HW 9 Micro

The cytosol of bacteria contain ____________ which has/have components different from those of the functionally equivalent structure of eukaryotes. 70S ribosomes a nucleus a nucleoid a cytoskeleton 80S ribosomes

70S ribosomes

Prokaryotes contain _____ ribosomes. 70S 50S 80S 30S

70s

The following molecules are involved in the biosynthetic pathway that leads to the formation of DNA and RNA; what is their correct sequence in this pathway? a. PABA b. tetrahydrofolic acid c. purine and pyrimidine nucleotides d. dihydrofolic acid a, d, b, c a, b, c, d a, b, d, c a, c, d, b

A, D, B, C

Membrane transport proteins are required for which mode(s) of antibiotic resistance? Modification of a porins Efflux pumps Efflux pumps, beta-lactamases, and modification of porins all utilize membrane transport proteins. Beta-lactamases Modification of a metabolic enzyme

Efflux pumps Efflux pumps, beta-lactamases, and modification of porins all utilize membrane transport proteins.

__________ cells would be expected to be the most susceptible to the action of polyene drugs such as amphotericin B, while __________ cells would be the least susceptible. Fungal; human Bacterial; human Bacterial; fungal Fungal; bacterial

Fungal; bacterial

How does resistance to drugs spread in bacterial populations? Exposure to drugs induces immunity. Exposure to drugs causes mutations in bacterial genes. Horizontal gene transfer between bacteria spreads R (resistance) plasmids. Exposure to drugs alters gene expression in bacteria. Genetic recombination during sexual reproduction.

Horizontal gene transfer between bacteria spreads R (resistance) plasmids.

How might efflux pumps increase antibiotic resistance in bacteria? Resistant bacteria may have a greater number of efflux pumps on their cell surfaces. Some bacteria can decrease the specificity of their efflux pumps, increasing the number of different antibiotics the pumps can eliminate. Some bacteria can change the chemical structure of the antibiotic. Efflux pumps can never be modified to increase antibiotic resistance. Resistant bacteria can have more efflux pumps, and can have less specific efflux pumps.

Resistant bacteria can have more efflux pumps, and can have less specific efflux pumps.

Which of the following statements is true of selective toxicity? Selective toxicity damages only pathogenic bacteria and not beneficial bacteria. Selective toxicity takes advantage of differences in metabolic rates of the host and pathogen. Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural and/or metabolic differences between host and pathogen. To be effective, an antimicrobial agent must be more toxic to the patient than the pathogen. Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural similarities between host and pathogen.

Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural and/or metabolic differences between host and pathogen.

What is a superinfection? Superinfection is a disease caused by an organism that is often an opportunist or one that was present in low numbers. Superinfection is a sequel to removal of the normal flora by antibiotic treatment. A superinfection is caused by a multidrug resistant organism. A superinfection is one that is caused by a eukaryotic organism. A superinfection is one that is caused by a viral organism.

Superinfection is a disease caused by an organism that is often an opportunist or one that was present in low numbers. Superinfection is a sequel to removal of the normal flora by antibiotic treatment.

What is meant when a bacterium is said to become "resistant" to an antibiotic? The antibiotic kills or inhibits the bacterium. The antibiotic is metabolized by the bacterium, providing more energy for growth of the cell. The bacterium is neither killed nor inhibited by the antibiotic. The antibiotic mutates in a way that benefits the bacterium.

The bacterium is neither killed nor inhibited by the antibiotic.

Antisense nucleic acids interfere with protein synthesis. True False

True

Biofilms contribute to the spread of resistance to antimicrobials. True False

True

Organs that are commonly affected by drug toxicity include the kidneys and the liver. True False

True

Some bacterial cells are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials because they actively pump the drugs out of the cell. True False

True

There are relatively few antifungal medications available compared to antibacterial drugs. True False

True

Why is it difficult to find good chemotherapeutic agents against viruses? Viruses infect both bacteria and human cells. Viruses are not cells, and therefore not sensitive to such compounds. There is no effective way to deliver the drug to the virus. Viruses depend on the host cell's machinery, so it is hard to find a viral target that would leave the host cell unaffected.

Viruses depend on the host cell's machinery, so it is hard to find a viral target that would leave the host cell unaffected.

