HY 102 Test 1 General

3)The King must be wealthy

Heavily utilizes mercantilism, controlling trade using high tariffs, and with the state controlling key industries, and utilizes their colonies to feed money back towards the French Crown.

What made the Dutch art of its golden age distinctive?

artists concentrated ordinary subjects and people, not myths or religious subjects

2)The King must be in control

by controlling artists, scholars, poets and musicians, he makes everyone beholden to him. He pays all of the artists, architects, and musicians, so they pretty much have to kiss ass as hard as they can to him. He strictly censors many things to control public perception. He also hires Professionals such as lawyers, merchants and etc. to work for him instead of unqualified nobles, as they're simultaneously expendable and beholden to him, yet will do the job well in order to keep said job.

Catherine the Great

call legislative counsel of Russians to tell grievances and say what needs to be changed and that shell use rational and reason to make it better implants some reforms - promotion through civil service - more schools then a revolt happened when her "dead husband " rises up and all the poor decided to rally an army of 100,000 people and but pogochiviv? was caught and killed then put back into a cannon and sent back to Poland after this she realizes she's not able to reach your goals made two uniform parts for tax collection census doesn't buy into giving people rights as soon as the less powerful start asking for power that's when it becomes problematic - send in tanks to stop the rebellion

Montenesquieu

checks nad balances - different parts of the goverement will look over the other parts which prevents monarchy and dictatorship the french ended up barrowing checks and balances system since it checks power and ensures people do their job

Identify the European states that grew more powerful between 1700 and the 1720s.

england and russia

Although important economically, cities around 1700 remained less important and influential as centers of politics compared to such courts as Versailles and Peterhof.

false

France under Louis XIV followed Great Britain's lead in forming a national bank and greatly improving the efficiency of tax collection.

false

Great Britain was in a dominant commercial position in relation to the Netherlands by the middle of the seventeenth century.

false

Gruesome acts of religious persecution remained commonplace in European society in the eighteenth century despite the influence of Enlightenment philosophy.

false

Marie Guyart ("Marie of the Incarnation") became famous for spending her life in total seclusion, devoted to prayer and seeking absolution.

false

The Irish revolt took place because of Parliament's attempt to impose the English Book of Common Prayer in Ireland.

false

What does this map reveal about the "Golden Age" of Amsterdam?

1.) Amsterdam was religiously tolerant 2.) Amsterdam was a central city for trade and commerce 3.) Amsterdam had a large community of doctors and surgeons

What were two of the ways in which Danish king Frederick III succeeded in remaking the Danish state along absolutist lines?

1.) He presided over the last ever meeting of the representatives of the Danish Estates 2.) he created new taxes, including ones that directly taxed nobility

Identify two ways in which the European outlook on foreign peoples changed, thanks in large part to voyages of scientific exploration.

1.) More Europeans thought of foreign peoples as part of a single human race. 2.) Europeans developed the idea of the "noble savage" living in a "state of nature."

Identify two of the outcomes of the expanding literary culture in the eighteenth century.

1.) Newspapers and other periodicals proliferated. 2.) Official censorship was relaxed in some places.

What were two of the essential arguments of Rousseau's The Social Contract?

1.) People ought to give up their rights to a sovereign power in the name of social peace. 2.) All citizens must submit to the "general will" of the people as a whole.

Identify the statements that describe how new technologies and infrastructure significantly changed life in the eighteenth century.

1.) Textile production became more efficient as water-powered technologies spread to river towns. 2.) The invention of the coal-powered steam engine led to landowners exploiting the natural resources under the ground of their estates. 3.) An expansion of the roads led to better, faster, and more reliable transportation options.

Identify two of the reasons why French colonization in North America was less successful than was British colonization.

1.) The French crown insisted that settlers pay heavy feudal dues to lords. 2.) French settlers were required to live in a specific, limited area.

Identify the "winners and losers" under Louis XIV's absolutism.

1.) The urban middle class lost much of their political power and independence 2.) nobility tended to prosper, reaffirming their political roles and wealth

What were two characteristics of the "middling sorts" (middle classes) that grew in prominence during the eighteenth century?

