophecy" among Indians, many tribal leaders sought to revitalize Indian life -Tecumseh, a Shawnee, and his brother, Tenskwatawa spread anti-American ideas throughout Native American tribes -Tecumseh was a chief who had refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, while Tenskwatawa was a religious prophet who called for complete separation from whites -Tecumseh traveled the Mississippi Valley spreading the argument that the alternative to Indian resistance was extermination -in 1810, Tecumseh called for attacks on American frontier farmers -and in 1811, while he was absent, American forces Harrison destroyed Prophetstown in the Battle of Tippecanoe

Unable to protect settlers

-continued conflicts with being able to protect -could not protect from Barbary Pirates of the west coast of Africa -no naval army

The Federalist

-created by Hamilton and Madison -a series of eighty-five essays that appeared in the newspapers under the pen name Publius -in the goal of ratification by each states of the Constitution -they insisted that the Constitution was protecting American liberties, instead of endangering them -Hamilton assured that the Constitution created "the perfect balance between liberty and power" -in the end, the supporters won

Tariff of 1832

-despite the reduction in rates, South Carolina declared the tax on imported goods null and void in the state after the following February -to avert a confrontation, Henry Clay and Calhoun engineered the passage of a new tariff further reducing duties -South Carolina rescinded the ordinance of nullification, although it proceeded to "nullify" the Force Act

Bill of Rights

-determined rights such as trial by jury, freedom of speech, press, and religion -calm the people who were afraid of an oppressive federal government and had problems with the Constitution, especially the elastic clause and the supremacy clause -enumerated and implied powers -not in the original Constitution -included by people who were concerned with the Constitution, and all the power it gave to the federal government -10 clauses: 1 - freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition 2 - right to bear arms 3 - no quartering of soldiers 4 - freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures 5 - right to due process of law, freedom of self-incrimination, double jeopardy, eminent domain 6 - rights of accused persons 7 - trial by jury in civil cases 8 - freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment 9 - other rights of people exist that aren't included 10 - powers not enumerated in the Constitution are reserved to the states and people

Monroe Doctrine

-drafted by John Quincy Adams, Monroe's secretary of state, in 1823 -Adams feared that Spain would try to regain Latin American colonies after many of them rebelled in the early 19th century -it expressed 3 principles: The US would oppose any further efforts at colonization by European powers in the Americas The US would abstain from involvement in wars in Europe Warned European powers not to interfere with the newly independent states of Latin America -also called America's diplomatic declaration of independence -based on the assumption that the Old and New Worlds formed separate political and diplomatic systems -asserted that the US was the dominant power of the Western Hemisphere -reflected a rising sense of American nationalism

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution

-drafted by Madison and Jefferson -attacked the Sedition Act as a violation of the 1st Amendment -Virginia's (by Madison) called on the federal courts to protect freedom of speech -Kentucky's (by Jefferson) went even further, asserting that states could nullify laws of Congress that violated the Constitution (Jefferson is actively the vice president while he is asserting this) -in direct contradiction of the Supremacy Clause -no other state endorsed the resolutions -many Americans were horrified by the idea of state actions endangering the Union -helped to reinforce the idea that freedom of discussion was an indispensable attribute of American liberty and democracy

Articles of Confederation

-drafted by the 2nd Continental Congress in 1777 and approved by the states four years later -the first written constitution of the US -in its own words, it described the new national government as a "perpetual union" -less a blueprint for a common government than a treaty for mutual defense → a "firm league of friendship" between the states -important economically, they can all trade freely with each other -said that each state retained its "sovereignty, freedom, and independence" -national government → one-house Congress, in which each state, cast a single vote → not enough representation for larger states like Virginia -limitations to no separate executive: no president to enforce the laws and no judiciary to interpret them -no executive or judicial branch → very few national laws, less unity, no unbiased court for trials between states -no regulation of interstate commerce → a want for free trade causes more taxes and tariffs on goods from out of state which damages the economy (cheaper to trade internationally) -no power to tax → less power is given to the government, due to all the taxes imposed by the British -in some ways, keeps the states connected to each other -no national currency → each state had its own currency causing huge inflation and problems in trade -some members even failed to attend Congress -major decisions required the approval of all states rather than a simple majority -in the 1780s established national control over the land to the west and devised the rule for its settlement -granted territory running all the way to the Pacific to states such as Virginia, the Carolinas and Connecticut -later on, in the interest of unity, these land-rich states ceded their western claims to the central government -amendment of the Articles of the Confederation, need the approval of all 13 states -was completely scrapped in May 1787 at the Constitutional Convention