Some bacteria are resistant to erythromycin as a result of mutation of their ribosomal RNA. What type of resistance does this represent? removal of the drug via a pump alteration of the target of the drug change in the permeability of the drug inactivation of the drug overproduction of an enzyme in a key metabolic pathway

alteration of the target of the drug

Which category of antimicrobial drug works by changing the shape of a ribosome? oxazolidinones chloramphenicol tetracyclines aminoglycosides

aminoglycosides

Which antimicrobial drugs affect the structure of the ribosome itself? macrolides and antisense nucleic acids aminoglycosides, antisense nucleic acids, and oxazolidinones tetracyclines and oxazolidinones aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and lincosamides

aminoglycosides, antisense nucleic acids, and oxazolidinones

Nucleotide or nucleoside (acids/analogs/antisense) are antimicrobial agents that mimic the chemical structure of DNA building blocks.

analogs

The topical drug ________ inhibits protein synthesis in Gram positive bacteria by preventing loading of isoleucine onto tRNA. Mupirocin Tetracycline Amphotericin B Ciprofloxacin Bacitracin

Mupirocin

Why do antimicrobial agents active against mycobacteria have to be administered for months or years rather than the typical 10-30 days prescribed to treat other infections? Mycobacteria reproduce very slowly. Mycobacteria do not have cell walls. They are too toxic to be used on a more rapid administration schedule. The only available agents are relatively ineffective drugs.

Mycobacteria reproduce very slowly. (12-24 hrs)

Competition between beneficial microbes and potential pathogens is called microbial (antagonism/synergy/toxicity).

antagonism

Bacillus licheniformis secretes a compound that inhibits the growth of other Gram-positive bacteria. This is an example of a(n) analog. porin. toxin. antibiotic. chemotherapeutic.

antibiotic.

Which category of drug is complementary to mRNA of the pathogen? macrolides antisense nucleic acids oxazolidinones tetracyclines

antisense nucleic acids

Antimicrobials that block protein synthesis by binding to the mRNA are macrolides. nucleic acid analogs. antisense nucleic acids. beta-lactams. aminoglycoside

antisense nucleic acids.

Medications which block viral entry into cells include (adhesin/analog/attachment) antagonists

attachment

Beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, have an effect on which of the following types of cells? virus-infected cells animal cells bacterial cells fungal cells both animal and fungal cells

bacterial cells

R-plasmids are most likely acquired via transduction. transformation. bacterial conjugation. translation.

bacterial conjugation

A (bacteriocidial/bacteriostatic/minimum) concentration of a drug is one at which microbes survive but are not able to grow and reproduce.

bacteriostatic

Why is the drug actinomycin used only in research applications or in the treatment of cancer? because it is not a very effective drug because it cannot be given orally, making it difficult to administer to patients because it is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells because it causes severe allergic reactions in most patients

because it is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

The tRNA molecule holding a growing polypeptide chain is at the _____. E site P site 50S site A site

P site

Bacteria that are resistant to sulfonamide have enzymes that have a greater affinity for what? PABA Sulfonamide Tetrahyrdrofolic acid Tetracycline

PABA

Who proposed the concept of chemotherapy, that compounds might selectively kill pathogens without harming people? Gerhard Domagk Joseph Lister Paul Ehrlich Alexander Fleming Selman Waksman

Paul Ehrlich

Which antibiotic is overcome by beta-lactamases? Tetracycline Sulfonamide Penicillin Tetracycline, Penicillin, and Sulfonamide are all affected by beta-lactamase.

Penicillin

Why would an efflux pump for penicillin located on a bacterial cell membrane not be effective at providing resistance to the drug? The efflux pumps would not stop penicillin from blocking metabolic pathways. There are fewer efflux pumps on the cell membrane. The cell membrane is the target of penicillin. Penicillin disrupts the cell wall, which is located outside of the cell membrane.

Penicillin disrupts the cell wall, which is located outside of the cell membrane.

Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which of the following microbes? Streptococcus Clostridium difficile Candida albicans both Candida albicans and Clostridium difficile Mycobacterium

both Candida albicans and Clostridium difficile

Which of the following antifungals works by binding to ergosterol in membranes? amphotericin B fluconazole turbinafine nystatin both amphotericin B and nystatin

both amphotericin B and nystatin

Which of the following interferes with cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation? cycloserine bacitracin beta-lactams vancomycin both cycloserine and vancomycin

both cycloserine and vancomycin

Which of the following can result when antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota? black hairy tongue anaphylactic shock thrush pseudomembranous colitis both pseudomembranous colitis and thrush

both pseudomembranous colitis and thrush

The broth dilution test can provide information for determining the molecular target of an antibiotic. the MIC (minimum inhibitor concentration). the MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration), with an additional step. the rate of diffusion of an antibiotic. both the MIC and the MBC (with an additional step).

both the MIC and the MBC (with an additional step).

