HW & Practice exam XI-XV

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize.

1. ventricular volume begins to decrease 2. Ventricular pressure begins to fall 3. ventricular volume stays constant (ventricle filled with end systoliv volume of blood) 4. ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure 5. passive filling of ventricles begins

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the opening of the semilunar valves.

1. ventricular volume begins to decrease 2. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation period 3. ventricles depolarize 4. ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure 5. ventricular volume stays constant with about 140 ml of blood

Which of the following tubes would have the least carbohydrate digestion?

1.5 ml starch, 1.5 ml H2O, incubated in 37 C water bath

Which of the following tubes would have the the least maltose after incubation?

1.5 ml starch, 1.5 ml H2O, incubated in 37 C water bath

Which of the following tubes would have the strongest reaction with Benedicts solution?

1.5 ml starch, 1.5 ml saliva, incubated in 37 C water bath

Which of the following is/are true about the period of ventricular filling?

c. the AV valves are open d. the semilunar valves are closed g. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing a. if observed, the third heart sound occurs e. the pressure in the aorta is decreasing i. the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricle

Which of the following enzymes is/are involved in catalyzing the breakdown of proteins?

d. trypsin e. carboxypeptidase f. chymotrypsin o. pepsin

Which of the following is a digestive hormone that promotes motility of the stomach?

gastrin

Which of the following is a digestive hormone that promotes secretion of HCl and pepsinogen by the stomach?

gastrin

Which of the following monosaccharides would be found in a molecule of maltose?

glucose

Which of the following monosaccharides would be found in a molecule of lactose?

glucose & galactose

Patients with an obstructive pulmonary disease would generally

have a lower FEV1/VC ratio

Amylase would catalyze the breakdown of which of the following?

i. starches k. polysaccharides

One of our experiments involved having the subject consume a salty sack and little/no fluids and observing changes in urine volume and urine concentration. Put together a sequence of events that likely explains these changes in urine volume and concentration after consuming a salty sack and little/no fluids.

increased body fluid osmolarity A. first increased secretion of vasopressin G. second more water reabsorption in kidneys E. third decreased water in urine F. fourth decreased urine volume and increased urine concentration H. fifth

The contraction of which of the following respiratory muscles would result in an increase in intraalveolar pressure.

internal intercostals

Which of the following enzymes is/are involved in catalyzing the breakdown of disacharides?

j. maltase p. lactase q. sucrase

Amylase would catalyze the breakdown of which of the following?

j. starches k. polysaccharides

Which of the following is/are true about the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

j. the semilunar valves are closed g. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant c. the AV valves are closed d. the pressure in the ventricle is increasing e. it begins when the first heart sound occurs

Which of the following enzymes is involved in catalyzing the breakdown of dietary triglycerides?

lipase

Which of the following do we get when we break down starches?

maltose

Which of the following is made up of two glucose molecules?

maltose

Regarding carbohydrate digestion, put the following tubes in order of most positive Lugol's test to least positive lugol's test:

most - water, starch, 37degree water bath second most- saliva, HCL, starch, 37degree water bath least- saliva, starch, 37degree water bath

rank the following tubes in order of most carbohydrate digestion to least:

most- lactase, water, milk second most- lactase, HCl, milk least- sucrase, NaHCO3, milk

After digestion of triglycerides, fatty acids can be oxidized and make a distinctivee smell that most would describe as unpleasant. Rrank the following tubes in order of most smell to least smell:

most- pancreatin, bile salts, cream second most- pancreatin, cream third most- water, bile salts, cream

put the following tubes in order of most protein digestion to least protein digestion:

most- pepsin, HCl, eggwhite second most- Pepsin, H2O, eggwhite third most- Pepsin, NaOH, eggwhite least- H2O, HCl, eggwhite

Regarding carbohydrate digestion, put the following tubes in order of most positive Benedict's test to least positive Benedict's test:

most- saliva, starch, 37degree water bath second most- saliva, HCL, starch, 37degree water bath least- water, starch, 37degree water bath

________________________ helps to lubricate the food before being swallowed. You can test for its presence using vinegar/acetic acid

mucin

The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following receptors are involved the intial cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test?

nociceptors

Which of the following may have bilirubin in their urine?