XYZ Affair

-during John Adam's presidency -as a neutral nation, the US claimed the right to trade nonmilitary goods with both Britain and France, but both countries seized American ships with impunity -in 1797 American diplomats were sent to Paris to negotiate a treaty to replace the old Treaty of Amity -the French officials were designated by the last letters of the alphabet -this affair poisoned US relations with its former ally -French officials demand bribes from Americans -by 1798, the US and France were engaged in "quasi-war" at sea -in the end, in 1800, Adams negotiated peace with France

Trail of Tears

-during a period when the US was enforcing laws the restricted Indian rights and forced them to move West -Worcester v Georgia -case that ruled in favor of the Cherokee -Jackson does not care and continues to push the Indians out -the Cherokee, who were primarily found in Georgia, were one of the tribes forced to relocate -the Cherokee were a group that really embraced the invitation by the US to settle and develop → they had plantations with slaves, a written language, schools... -while one faction of the Cherokee agreed to cede their lands, the majority, led by John Ross, who had been elected principal chief under the Cherokee constitution, adopted a policy of passive resistance -in the end, federalist soldiers, under president Van Buren, forcibly removed them -the army herded large groups of Cherokees into stockades and they forced them to move west -during this journey, called the Trail of Tears, at least ¼ perished during the winter of 1838-1839 -they were moved to present-day Oklahoma -the removal of Indians powerfully reinforced the racial definition of American nationhood and freedom

Virginia Plan

-during the Constitutional Convention in 1787 -represented the differences over the proper balance between the federal and state government and the interests of all the states -presented by James Madison -it proposed the creation of a two-house legislature with a state's population determining its representation in each -president and court are chosen by the legislature -smaller states feared that states like Virginia and Massachusetts would dominate the government

Little Trade with Britain

-end of the mercantile system The Constitutional Convention -the early decision to re-write, rather than tinker with the Articles of Confederation -how much political sovereignty is given to the states vs. the country -3 main intents of the Convention: -economic --- protect property rights and make America safe from democracy -idealistic -- make a perfect Union -pragmatic -- dealing with the question of sovereignty -55 delegates from 12 states, including Washington and Madison

THE CONSTITUTION

-extremely vague -Madison is known as the father of the Constitution -the fact the legislature comes first in the order is important -Article I, Section 8: lay out all the powers given to Congress -Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and Excises -allowed to borrow money -regulate commerce -punish counterfeiters and felonies -post offices and roads -allowing patents -develops federal court system beyond the supreme court -declare war -"elastic clause" → granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers -Section 9: all the things the Congress can't do -bans on taxing exports -bans candidates taxing: you cannot tax anyone directly (no direct income tax) -no ex post facto laws -no habeas corpus laws -no taxes between states -no nobility -Section 10: prohibitions on what the states can do -cannot print their own money -states are forbidden from entering into treaties Article II: executive -there a president -must be at least 35 years old and naturally-born -initially no limit to the term of the president -power to veto laws -commander and chief of the army and the navy -chosen by the electoral college -fill vacancies in Congress -can request to declare war → Congress declares war -has a group of chief advisors, the cabinet Article III: judicial -creates a supreme court -the term of office is for life → so that they don't have to worry about elections and how the public reacts to their decisions Article IV: states' relations -full faith and credit law: states should recognize law passed in other states (gay marriage, drivers license) -"supreme clause": laws of the federal government supersede any state-wide or local laws -ultimately ratified in 1791

