HW Chapter 24

______ has been recognized as a cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea for many years, but the severity of the symptoms and the number of outbreaks have been increasing since the early 2000s. Clostridium perfringens Vibrio cholerae Campylobacter jejuni Staphylococcus aureus Clostridioides difficile

Clostridioides difficile

______ is a condition that arises when the accumulation of plaque inflames the gums. Gingivitis Halitosis Dental carries Calcification

Gingivitis

What is the main cause of stomach ulcers? Helicobacter pylori Clostridioides difficile Vibrio cholerae Escherichia coli Shigella dysenteriae

Helicobacter pylori

Fecal-oral route

Hepatitis A virus

Contact with body fluids

Hepatitis B virus

Which of the following is not a component of the upper digestive system? Liver Salivary glands Esophagus Mouth Stomach

Liver

The lower digestive system includes which of the following structures? Multiple select question. Liver Large intestine Small intestine Salivary glands Mouth Stomach - Reason: The stomach is actually in the upper digestive system. Pancreas

Liver Large intestine Small intestine Pancreas

Serotypes of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, are grouped according to differences in their ______ antigen. H K O

O

In dental caries, if bacteria reach the root canal, either the tooth must be removed or the interior part of the tooth (pulp) must be replaced with an inert substance. a. True b. False - Reason: This replacement procedure is called a root canal treatment, or simply a root canal.

a. True

Some studies suggest that chronic gum infections contribute to arterial disease and rheumatoid arthritis. a. True b. False - Reason: Indeed, they also contribute to premature births, and possibly Alzheimer's disease.

a. True

The main purpose of the digestive system is to convert the food we eat into a form that the body's cells can use for energy and raw materials for growth a. True b. False Reason: The digestive system helps the body use the foods we eat.

a. True

Unlike hepatitis A virus, which is passed via the fecal-oral route, hepatitis B virus is transmitted through contact with body fluids. a. True b. False Reason: Transmission of HAV is via the fecal-oral route, whereas HBV is transmitted in blood and semen.

a. True

The ______ of Cryptosporidium hominis are passed in the feces of infected humans and other animals and are immediately infectious. a. oocysts b. eggs c. spores Reason: Oocysts of C. hominis are found in the feces of infected people. This organism is a protozoan. d. sporozoites Reason: Oocysts of C. hominis are found in the feces of infected people.

a. oocysts

The incidence of hepatitis A is much lower today than it was in 1995 because ______. an effective vaccine is now available an effective treatment has decreased the number of infectious carriers improved water treatment methods now remove the virus

an effective vaccine is now available

An estimated 1.2 million cases of Salmonella gastroenteritis occur in the United States each year, with 400 deaths. The pathogen in these cases, Salmonella enterica, is typically acquired from ______. fomites human-to-human contact soils animal sources inhalation of droplets

animal sources

Helicobacter pylori infections are treated with a combination of ______. Multiple select question. restriction of dietary sucrose antibiotics antidiuretics stomach acid production inhibitors

antibiotics stomach acid production inhibitors

Which of the following is the most common source of viral gastroenteritis in the United states? a. Togavirus b. Norovirus c. Rotavirus Reason: Noroviruses are a more common cause of viral gastroenteritis than rotaviruses in the United States. d. Coronavirus

b. Norovirus

Most bacteria cannot survive the ______ pH of the stomach. a. high Reason: The pH of the stomach is very low (acidic). b. low c. neutral Reason: The pH of the stomach is very low (acidic).

b. low

What are characteristics of Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of gastritis and peptic ulcers? Multiple choice question. a. long, rod-shaped, Gram-positive, obligately anaerobic bacterium b. short, curved, Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium

b. short, curved, Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium

Giardia lamblia is transmitted by all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. fecally contaminated water b. fecal-oral route c. undercooked meats d. person-to-person contact Reason: This organism can in fact be spread person-to-person, although the fecal-oral route of transmission is most common. e. oral-anal contact

c. undercooked meats

You The biofilm-mediated process that damages tooth enamel leading to cavities is called dental ______

caries

The __________ of Giardia lamblia are infectious and can remain viable for two months in cold water.