only two of these answers

Which of the following enzymes catalyze the breakdown of substrates into absorbable monosacharides?

p. maltase c. lactase d. sucrase

Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme?

pepsin

Which of the following is/are enzymes secreted by the stomach that catalyze the breakdown of proteins?

pepsin

Which of the following is/are secreted by salivary glands?

q. bicarbonate k. lysozyme e. mucin a. amylase

Which of the following is/are secreted by the exocrine glands of the pancreas?

q. amylase n. lipase j. trypsinogen k. bicarbonate d. procarboxypeptidase a. chymotrypsinogen

Which of the following is/are enzymes that would be active in the duodenum?

q. carboxypeptidase m. chymotrypsin l. trypsin h. maltase c. lactase d. sucrase e. lipase a. amylase

Which of the following is/are enzymes secreted by the pancreas that catalyze the breakdown of proteins?

r. carboxypeptidase f. trypsin c. chymotrypsin

Regarding carbohydrate digestion, put the following tubes in order of most digestion to least digestion

saliva, starch, ice bath B. second most saliva, starch, 37degree water bath A. most water, starch, 37degree water bath C. least

Which of the following is/are digestive hormone(s) that promote secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas?

secretin

Which of the followng digestive hormone(s) promote secretions from the exocrine pancreas?

secretin and cholcystokinin

Which of the following conditions would likely result in the best digestion of starches?

starch, saliva, 37C, pH 7

Which of the following conditions would likely result in the least digestion of starches?

starch, water, 37C, pH 7

The cardiovascular response to the Valsalva maneuver is multiphasic. In lab we tried to observe what happens during the first phase of the valsalva. The increase in MAP during the first phase of the valsalva maneuve is most likely related to which of the following?

the increasein thoracic cavity pressure pressing on the aorta, which is continuous with the systemic arteries

Glucose is a valuable nutrient that is transported in our circulation. Which of the following is/are true about the kidneys and glucose?

the main reason why glucose is not normally found in the urine of healthy subjects is that they have enough glucose transporters to reabsorb all of the glucose that gets filtered.

Which of the following is most likely to be the integration center for both the diving reflex AND the cold pressor test?

the medulla oblongatta

The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise, like cycling or running includes an increase in heart rate even before we start to exercise. Which of the following is/are true about this response? ?(try it at home, put on your exercise clothes and see what happens to HR)

this is an example of feed-forward control

Many adults experience constipation. This means that they might absent-mindedly perform a Valsalva maneuver in the bathroom. What concerns would you have about this if you were working with a patient with several cardiovascular disease risk factors?

three of these answers

Match the terms to their definitions:

Pneumonia B. Inflammation of the lungs and fluid collection in the alveolar spaces Pleurisy D. Inflammation of the pleural membranes Emphysema E. Obstructive pulmonary disease caused by infectious agents; common in chronic smokers Asthma C. Obstructive pulmonary disease caused by spasm or constriction of bronchioles in reaction to allergens Atelectasis A. Partial or total collapse of a lung

In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measurethe period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)

to the beginning of the increase in aortic flow from S1

Which of the following digestive secretions can activate trypsinogen to its active form?

trypsin enterokinase (enteropeptidase)

rank the following tubes in order of biggest decrease in pH to least:

trypsin, chymotrypsinogen, NaHCO3, eggwhite A. most trypsin, HCl, eggwhite B. third most trypsin, NaHCO3, eggwhite C. second most HCl, eggwhite D. least

rank the following tubes in order of most protein digestion to least protein digestion:

trypsin, chymotrypsinogen, NaHCO3, eggwhite D. most trypsin, HCl, eggwhite B. third most trypsin, NaHCO3, eggwhite C. second most HCl, eggwhite A. least

----------------- is the selective movement of substances from inside the kidney tubules into the peritubular capillaries:

tubular reabsorption

The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise, like cycling or running, and isometric exercise have some simmilarities and differenes. Which of the following is/are true about similarities in the cardiovascular response to aerobic and isometric exercise?

two of these answers

In which of the following tubes would we expect to observe the smallest decrease in pH?

two of these would be tied

The cardiovascular (CV) response to isometric exercise, like a wall squat or isometric handgrip exericse, is slightly different from the CV response to aerobic exercise. Which of the following is/are true about the blood pressure response to isometric exercise?