Adams Administration

-factions: continues to be a lot of conflicts between factions -foreign affairs: XYZ Affair, quasi-war with France, Alien and Sedition Acts -"midnight appointees" when Adams was a lame duck president

Erie Canal

-finished in 1825 -part of 19th wave of new innovation that opened land to settlement, lowered transportation costs, and made it easier for economic enterprises to sell their products -it stretched across upstate New York to Lake Erie -it was 362-miles longs, which was remarkable for the time because America's next largest canal was only 28-miles long -allowed goods to flow between the Great Lakes and NYC -gave birth to cities like Buffalo and Rochester -NY governor DeWitt Clinton oversaw the construction, predicting that the canal would make NY a capital for commerce and manufacturing, which it did -set off a scramble among other states to match NY → several even borrowed so much money for construction that they went bankrupt, leading to the economic depression beginning in 1837 -by the end, 3000 miles of canals had been built → drastically reduced the cost of transportation -not as many canals in the South → Southerners don't want to pay taxes to the government for improvement

Presidency of Andrew Jackson

-had very little formal education -a war hero -framed himself as farmer → in reality, a plantation owner with hundreds of slaves -held a vision of democracy that excluded any role for Indians, whom he believed should be pushed west of the Mississippi, and black who should remain as slaves or be freed and sent abroad -pro-expansion -incredibly informal presidency -pretty stubborn

John Marshall

-head of the supreme court during Jefferson's presidency and many years later (34 years) -a Federalist who strongly believed in the national supremacy -he established the Court's power to review laws of Congress and the states

Northwest Ordinance

-in 1787 -part of a series of measures approved by Congress in the 1780s that defined the terms by which western land would be settled and marked → striped all of the claimed territories from the states that claimed them -established how a territory could become a state with equal rights and that can join Congress -called for the establishment of 5, instead of 3, states north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi -Land Ordinances of 1785 → land was divided into townships 6 miles square (then into 36 sections of 1 mile each) and 1 section was reserved for a public school -all lot of it was bought by a land speculator, who got it for not that much and sold it for a lot more -enacted Jefferson principle of an empire of liberty → rather than ruling the West as a colonial power, the US would admit the area's population as equal members of the political system -in terms of Native American tribes, it pledged that "the utmost faith" would be observed towards local tribes, and their land wouldn't be taken without consent -however, it observes that even still, the Indian presence would soon disappear -prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest → adds to the conflict between North and South

Hamilton's Program

-in 1790 and 1791 -a financial plan developed by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1790 and 1791 -the aim was to establish financial stability, bring to the government's support of the country's most powerful interests, and encourage economic development -he believed that the goal of national greatness could never be realized if the government suffered from the same weakness as under the Articles of Confederation -had 5 parts: 1 - Report on Public Credit: establish the nation's credit-worthiness → people could purchase bonds being confident that they would be paid back 2 - replacing old debts (with other countries, and National state debt) with new interest-bearing bonds issued to the government's Creditors → stronger, more secure government -problematic because some states have more debt and some that already paid back their debt → according to the Constitution: taxes should be enforced evenly but some states have to pay more -creates a national capital → Washington DC, between Maryland and Virginia 3 - Report on the National Bank: created the Bank of the United States to serve as the nation's main financial agent → private corporation vs. branch of the government doing things such as issuing banknotes that would be currency and sometimes making loans to the government -people feared, once again, that it gave too much power to the government and would be problematic for the small farmers → Wherein Is the constitution this? -in the end, it is approved 4 - Whiskey Tax: a tax on producers of whiskey → raised revenue -hurts many farmers and results in the Whiskey Rebellion 5 - Repost on Manufacturers: the imposition of a tariff (a tax on imported foreign goods) and government subsidies → encouraged the development of factories within the US -problematic because there may be a retaliatory tariff from Britain -in the end, does not impose a tariff -won strong support from financiers, manufacturers, and merchants → vision of the industrious country -also had a lot of opposition from people who believed that the American future lay in westward expansion, not connections with Europe -wanted a republic of independent farmers marketing their products freely to the world -some of the prominent people who opposed the program were Jefferson and Madison -feared that it would only enrich the wealthy at the expense of the ordinary Americans -at first, opposition came entirely from the South