Infection of the ________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs. colon brain heart liver kidneys

brain

The drug metronidazole is effective on both bacteria and some protozoa. It can therefore be described as a ________ drug. general spectrum specific spectrum full spectrum narrow spectrum broad spectrum

broad spectrum

Bacitracin blocks the transport of NAG and NAM across the cytoplasmic membrane to the cell wall. Like other antimicrobials that block cell wall synthesis, this would result in weak cell walls and __________. s the inability to synthesize flagella inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis cell lysis due to the effect of osmotic pressure

cell lysis due to the effect of osmotic pressure

Drugs known as beta-lactams interfere with bacterial (DNA/folic acid/cell wall) synthesis

cell wall

Any drug that acts against a disease is called a(n) (analog/antibiotic/chemotherapeutic) agent.

chemotherapeutic

The ratio of a medication's dose that can be tolerated to its effective dose is the therapeutic (MIC/index/range) of the medication.

index

Most broad-spectrum antibiotics act by inhibiting metabolic pathways. inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis. inhibiting protein synthesis. inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall. disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane.

inhibiting protein synthesis.

The mechanism of action of the antibiotic vancomycin is inhibition of protein synthesis. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. inhibition of cell wall synthesis. inhibition of a metabolic pathway. disruption of cytoplasmic membranes.

inhibition of cell wall synthesis.

Which of the following is NOT a direct mode of action of antimicrobial drugs? inhibition of flagella formation inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis inhibition of protein synthesis inhibition of cell wall synthesis

inhibition of flagella formation

Which of the following is NOT a type of side effect exhibited by antimicrobial drugs? inhibition of host cellular enzymes disruption of normal microbiota damage to liver or kidney tissue allergic reactions

inhibition of host cellular enzymes

The mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin is inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. inhibition of protein synthesis. disruption of cytoplasmic membranes. inhibition of a metabolic pathway. inhibition of cell wall synthesis.

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis.

Methicillin is an example of the beta-lactam class of drugs that disrupts cytoplasmic membranes. inhibits cell wall synthesis. inhibits protein synthesis. inhibits nucleic acid synthesis. inhibits metabolic pathways.

inhibits cell wall synthesis.

Which of the following is NOT a target of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis? interference with alanine-alanine bridges the enzymatic site of the 50S ribosomal subunit movement of the ribosome from one codon to the next the shape of the 30S ribosomal subunit the tRNA docking site

interference with alanine-alanine bridges

Which of the following drugs specifically targets cell walls that contain mycolic acid? penicillin methicillin bacitracin isoniazid vancomycin

isoniazid

A microbe resistant to a variety of different antimicrobials is said to have (cross/drug/multiple) resistance.

multiple

Polymyxin is effective against only some Gram-negative bacteria; therefore, it is considered a __________. intermediate-spectrum drug broad-spectrum drug narrow-spectrum drug host-specific drug

narrow-spectrum drug

AZT and Valaciclovir are antiviral nucleoside analogs that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis. viral attachment. protein synthesis. cell wall synthesis. cell membrane component synthesis.

nucleic acid synthesis.

In examining a MRSA strain, researchers find that degraded penicillin is found in the culture medium. What is the most likely mechanism of resistance? Production of a beta-lactamase Production of an efflux pump Alteration of a penicillin-binding protein (PBP) Alteration of a porin

Production of a beta-lactamase

If a particular bacterial species is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, which of the following might you expect to find inside the bacterial cells? porins resistance pumps ergosterol R plasmids

R plasmids

Antimicrobial drugs are selectively toxic. This means _____. the drugs are reactive within a specific part of the patient's anatomy (for example, the inner ear) the drugs are more toxic to the pathogens than to the patient the drugs will not have toxic effects on a patient the drugs will affect only a particular type of pathogen

the drugs are more toxic to the pathogens than to the patient

It is inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu because these diseases are caused by viruses. the microbes involved can develop resistance rapidly. these diseases can act synergistically with each other. these diseases exhibit cross resistance. these diseases are transmitted by endospores, which are difficult to kill.

these diseases are caused by viruses.