cysts

All of the following statements about the stomach are true EXCEPT ______. a. the lining is coated with a thick, alkaline mucus Reason: The gastric juices create a low pH (acidic) environment. b. digestive enzymes break down proteins Reason: The gastric juices create a low pH (acidic) environment. c. it contains few resident microbes Reason: The gastric juices create a low pH (acidic) environment. d. gastric juices create a high pH environment

d. gastric juices create a high pH environment

Clostridioides difficile is particularly a problem in healthcare settings, where it is the most common cause of ______. diarrhea stomach ulcers dental caries dysentery meningitis

diarrhea

The main purpose of the _________ system is to convert the food we eat into a form that the body's cells can use for energy and raw materials for growth.

digestive or gastrointestinal

Diarrheal diseases that are accompanied by blood and pus in the feces are referred to as what? dysentery hepatomegaly nephritis gastroenteritis jaundice

dysentery

The presence of blood and pus in the feces is a condition known as

dysentery

Salmonella gastroenteritis is caused by numerous serotypes of Salmonella _______. enterica histolytica bongori typhi

enterica

Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) are also referred to as ______. enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

The risk of contracting hepatitis C virus (HCV) from blood transfusion is ______ because of effective screening of donated blood and blood products. moderate extremely low high guaranteed

extremely low

Intestinal diseases are transmitted by the _________ -oral route.

fecal or feco

Helicobacter pylori is most likely transmitted by the ____________-____________ route, or possibly by the oral-oral route.

fecal-oral

What is the most likely source of Vibrio cholerae infection? air-borne endospores in respiratory droplets soil-borne endospores on fruits and vegetables fecally contaminated water fecally contaminated food

fecally contaminated water

The best way to avoid diarrheal diseases is to prevent ingestion of food or water contaminated with

feces, excreta, or faeces

Members of the intestinal microbiota can degrade dietary _____________ (plant material that the body cannot digest) in foods likes beans and broccoli.

fiber

Giardia lamblia is a _______ shaped like a pear cut lengthwise. ciliated protozoan flagellated protozoan parasitic worm dimorphic fungus

flagellated protozoan

In which of these organs does a carrier of typhoid bacilli maintain the bacteria? large intestine pancreas liver small intestine gallbladder

gallbladder

Salmonella residing in people who have survived typhoid fever are found in the _______________ , where they multiply free of competition because most other bacteria are killed or inhibited by concentrated bile.

gallbladder

Diarrheal diseases are referred to as ______. cistitis endocarditis gastroenteritis hepatitis acute colonitis

gastroenteritis

Physicians often refer to diarrheal diseases as "stomach flu" or

gastroenteritis or enteritis

Plaque may accumulate in the crevices, the space between the gum and teeth. In response, the gums become inflamed, leading to a condition called

gingivitis

All of the following are common modes of transmission of the hepatitis C virus EXCEPT ______. hand shaking sharing syringes tattooing body piercing

hand shaking

Inflammation of the liver is called

hepatitis

To treat diarrheal diseases, the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a list of recommended _____________ ____________ (RHF) that can prevent dehydration.

home, fluids

The host range of Cryptosporidium hominis ______. is restricted to humans and non-human primates includes humans as well as domestic animals

includes humans as well as domestic animals

Hepatitis A, formerly called _______ hepatitis, is _______ by vaccination. infectious; preventable hereditary; preventable hereditary; not preventable infectious; not preventable

infectious; preventable

Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the _______. stomach gallbladder small intestine pancreas liver

liver

Although most are harmless, certain strains of E. coli produce different virulence factors that allow them to cause infections of the ______. meninges digestive tract urinary tract skin

meninges digestive tract urinary tract

Although most are harmless, certain strains of E. coli produce different virulence factors that allow them to cause infections of the ______. Multiple select question. meninges urinary tract digestive tract skin

meninges urinary tract digestive tract

The digestive tract is a hollow tube that starts at the ______________and ends at the __________.