Jay's Treaty

-in 1794 by John Jay -averted war in Europe and resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 -produced great public controversy during Washington's presidency -Britain agreed to abandon any outposts on the western frontier (which it was supposed to have done in 1783) -in return the US guaranteed favored treatment to British imported goods → positive for American trade with Britain -critics of the treaty accused it of allying the US with monarchical Britain in its conflicts against France -only served to sharpen political division in the US and to lead directly to an organized oppression party

Jefferson in power

-in 1800 -first president to begin his term in Washington DC -his policies: economy in government, unrestricted trade, freedom religion and the press, friendship to all nations but "entangling alliances" with none, fewer taxes, supports state government in all of their rights -hoped to dismantle as much of the Federalist system as possible -pardoned those imprisoned under the Sedition Act -takes actions to show the limit of federal government -although Jefferson did many good things, he was sort of hypocritical, putting journalists with opposing views and impeaching Pickering and almost impeaching Sam Chase for their political views

Louisiana Purchase

-in 1803 -Jefferson's greatest achievement during his presidency -would rather have had an amendment but need to act immediately -resulted because the French were preoccupied with the Haitian Revolution and Jefferson seized the opportunity to purchase Louisiana -Jefferson has to abandon his convictions that the federal government was limited to powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution because it said nothing about buying territory from a foreign power -at the time, the Louisiana Territory stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada, and from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains -it had been ceded to Spain by France in 1762, but France secretly reacquired it in 1800 -the US was interested in controlling port at the mouth of the Mississippi, in New Orleans -needing money for his military campaigns in Europe, Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana territory for $15 million (one of the history's greatest real estate bargains) -doubled the size of the US + ended French presence in North America -Jefferson believed he had ensured the agrarian character of the US -Federalist said that they didn't have the power to do this -Lewis and Clark were dispatched by Jefferson to explore the US's new territory -hoping to find a water route to the Pacific -helped by Sacagawea -the only part of the Louisiana Purchase with a significant non-Indian population was New Orleans

Embargo

-in December 1807 -created by Jefferson, this ban on all American vessels sailing from foreign ports used to trade as a weapon against France and Britain that were involving the US in their conflicts and impressing US sailors -an amazing exercise of federal power for a believer in limited government -American exports plummeted by 80% -unfortunately, neither Britain nor France really took notice -ended up devastating the economies of American port cities -criticism from all sides, Constitutional criticised says that nothing says that this is something that government -just before his term ended in 1809, Jefferson signed the Non-Intercourse Act, banning trade only with Britain and France but providing that if either side rescinded its edicts against Americans shipping, commerce with that country would resume -does not help much either because Britain and France were their main importers

War of 1812

-in June 1812 -reports that the British were encouraging Tecumseh's efforts contributed to the coming of this war -continued attacks on American shipping by the British -Madison asked Congress for declaration of war stating that American nationality was at stake -both Federalists and Republicans representing states north of New Jersey, where most of the mercantile and financial resources of the country were located (their entire economy was based off trade relations with Britain), voted against war, while the South and the West were strongly in favor -in the end, the bill passed the House (79-49) and the Senate (19-13) -the first time the US declared war on another country -looking back, it seems foolish that a new, developing country such as the US would declare war on one of the world's two major powers -in 1814 Britain invaded the US, seizing DC and burning the Capitol and the White House -Americas has some victories, including a naval one in August 1812 -British also invaded Baltimore where Fort McHenry at the entrance of the harbor withstood heavy bombardment → inspiration for "The Star-Spangled Banner" -like the Revolutionary War, this one was against both the British and the Indians (who mostly sided with the British) -Battle of New Orleans (1814): Jackson led Americans to a great victory against the British after the war was already over -makes Americans pretty happy, an upsurgence of the nationalism → American flag, national anthem (which has racist lines against slaves in first versions) -pulls the country together -the emergence of War Hawks: interested in Westward expansion, the US defending itself against the British, think Native Americans are a problem → 2 main ones are Henry Clay (KY)and John C. Calhoun (SC) -people called it the Second War of Independence