External infections can be treated by (intramuscular/surface/topical) administration, in which a drug is applied directly to the site of infection.

topical

Selective (action/toxicity/treatment) means that a given antimicrobial agent is more toxic to a pathogen than to the host being treated.

toxicity

The process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by means of bacteriophage activity is called transduction. R-plasmid acquisition. point mutation. transformation.

transduction

Which of the following is NOT a beta-lactam antibiotic? cephalothin vancomycin methicillin penicillin G

vancomycin

Antimicrobials known as "attachment antagonists" are particularly useful for preventing biofilm formation. nucleic acid synthesis. virus infection. cell membrane synthesis. bacterial protein synthesis.

virus infection

The first antimicrobial widely available for treatment of bacterial infections was a synthetic compound which was a nucleotide analog. was an antimetabolic analog. interfered with bacterial cell wall synthesis. disrupted cytoplasmic membranes. was an attachment antagonist.

was an antimetabolic analog.

Which of the following classifications would best describe Candida albicans? bacteria yeast RNA virus protozoan

yeast

Which of the following antimicrobial drugs would likely be useful to treat a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection because it effectively blocks initiation of translation? mupirocin azoles oxazolidinones praziquantel

oxazolidinones

The first true antibiotic was __________, which was discovered by __________. streptomyces; Selman Waksman penicillin; Alexander Fleming arsenic compounds; Paul Enrich sulfanilamide; Gerhart Domagk

penicillin; Alexander Fleming

The ____________ is a defining characteristic of bacteria which is not found in eukaryotes and is therefore a good choice for chemotherapeutic agents. steroid lipid cytoplasmic membrane phospholipid cytoplasmic membrane protein cell wall peptidoglycan cell wall carbohydrate cell wall carbohydrate glycocalyx

peptidoglycan cell wall

Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by blocking the secretion of cell wall molecules from the cytoplasm. disrupting the formation of the mycolic acid layer of the cell wall. preventing the formation of alanine-alanine bridges. preventing the formation of ?-lactamases. preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits.

preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits.

Chloramphenicol blocks the action of the large (50S) subunit. This essentially _____. prevents a large subunit from attaching to a small subunit prevents the formation of peptide bonds changes the shape of the large subunit prevents the attachment of tRNA to a ribosome

prevents the formation of peptide bonds

The tetracyclines interfere with cell wall synthesis. protein synthesis. folic acid synthesis. nucleic acid synthesis. cell membrane component synthesis.

protein synthesis.

The therapeutic range of an antimicrobial is the range of concentrations at which the antimicrobial is both effective and non-toxic. ratio of the concentration of antimicrobial in the blood to the oral dose. ratio of the dose a patient can tolerate to the effective dose. range of microorganisms the antimicrobial effects. length of time the medication persists in the body after a single dose.

range of concentrations at which the antimicrobial is both effective and non-toxic.

Which of the following is NOT a possible side effect of antimicrobial therapy? toxicity disruption of normal microbiota resistance allergies

resistance

An antimicrobial disk on a Kirby-Bauer plate that shows no zone of inhibition indicates that the microbe being tested is __________ to the drug. susceptible intermediate synergistic resistant

resistant

Which drug for the treatment of tuberculosis inhibits RNA production and colors body secretions red-orange? rifampin polymyxin penicillin erythromycin

rifampin

Semisynthetic drugs developed to combat resistance are often called (analog/second generation/synergist) drugs.

second generation

Amoxicillin is very effective for treating infections with Gram-positive bacteria but rarely causes side effects in humans. This is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. selective toxicity. antibiotic resistance. altruism. narrow spectrum of action

selective toxicity.

A compound is extracted from a microbial culture and is modified in the laboratory for use as an oral medication. This product would be a(n) semisynthetic antimicrobial. analog. probiotic. synthetic antimicrobial. antibiotic.

semisynthetic antimicrobial.

Which of the following mutations would not result in antibiotic resistance? Missense mutation Nonsense mutation Silent mutation Frameshift insertion Frameshift deletion

silent mutation

Which of the following activities can be shown to increase resistance among microbial populations? taking an antimicrobial drug for the entire prescribed time taking antibacterial drugs for viral infections developing second- and third-generation versions of antimicrobial drugs taking a combination of antimicrobial drugs

taking antibacterial drugs for viral infections

Which of the following groups of drugs can become incorporated into the bones and teeth of a fetus? sulfonamides beta-lactams tetracyclines quinolones aminoglycosides

tetracyclines

What is microbial antagonism? the overgrowth of opportunistic organisms when the normal flora are removed by antiseptic soaps the ability of the normal flora to outcompete and outgrow pathogens microbes that cause disease in humans microbes that cause food to smell bad and taste bad