SBP increases

Which of the following is/are NOT true about neural regulation of respiration?

The peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive even to very small changes in PO2

The cardiovascular response to large muscle mass aerobic exercise (like cycling) includes which of the following. Select all that apply

a. Diastolic blood pressure stays the same or decreases a little b. pulse pressure increases c. mean arterial pressure increases a little d. HR increases due to both an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity and a decrease in parasympathetic activity to the heart g. systolic blood pressure increases

Your patient has pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal gland, which results in hypersecretion of epinephrine (and norepinephrine) from the adrenal gland. Which of the following cardiovascular-related symptoms do you think you would observe inn this patient?

a. a rapid heart rate (and palpitations; the noticable perception of a high heart rate by a patient) b. a high blood pressure c. slow heart rate d. weak ventricular contractions e. a & b f. c & d g. a & d a&b

Digestion requires breaking covalent bonds in dietary nutrients into absorbable units. Which of the following catalyze the breakdown of covalent bonds?

a. amylase e. lipase f. maltase g. chymotrypsin i. pepsin k. lactase l. carboxypeptidase q. trypsin r. sucrase

If we had our subject consume a solution rich in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3-), Which of the following is/are NOT related to how the body would work to maintain pH of the ECF?

a. decrease ventilation b. exhale less CO2 c. increase urine pH d. decrease HCO3- reabsorption e. decrease H+ secretion

If your subject consumed a salty snack with no fluids, which of the following is/are true?

all of these answers are true

The sympathetic nervous system's effects on the arterioles are acheived through binding of sympathetic neurotransmitters with ________.

alpha-adrenergic receptors

Which of the following is/are absorbable units for dietary proteins?

amino acids

The extracellular fluid is typically equivalent to approximately a ____% NaCl solution.

0.9

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.

1. P wave 2. active filling of ventricles 3. ventricles depolarize 4. ventricular pressure begins to increase 5. period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.

1. SA node depolarizes 2. increase in arterial pressure 3. start of QRS complex 4. s1 5. volume of blood in ventricles stays constant (at end diastolic volume)

During the cold pressor test, what causes the change in blood pressure after the initial phase. Please put the following events in order:

1. baroreceptors detect elevated blood pressure 2. increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity 3. decrease in heart rate 4. decrease in cardiac output 5. decrease in blood pressure 6. increase in sympathetic nervous system activity

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close.

1. beginning of ventricular ejection period 2. second heart sound 3. start of passive filling of ventricles 4. start of QRS complex 5. closing of the AV valves

During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

1. facial cooling and apnea 2. signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta 3. increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity 4. decrease in heart rate 5. decrease in the heart's oxygen demand not a part of this response- decrease in blood pressure

put the following events in order. Describe a mechanism by which the muscle pump would increase cardiac output?

1. increase venous return 2. increase end diastolic volume 3. increase stroke volume 4. increase cardiac output

In subjects with healthy blood pressures, there are two phases to the blood pressure response to the cold pressor test, What causes the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

1. signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta 2. increase in sympathetic nervous system activity 3. widespread vasoconstriction 4. increase in total peripheral resistance 5. increase in blood pressure

During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

1. signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta 2. increase in sympathetic nervous system activity 3. widespread vasoconstriction 4. increase in total peripheral resistance 5. increase in blood pressure not a part of this response- increase in cardiac output

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.

1. ventricles begin to contract 2. start of the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction 3. opening of semilunar valves 4. ventricular ejection period 5. ventricles finish repolarizing

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. After the electrical impulse spreads through bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, what wouldd be 5 of the next events in the cardiac cycle? (not all answers will be used)

1. ventricular muscle cells depolarize 2. pressure in the ventricles begins to increase 3. the AV valves close 4. pressure in the ventricles exceeds aortic pressure 5. ventricles begin to eject blood

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close.

1. ventricular pressure increases above aortic pressure 2. ejection period 3. ventricles begin to repolarize 4. volume of blood in the ventricles remains constant (filled with around 50 ml of blood) 5. early filling of ventricles

Which of the following is a digestive hormone secreted by the stomach when peptides are detected?

gastrin

One of our experiments involved having the subject consume a large quantity of plain water and observing changes in urine volume and urine concentration. Put together a sequence of events that likely explains these changes in urine volume and concentration after consuming plain water.