Shay's Rebellion

-late 1786, early 1787 -crowds of debt-ridden farmers, calling themselves "regulators", closed the courts in western Massachusetts to prevent the seizure of their land for failure to pay taxes -named after Daniel Shay, one of the leaders and a veteran of the Revolutionary War -inspired by the tactics employed by liberty trees and liberty poles of the 1760s and 70s -Continental Congress couldn't do anything → shows how weak -received no sympathy from Governor James Bowdoin, who sent an army -the rebels were dispersed by January 1787 -persuaded that the national government must be strengthened so that it can develop uniform economic policies and protect property owners from infringements on their rights by local majorities -from this people's focus changed → they began fearing that private liberty, especially the secure enjoyment of public rights, could be endangering public liberty → unchecked power in the hands of the people

Madison's Presidency

-less army -more interest in the bank of the United States → supports a Second National Bank -Bonus Bill -a piece of legislation that would provide funds for federal support for infrastructure development (roads, canals) -some debate over the need for infrastructure development -Madison Vetoed this bill because there is nothing in the Constitution that gives him the power to do this -was strongly supported by Clay and Calhoun in Southern states

wage slavery

-like women, most blacks were excluded from the economic opportunities that came with the market revolution -the majority of blacks living in free states resided in the poorest, unhealthiest neighborhoods of cities like NY -free blacks were barred from schools and other public facilities -they constructed their own institutional life, centered around mutual-aid and educational societies -many free slaves possessed craft skills, but many white artisans viewed them as low-wage competitors and sought to bar them from skilled employment -in addition, white employers refused to hire them in anything but menial positions, and white customers did not want to be served by them -all of this resulted in a rapid decline in economic status until by the mid-century -most northern free black labored for wages in unskilled labor and as domestic servants -neither could they take advantage of the opening of the West to improve their economic status → federal law barred them from access to public land and states like Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Oregon prohibited them from entering altogether -Southerners are very critical of this institution, calling it even worse than slavery

Cult of Domesticity

-many women found that the opportunities opened by the market revolution were closed to them -as the household declined as a center of economic production, women saw their traditional roles undermined by the availability of mass-produced goods -while some adopted things like the Lowell System, others embraced the new definition of femininity: the glorification of the ability to create a private environment shielded from the competitive tensions of the marker (instead of their contribution to the family's economic well-being) -women were to sustain nonmarket values such as love, friendship, and providing men with shelter from the competitive marketplace -republican motherhood was replaced this "cult of the domesticity" -more and more work for men → more power other affairs of the family for women -women were supposed to remain cloistered in the private realm of the family

Era of Good Feelings

-name give to Monroe's 2 terms in office -after Monroe (Virginia) defeated the Federalist candidate Rufus King in 1819 -one-party government (Federalists barely held any more power) -upsurgence in nationalism, economic expansion -however, there were also plenty of bad feelings with things like the Missouri Compromise

Inability to pay French loans

-on good terms, but the massive US debt does not help this

Washington's Treasury

-only executive secretaries: State (Thomas Jefferson), Treasury (Hamilton), War, Justice

McCulloch v Maryland

-opposition of the Bank of US -effort on a state of Maryland to tax the Baltimore branch -Supreme Court found that the bank did not have to pay this tax -shows that federal institution (the federal bank) have the power of over the states -implies that the federal bank is constitutional -"The Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy" → closely linked to the Supremacy Clause

three-fifths clause

-part of the ongoing debate over slavery between the Northern and the Southern states -at the Constitutional Convention, there was a lot of talk over slavery and at the end, it prohibited the Congress from abolishing the importation of slaves from abroad for 20 years -the words "slave" barely even shows up in the Constitution, they were referred to "all other people" -this clause provided that ⅗ of the slave population would be counted in determining each state's representation in the House of Representation and its electoral votes for president -Northern states want slavery to be counted for taxation and not representation vs. Southern states that want slaves to be counted for representation and not taxation -because of South Carolina that came to Philadelphia to defend slavery -allowed the white South to exercise more power in national affairs than the size of its free population -disproportionate amount of power given to large slave states