the ability of the normal flora to outcompete and outgrow pathogens

Which of the following steps in the folic acid synthesis pathway is specifically inhibited by sulfonamides? the conversion of tetrahydrofolic acid to PABA the conversion of dihydrofolic acid to PABA the conversion of PABA to tetrahydrofolic acid the conversion of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid the conversion of PABA to dihydrofolic acid

the conversion of PABA to dihydrofolic acid

What is the therapeutic index? the range of drug dosage levels that are effective without being excessively toxic the dosage that kills 50% of the patients the drug dose the patient can tolerate divided by the effective dose the effective dose divided by the dose the patient can tolerate

the drug dose the patient can tolerate divided by the effective dose

When a patient is treated with antibiotics, __________. mutations occur in all of the bacterial cells sensitive bacterial cells multiply uncontrollably the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the sensitive bacterial cells the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the resistant bacterial cells mutations will occur in the sensitive bacterial cells, but not in the resistant bacterial cells

the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the sensitive bacterial cells

The antimicrobial polymyxin inhibits cell wall synthesis. blocks a metabolic pathway. inhibits nucleic acid synthesis. inhibits protein synthesis. disrupts cytoplasmic membranes.

disrupts cytoplasmic membranes.

Some bacteria are resistant to antimicrobials due to the activity of ________, which removes many of them. lipopolysaccharides ribosomes plasmids efflux pumps porins

efflux pumps

Antiviral medications frequently block unique (proteins/enzymes/molecules) to prevent production of a new virus.

enzymes

The antifungals known as polyenes interact with ________, a lipid unique to fungus membranes. mycolic acid glycolic acid ergosterol phospholipid cholesterol

ergosterol

Drug-resistant populations of microbes arise when synergy between medications occurs. exposure to drugs causes mutations that produce resistance. the patient becomes immune to the drug. exposure to drugs selectively kills sensitive cells, allowing overgrowth of resistant cells. resistant cells become numerous in a population due to their greater vigor.

exposure to drugs selectively kills sensitive cells, allowing overgrowth of resistance

Which of the following choices correctly matches the class of antibiotic and its mode of action? Select all that apply. Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines are inhibitors of protein synthesis. Penicillins and cephalosporins inhibit nucleic acid synthesis. Sulfonamides inhibit the synthesis of essential metabolites. Lipopeptides inhibit cell wall synthesis.

Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines are inhibitors of protein synthesis. Sulfonamides inhibit the synthesis of essential metabolites.

The figure represents a Petri plate. The gray area is where bacteria A is growing, the black area is where bacteria B is growing. The white area is a zone where neither organism is growing. What is the best interpretation of what is observed on the plate? Bacteria A produces a compound that inhibits the growth of bacteria B. Bacteria A grows faster than bacteria B. Bacterial colony B has depleted the nutrients in the area around the colony. Bacteria B is producing an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria A. No conclusion can be made from this information.

Bacteria B is producing an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria A.

An antimicrobial that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis will result in which of the following? No change in bacterial cell activity. The sterols in the bacterial cell wall become nonfunctional. Cytoplasmic membrane proteins lose their function. Bacterial cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure. Bacteria cannot attach to their hosts.

Bacterial cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure.

Many MRSA strains are sensitive to other antibiotics. Which of the following methods would be the best way to evaluate sensitivity to other antibiotics? Assay for a PBP2a allele Disk diffusion Gram stain Growth on high salts

Disk diffusion

What causes thrush? Candida albicans methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus mutans Penicillium notatum

Candida albicans

What is meant by selective toxicity? Chemotherapeutic agents should act against the pathogen and not the host. Chemotherapeutic agents should work on certain types of pathogens. Chemotherapeutic agents should work on many different targets on a pathogen. Chemotherapeutic agents should have only one mode of action

Chemotherapeutic agents should act against the pathogen and not the host.