mouth, anus

In the United States, viral gastroenteritis is most often caused by __________

norovirus

Bacterial infections of the teeth and gums ______. are generally immediately recognizable because they develop quickly often go unnoticed for years because they arise slowly

often go unnoticed for years because they arise slowly

Which of the following are part of the digestive system? Multiple select question. pancreas salivary glands kidneys intestines liver stomach bladder

pancreas salivary glands intestines liver stomach

Accumulation of ______ along the gum line can result in periodontal disease. plaque correct pulp cavities enamel

plaque

Periodontal disease often results from ___________ accumulation in regions where the gum line joins the tooth.

plaque or tartar

All of the following are components of oral rehydration salts solution EXCEPT ______. glucose sodium chloride water protein

protein

All of the following are components of oral rehydration salts solution EXCEPT ______. sodium chloride glucose water protein

protein

Amebiasis is caused by the _______ Entamoeba histolytica. bacterium fungus helminth protozoan

protozoan

Transmission of Helicobacter pylori probably occurs through ______. the birth canal the fecal-oral route body fluid exchange contaminated fruits and vegetables undercooked meats

the fecal-oral route

Giardia lamblia is transmitted by all of the following EXCEPT ______. oral-anal contact undercooked meats fecal-oral route fecally contaminated water person-to-person contact Reason: This organism can in fact be spread person-to-person, although the fecal-oral route of transmission is most common.

undercooked meats

Helicobacter pylori survives the acidic environment of the stomach by producing ________ , an enzyme that converts urea to ammonia, thereby creating an alkaline microenvironment.

urease

Which of the following are mechanisms used by Helicobacter pylori to survive the acidic environment of the stomach? synthesis of a thick capsule urease production burrowing within the mucus layer endospore formation

urease production burrowing within the mucus layer

The incidence of hepatitis B is much lower today than it was in 1980 because an effective ____________ is now available.

vaccine

Resident microbiota of the intestines contribute to human health by producing ______. antibodies and various antibiotics vitamin C and vitamin D vitamin K and vitamin B12

vitamin K and vitamin B12

Fecally contaminated _____________ is the most common source of Vibrio cholerae infection.

water

Why have hepatitis B infections decreased since the mid-1980s? An effective vaccine has lowered the disease incidence. Improved water treatment methods now remove the virus. An effective treatment has decreased the number of infectious carriers.

An effective vaccine has lowered the disease incidence.

What is the causative agent of amebiasis? Acanthamoeba keratitis Cryptosporidium parvum Entamoeba histolytica Cyclospora cayetanensis

Entamoeba histolytica

The upper digestive system includes which of the following structures? Multiple select question. Liver Pancreas Salivary glands Esophagus Mouth Gallbladder Stomach

Salivary glands Esophagus Mouth Stomach

Which of the following can be caused by different strains of E. coli? Multiple select question. Skin infections Septicemia Urinary system infections Meningitis Digestive system infections

Septicemia Urinary system infections Meningitis Digestive system infections

The toxin of the pathogenic E. coli strains called STEC is functionally identical to that of ______. Salmonella enterica Shigella dysenteriae Vibrio cholerae

Shigella dysenteriae

Which of the following is not a component of the lower digestive system? Small intestine Liver Stomach Large intestine Pancreas

Stomach

The causative agent of cholera is_________ cholerae, a curved, Gram-negative rod with a single flagellum.

Vibrio

Helicobacter pylori infections can be treated with a combination of antibiotics and a medication that inhibits stomach acid production. What is the reason for this combination? a. The antibiotics clear the H. pylori infection, and the reduction in acidity helps heal the ulcer. b. The reduced acidity inhibits growth of H. pylori, making the antibiotics more effective at killing the pathogen. c. The reduction in acidity makes the antibiotics more effective at clearing the H. pylori infection.

a. The antibiotics clear the H. pylori infection, and the reduction in acidity helps heal the ulcer.