American System

-put forward at President James Madison's State of the Union Address in 1815 -a blueprint for government-promoted economic development -name was coined by Henry Clay -3 pillars: -a new national bank -tariff on imported manufactured goods to protect American industry -federal financing of improved roads and canals -important in "binding the nation together" (especially the last pillar) -Congress enacted an internal improvements plan (third pillar) drafted by Calhoun, only to be astonished when the president, on the eve of his retirement from office, vetoed the bill -Madison had become convinced that allowing the national government to exercise powers not mentioned in the Constitution would prove dangerous to individual liberty and southern interests -however, the second part of his plan, the tariff of 1816, became law -many southerners supported the tariff, believing that it would allow their region to develop a manufacturing base to rival New England's -in addition, in 1816, the new Bank of the US was created with a 20-year charter from Congress -this bank was similar to its predecessor → government's financial agent, issued paper money, collected taxes, and payed the government's debts

"Corrupt bargain"

-refers to the election of 1824 -Andrew Jackson get 99 electoral votes (42%), Adams gets 84 (32%), Crawford gets 41 (12.9%), Clay gets 37 (19.9%) -since there was a split election, the choice among the top three candidates (Jackson, Adams, and Crawford) fell to the House of Representative -the House ended up electing John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson -it was widely believed that Clay convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State -many Jackson's supporters denounced this as the corrupt bargain -this occurrence made it virtually impossible for Clay to ever become president -one thing that JQ Adams gets done is the Tariff of 1828 (of Abomination) → a super high tariff (upwards of 45%) meant to sabotage Adam's presidency by the Jacksonian Democrats -was not meant to pass, but it did with the support of a Northern and Western coalition -the election laid the groundwork for the new party system with the Democratic Party (Jackson and Crawford supporter) and the National Republicans (later on the Whig Party) (Clay and Adams)

Households during the Market Revolution

-relationships between workers and owners were far less close knit than during the apprenticeship system -labor is not very separate from family and personal life and also very different from the owner -owner no longer care if the worker is sick or educated Protective Tariff: protecting the US economy from England

Second Great Awakening

-religious revival that began at the turn of the century -added a religious support to the celebration of personal self-improvement, and self-reliance, and self-determination -spread even further because of the improved infrastructure -Burned Over Districts -placed with a huge culture of revivalism -along the canals -originally, the revivals were organized by established religious leaders alarmed by low levels of church attendance → around 10% of white Americans attended church in 1790s -it helped to democratize American Christianity, making it a truly mass enterprise -by 1845, there were about 20 times more US ministers that at the time of independence -denominations such as Methodists and Baptists experience explosive growth in membership → by the 1840s Methodism was the largest religious denomination -at gatherings, rich and poor, male and female and sometimes even whites and blacks worshiped alongside one another and pledged to abandon worldly sins in favor of the godly life → help unify Americans even more -promoted emergence of the Mormon church

Ratification

-required at least 9 states to ratify -North Carolina and Rhode Island were eventually manipulated into ratifying the Constitution