1st G. decrease body fluid osmolarity 2nd B. decrease secretion of vasopressin 3rd D. less water reabsorption in kidneys 4th H. increased water in urine 5th E. increased urine volume and decreased urine concentration

Not all of the air entering the lungs each minute participates in gas exchange; which of the following is/are NOT true?

If your goal was to increase gas exchange, it would be more effective to increase respiratory rate than to increase tidal volume

In which of the following tubes would we expect to observe the biggest decrease in pH?

2ml pepsinogen, 2ml HCl, egg white

In which of the following tubes would we expect to observe the most protein digestion?

2ml pepsinogen, 2ml HCl, egg white

In humans, the ECF (extracellular fluid) is approximatley what percent of our body fluids

33%

Which of the following is/are true about the ventricular ejection period?

: a. the pressure in the aorta initially increases b. the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing c. The T wave would start somewhere during this period e. the semilunar valves are open i. the AV valves are closed

Match the following hormones:

ANP E. decreases Na+ reabsorption in thekidneys Aldosterone F. secreted by the adrenal cortex Vasopressin B. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys BNP D. released from theventricles when blood volume increases renin C. released from the kidney when ECF NaCl concentration decreases

Match the heart sounds below:

Abnormal, late filling of the ventricle- s4 Normal, Semilunar valves closing- s2 Normal, AV valves closing- s1 Abnormal, early ventricular filling- s3

Understanding changes in intrapleural, intra-alveolar, and transmutation pressure are critical for understanding the respiratory cycle, which of the following is NOT true about these pressures?

All of these answers ARE true

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Which hormone/enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system directly causes an increase in blood pressure by increasing vasopressin, increasing thirst and causing vasoconstriction?

Angiotensin II

_______ is a type of obstructive pulmonary disease, and _______ is a type of restrictive pulmonary disease.

Asthma, pulmonary fibrosis

In our digestion lab, how were we able to tell if fat digestion was occurring?

B & D B. The pH of the tubes decreased as trigycerides are broken down into monglycerides and free fatty acids D. The tubes with a lot of fat digestion had a very bad smell due to the presence of adehydes

The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive), but is a little different for those who have hypertension (or those destined to develop hypertension). Which of the following is true of the cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test in hypertensive subjects?

BP goes up and then remains elevated

Which of the following monosaccharides would be found in a molecule of sucrose?

c. glucose d. fructose

Which of these is the equation for the bicarbonate buffering system?

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Which of the following is/are NOT true about obstructive pulmonary diseases (OPD)?

OPD can be diagnosed by having a vital capacity that is too low

Match the following urine analysis findings with the appropriate disorder or disease process.

Diabetes C. glucose Albumin/protein A. renaldiseases Phosphates D. osteoporosis Bilirubin B. liver disease leukocytes E. urinary tract infection

Which of the following is/are correct?

During the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

Which of the following are NOT true about digestive secretions involved in protein digestion?

HCl in the stomach directly digests proteins

Match the following experiments with an expected response:

Highvolumeofwateronly A. increasedreninandaldosteronesecretion Bicarbonate C. pHofurineusuallydecreases waterandsalt D. dependentonhydrationstatuspriortoexperiment Saltgroup B. increasedosmolaritycausedincreasedvasopressinsecretion

Match the terms to their definitions:

Hypercapnia C. Abnormally high levels of CO2 in the blood Apnea E. Cessation of breathing Eupnea D. Normal quiet breathing Tachypnea B. Rapid breathing Polypnea A. Shallow, rapid breathing

Which of the following is/are NOT true regarding fluid volumes in the body?

ISF is 20% of ECF

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the way we tested for carbohydrate digestion in lab?

If a lot of starch was present, we would expect to see it turn purple with Benedicts solution

Which would you expect in our experiment with the very salty solution?

Two of these are true

How were the BP changes similar/different with isometric versus dynamic exercise?