Who discovered the first antimicrobial widely available to the general public? Waksman Ehrlich Domagk Fleming Ehrlich and Waksman

Domagk

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones act against what bacterial target? Cell walls Metabolic pathways unique to bacteria Cell membranes Bacterial ribosomes DNA gyrase

DNA gyrase

What is DOT? Department of Transportation Done on Tuesday Directly Observed Therapy Died of the Treatment

Directly Observed Therapy

Because all cells engage in protein synthesis, there are few antimicrobial drugs that selectively inhibit this process. True False

False

If a subculture of an MIC test grows in an MBC test, the concentration of the drug was bactericidal. True False

False

Nucleic acid analog drugs have no effect on human cell replication function. True False

False

Paul Erhlich discovered the first antibiotic. True False

False

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria enables many antimicrobial drugs to enter the cell more easily. True False

False

Why are chemotherapeutic agents that work on the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria a good choice of drug? They are less expensive that other chemotherapeutic agents. Bacteria are especially sensitive to these compounds. The drugs also work against DNA gyrase. Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls

Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls

Why is polymyxin only used on the skin? It is sensitive to degradation by acid, making oral delivery unsuitable. It can disrupt the metabolic pathways found in humans. It has no effect on bacteria that live in the GI tract. It can also damage living human cell membranes, but the drug is safely used on the skin, where the outer layers of cells are dead.

It can also damage living human cell membranes, but the drug is safely used on the skin, where the outer layers of cells are dead.

The abbreviation (MBC/MIC/MID) stands for the smallest amount of a drug that will inhibit the growth and reproduction of a pathogen. (Be sure to use all capital letters.)

MIC

Which of the following contribute to drug resistance in M. tuberculosis? Select all that apply. Many individuals fail to complete their entire regimen of antibiotics. Some physicians prescribe the wrong medication, the wrong dosage, or the wrong length of time for treating tuberculosis. In many areas, tuberculosis antibiotics are unavailable or of poor quality. M. tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacterium; this characteristic allows it to become resistant to antibiotics faster than other bacteria.

Many individuals fail to complete their entire regimen of antibiotics. Some physicians prescribe the wrong medication, the wrong dosage, or the wrong length of time for treating tuberculosis. In many areas, tuberculosis antibiotics are unavailable or of poor quality.

Which of the following is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs? They are less stable and consequently have fewer side effects. They must be administered intravenously. They are not readily absorbed. They work faster. They are more effective than the unmodified natural antibiotic

They are more effective than the unmodified natural antibiotic

Which of the following is NOT an important consideration when preparing to use a chemical to disinfect a diaper changing table in a public restroom? Whether or not hand sanitizer is available at the changing table The label directions for contact time Whether or not the changing table is visibly soiled Whether or not the chemical is compatible with the material that the changing table is made of

Whether or not hand sanitizer is available at the changing table

How did the multi-drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, like those in the prison, arise? inclusion of histidine in the patient's diet point mutation frameshift mutation conjugation and exchange of resistance factors located on plasmids

conjugation and exchange of resistance factors located on plasmids

Some bacteria develop resistance to groups of drugs because the drugs are all structurally similar to each other; this is a phenomenon known as (cross/multiple/synergistic) resistance.

cross

When a nurse rubs your skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering an injection, what process(es) is he carrying out? Select all that apply. Degerming Antisepsis Disinfection Sanitization

degerming and antisepsis

Which of the following is NOT associated with microbial mechanisms of resistance? MfpA protein denaturation of proteins beta-lactamases porins

denaturation of proteins

Which of the following tests does NOT provide information on the lowest concentration of drug effective on a pathogen? broth dilution test diffusion susceptibility test E test MBC test both the E test and diffusion susceptibility test

diffusion susceptibility test

Which of the following drugs inhibits nucleic acid synthesis specifically in most bacteria? rifampin 5-fluorocytosine actinomycin fluoroquinolones tetracycline

fluoroquinolones

Which category of antimicrobial drug essentially acts to stall a ribosome as it reads mRNA? tetracyclines chloramphenicol macrolides antisense nucleic acids

macrolides

A particular microbe gains resistance to gentamicin. You might also expect this microbe to exhibit resistance against __________. chloramphenicol clindamycin vancomycin streptomycin

streptomycin

Which of the following is NOT associated with the work of Paul Ehrlich? sulfanilamide the concept of chemotherapy arsenic compounds the concept of the "magic bullet"

sulfanilamide

A drug is structurally similar to PABA and inhibits folic acid synthesis. It is most likely a(n) nucleic acid analog. sulfonamide. penicillin. tetracycline. azole.

sulfonamide.

Secondary infections that result from the killing of some of the normal microbiota are called (antagonism/superinfections/resistance).

superinfections

The cooperative activity of drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid, a β-lactamase inhibitor, is known as selective toxicity. synergism. antimetabolism. chemotherapy. cross resistance.

synergism.