Second Party System

-right after JQ Adams was elected, Jackson supporters began to organize for the election of 1828 -Martin Van Buren, a senator from NY, supervised this task -the clash between Adams and Van Buren demonstrated how democracy was changing the nature of American politics -Van Buren insisted that political parties were necessary -according to him, party competition provided a check on those in power and offered voters a real choice in elections -national parties could counteract the sectionalism that appeared in the 1820s -they formed a bond of unity in a divided nation -for the 1828 election, Van Buren had formed the Democratic party, complete with local and state party units overseen by a national committee and network of newspapers devoted to the party and to the election of Andrew Jackson -in the end, Jackson won a resounding victory, carrying the entire South and West, along with Pennsylvania -his vice-president becomes John C. Calhoun -during Jackson's presidency, the principle of rotation in office (spoils system) was introduced, which made loyalty of the party the main qualification for jobs like postmaster and customs official -also uses the kitchen cabinet: informal advisors that he listened to instead of his official cabinet -newspapers played a greater and greater role in politics with every significant town having its own Democratic and Whig papers -Democrats believed that the government should adopt a hands-off attitude towards the economy -more populist -Whigs united behind the American System, believing that the federal government could guide economic development

Adam Smith

-says that the division of labor is beneficial because it improves productivity and more opportunity for jobs -much faster than specialization

Charles Grandison Finney

-the 2nd Great Awakening peaked in the 1820s and early 1830s when Reverend Charles Grandison Finney held months-long rival meetings in NY -similar to the evangelists of the 1st Great Awakening → he warned of hell in vivid language while offering the promise of salvation to converts who abandoned their sinful ways -a very emotional way of preaching -revivalist preachers such as him rejected the idea that man is a sinful creature with a preordained fate, instead, they spread the doctrine of human free will -he insisted that every person was a "moral free agent" (can choose between a Christian life and a life of sin) -with the market revolution, he and other ministers raised funds, embarked on preaching tours by canal and railroad, and flooded the country with mass-produced, cheap religious tracts -most of his converts came from the commercial and professional classes -promoted individualism as the essence of freedom → promoted the very qualities necessary for success in a market culture

Hartford Convention

-the gathering of a group of New England Federalist in Hartford, Connecticut -they voiced their party's long-standing grievances, especially the domination of the federal government by Virginia presidents and their own region's declining influence as new western states entered the Union -did NOT call for secession or disunion -affirmed that a state could interpose its authority if the federal government violated the Constitution -just before Jefferson announced the victory in New Orleans -Federalist lose a lot of credibility, considered traitors and disloyal because they opposed the war during a very patriotic period -within a few years after this convention, the Federalist party no longer existed -yet, in their dying months, Federalists raised an important issue → southern domination of the national government

New Jersey Plan

-these smaller states rallied behind this plan, which called for a single-house Congress (unicameral) in which each state would cast one vote (as under the Articles of Confederation) -in the end, a compromise was made → the Congress was made up of a Senate and a House of Representatives (same as today) -senator: chosen by state legislature every 6 years -called the upper house -considered more important than the house -originally chosen by legislature instead of the people (fear of mob rule) -have to be at least 25 years old and have been a citizen for 7 years -2 per state -specifically, have the power to approve treaties, cabinet members, and justice -representative: elected by the people every 2 years -called the lower house -have to be at least 30 years old and have been a citizen for 9 year -elected by popular vote of each state -signaled the expansion of democracy with people being able to vote for representatives -no property or religious qualifications -in some ways though, less democratic -sought to shield the national government from popular enthusiasms by ensuring that the right kind of man held office -the Senate was composed of each state's most "distinguished" citizens -made House of Representatives very small (65 members) on the assumption that only prominent individuals could win elections in large districts -the president would be chosen either by members of an electoral college or by the H of R -Supreme Court members appointed by president for life-terms -the delegated organized this whole system because they didn't trust ordinary voters to choose the president and vice president directly

Anti-Federalists

-these were opponents of ratification of the Constitution -insisted that the Constitution shifted the balance between liberty and power too far in the direction of the latter -included revolutionary heroes such as John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Patrick Henry -many farmers also saw no need for a stronger central government -some denounced the documents protections for slavery while others warned that the powers of Congress were so broad that it might enact a law for abolition -supported self-government where rulers and ruled interacted daily -supporters from more rural areas -in the end, only Rhode Island and North Carolina were against the Constitution but they subsequently had no choice but to join the new government -although the movement died, some of their ideas and goals live on in other movements -later on become called the Republican party