With dynamic exercise, there is more local vasodilation in active muscles

In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and MAP. Which of the following is least likely to be involved in these cardiovascular responses?

a decrease in pCO2 in the arterial blood

The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise with a large muscle mass, like cycing or running, would be most likely to include which of the following changes in BP?

a slight decrease in DBP

The diving reflex is observed in all vertebrates. This protective response helps us to stay alive while submerged. Which of the following is/are related to the diving reflex?

a. the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate c. slowing the heart rate reduces the rate of oxygen use by the heart and thus helps to preserve limited oxygen supplies while submerged e. there is a widespread vasoconstriction throughout most of the body - this reduces oxygen use by much of the body and preserves oxygen for the tissues that need it the most h. the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction throughout much of the body

if a water molecule enters the kidney from the renal artery and gets filtered, but is NOT reabsorbed, put the following in order:

afferent arteriole B. first glomerulus A. second Bowman's capsule F. third proximal tubule D. fourth loop of Henlee E. fifth distal tubule C. sixth

if a water molecule enters the kidney from the renal artery and gets filtered, and is reabsorbed in the part of the nephron where vasopressin influences water reabsorption, what is a possible sequence of steps this water molecule could have taken:

afferent arteriole D. first glomerulus E. second Bowman's capsule F. third proximal tubule C. fourth distal tubule B. fifth peritubular capillaries A. sixth

Which of the following is NOT true about respiratory regulation during exercise?

all of the above are true

Which of the following is NOT normally found in saliva?

all of these ARE normally found in saliva

If your subject consumed a small quantity of a very concentrated NaCl solution, which of the following is/are true?

all of these answers

Pancreatic insufficiency is a condition characterized by deficient exocrine secreations from the pancreas. Which of the following would you expect in a patient with this condition?

all of these answers

You are about to do a session of aquatic physical therapy with your patient and because your facility does not have a small, warm, therapy pool, you are doing your PT in a local university's pool (kept around 76 F). This patient also has some cardiac risk factors and a history of various ventricular arrhythmis. You remember learning about the diving reflex a long time ago in a physiolgy class when you were an undergraduate student; what concerns might you have, that relate to this reflex, in this situation?

all of these answers

When we are at rest and relaxed, sympathetic nervous system (SNS) tone decreases througought the body, how would this decrease in SNS activity influence blood pressure?

all of these answers ARE true

When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following do NOT contribute to the drop in blood pressure during the initial phase of this response?

all of these answers DO contribute to the initial drop in blood pressure when we stand up

Which of the following digestive secretions can activate pepsinogen to its active form?

g. pepsin c. HCl

In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and MAP. Which of the following stimuli likely initiated these cardiovascular responses?

an increase in pCO2 in the arterial blood

The changes in TPR and MAP observed during the diving reflex are related to:

an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis:

are two pulmonary diseases categorized as COPD

Which of the following is/are absorbable carbohydrates in the small intestine?

b. glucose j. galactose k. fructose

Which of the following enzymes is/are involved in catalyzing the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates?

b. lactase j. amylase k. maltase r. sucrase

Which of the following is/are dietary disaccharides?

b. sucrose f. lactose l. maltose

Energy is required to absorb which of the following in the small intestine?

g. galactose e. amino acids a. glucose

When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following mechanisms best explains what happens during the secondary response to bring blood pressure back towards normal after standing up?

baroreceptors detect ↓MAP → medulla oblongatta → activation of sympathetic nerves → vasoconstriction of arterioles → ↑ TPR → ↑MAP

The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following sequences best describes the secondary (2nd phase) cardiovascular response to the cold pressor tes in a hypertensive subject?

baroreceptors fail to detect increase in pressure → no signal to medulla oblongatta → no change in autonomic activity → MAP fails to move back towards normal

Which of the following digestive secretions neutralizes acid rich chyme in the duodenum?

bicarbonate

Which of the following digestive secretions is/are secreted by the liver?

bile salts

Which of the following digestive secretions is/are secreted when the gallbladder contracts?

bile salts

Which of the following events occur when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles?

filling of the ventricles

In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure atrial diastole we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)

from S1 to the beginning of the P wave

In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To best estimatee the ventricular filling period (like we did in lab) we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)

from S2 to S1

In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure ventricular ejection period we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)

from the beginning of the increase in aortic flow to S2