Strict constructionists

-these were southerners who had supported the new Constitution and insisted that the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the document -Hamilton's program was based on the general welfare act which was extremely flexible -for example, Jefferson believed that the idea of a national bank was unconstitutional because the right of Congress to create a bank was not in the Constitution -caused a lot of opposition in Congress -resulted in bargains and agreements between the 2 sides -opposite, the Federalists, were loose constructionists

Treaty of Ghent

-treaty that ended the War of 1812 -neither side wanted to continue the conflict -restored the previous status quo → no territories exchanged hands, no provisions related to impressment or neutral shipping rights -never again would the British or Indians pose a threat to American control over the area east of the Mississippi -in the aftermath, settlers poured into Indiana, Michigan, Alabama, and Mississippi, bringing with them various forms of social organisation -solidified the border between Canada and the US

Panic of 1837

-with all the events occurring because of the Bank War, there was a major economic collapse (The Panic of 1837), followed by a depression that lasted to 1843 -businesses throughout the country failed, and many farmers, unable to meet mortgage payments because of declining income, lost their land a -resulted in a surplus of unemployed labor -Van Buren, elected in 1836, was forced to deal with the depression -under him, the hard-money, anti-bank party came to power -in 1837, he announced his intention to remove federal funds from the pet bank

Nativism

-with the huge wave of immigrants came a suspicion of and hostility towards foreign newcomers → strong opposition to immigration -the Irish influx of the 1840s and 1850s led to violent anti-immigrant riots in NYC and Philadelphia -nativists: those who feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life -they blamed immigrants for urban crime, political corruption, for being drunkards, and for undercutting native-born skilled laborers by working for starving wages -Irish received similar stereotypes to blacks → childlike, lazy, and slaves of their passion

Panic of 1819

-with the rapid expansion of settlement into the West, there was a demand for loans to purchase money, which local banks were only too happy to meet by printing more money -in the beginning of 1819, as European demand for American farm products declined to normal levels, the economic bubble burst and the Bank of America, along with state banks, began asking for payments from those to whom it had loaned money -farmers and businessmen who couldn't repay declared bankruptcy and unemployment rose in eastern cities -the panic lasted a little more than a year, but it severely disrupted the political harmony of the previous years -as a result, many states suspended the collection of debt -this eased the burden of on indebted farmers but injured those who had loaned them money -overall, it deepened many Americans' traditional distrust of banks -the Second National Bank was widely blamed for causing the panic -resulted in McCulloch v Maryland -Marshall declared the Bank a legitimate exercise of congressional authority under the "necessary and proper" clause -directly contradicted the strict construction view of the Constitution

Thoreau

-writer Henry David Thoreau reflected many of Emerson's ideas in his works, emphasizing the need to find one's own way rather than following a crowd -he was persuaded that modern society stifled individual judgment by making men trapped in stultifying jobs by their obsession with acquiring wealth -even in "this comparatively free country," he wrote, most persons were so preoccupied with material things that they had no time to contemplate the beauties of nature -to escape this, Thoreau escaped for 2 years to a cabin on Walden Pond where he could enjoy the freedom of isolation from the "economic and moral tyranny" he believed ruled America → published Walden in 1854 -he appealed to Americans to "simplify" their lives rather than to become obsessed with the accumulation of wealth

Washington's Farewell Address

Faction: -accepts the factions are a reality -the government should try to guard them -not let them weaken democracy -people should no vote blindly, simply based off on their factions Alliances: -political ties: no -trade with other countries: yes -doesn't want the US to be undermined by the conflicts going on in Europe

Federalist Papers

Federalist Paper No. 10 on factions: -by James Madison -said everything that makes people individual and unique creates factions -solutions to factions: -creating a world where everyone believes the same thing -removing the causes of factions → taking away people's liberty -both are impossible -2 types of factions: minority and minority -how to control both: -can control a minority faction with a simple election -he says that a small republic has more power to control, better to have a larger republic so that one faction can't seize control as easily No. 51 emphasized the division between the 3 federal branches