1.) They frequently invested money for returns 2.) they did not work with their hands

Identify the examples of public culture that developed during the eighteenth century.

1.) attending scientific lectures and demonstrations 2.) attending art exhibitions 3.) attending musical concerts and the opera

In what ways did Montesquieu's Persian Letters attack political authority and mainstream European beliefs and values?

1.) by satirizing despotic rule 2.) by implying that women should enjoy far more freedoms than they did 3.) by questioning the existence of miracles

Identify two reasons why the rule of Charles I of Britain resulted in civil war.

1.) charles insisted that Scotland adopted practices of the English Church 2.) Charles sponsored the religious persecution of religious minorities

Identify two of the changes to British economics following the Glorious Revolution.

1.) creation of the national bank 2.) a lowering of tariffs to encourage foreign trade

What were two of the sources of the new religious skepticism of the period?

1.) earlier philosophers, such as Descartes and Spinoza 2.) Christian religious movements, such as Jansenism

What were two ways in which life conditions generally improved for western Europeans in the eighteenth century?

1.) epidemics became less frequent 2.) agricultural productivity increased

Identify two of Baruch Spinoza's philosophical or political claims.

1.) god was the same thing as the (mechanical) operations of the universe 2.) men ought to be able to vote for their rulers

How did muskets transform warfare in the absolutist period?

1.) pikeman were no longer necessary on the battlefield 2.) the cost associated with muskets and training led to the emphasis on keeping soldiers alive

What were two of Hobbes's claims about politics that shocked his contemporaries?

1.) political power arose originally when people granted it to the sovereign 2.) the political obedience of people is what mattered, not what they thought or believed

What challenges did Jamerey-Duval face as a child?

1.) poverty caused by frequent taxation 2.) little education beyond religious lessons

Identify two of the things that incited fear and hatred of King James II among Protestants in England.

1.) the harsh way he suppressed a rebellion led by his brothers illegitimate son 2.) the birth of his son and heir by his Catholic wife

Identify two of the stipulations of the Bill of Rights that came out of the Glorious Revolution.

1.) the right of Parliament to remove unjust kings from their throne 2.) the right of Parliament to control taxation

Identify three things that set Prussia apart from the other states in Europe.

1.) the ruling line was almost obsessively focused on the military 2.) its kings lived frugally 3.) almost all of its nobility served the state as military officers

What could coffeehouse customers read in the newspapers and magazines that were available in these spaces?

1.) town gossip 2.) advertisements 3.) general interest articles about events and people

versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV to maintain control and centralize the nobility and power of France outside of Paris. It was built with his absolute monarchy in mind, as it was a maze-like building with many hidden passages and doors to allow Louis to effectively spy on the nobles housed within. It was an extremely large and opulent menagerie of nobility, in which all aspects of the day and customs were extremely well defined. You should remember key examples like the holding of the shirt, standing and watching Louis eat, and the ballets and other things. His bedroom was at the very center of Versailles, as he was "The beating heart of France".

the Quakers

A sect of extreme pacifist Christians that later emigrated to Pennsylvania. Lead by William Penn, the Quakers believed in nonviolence, dressed very plainly, never swore oaths, and didn't support slavery.

5)Must have a powerful army

At the time, Louis creates the strongest/largest fighting force in Europe.

Both France and Britain practiced ____, limiting trade to state-chartered monopolies. In both countries, the sale of ______ in some of those companies led to a financial _______ in 1720. Of the two, _______continued to prosper thanks to its national bank.

Both France and Britain practiced MERCANTILISM , limiting trade to state-chartered monopolies. In both countries, the sale of STOCKS in some of those companies led to a financial COLLAPSE in 1720. Of the two, BRITAIN continued to prosper thanks to its national bank.

Within Britain and its colonies, which Christian religious denomination lost out most decisively in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution?

Catholicism

4)Must impose religious conformity

Critical for Louis to ensure conformity, and to make sure the same message is being broadcasted from the churches around France.

The thinkers that historians now affiliate with the Enlightenment did not actually use the term Enlightenment.

False

Finding its fullest expression at ____, the culture of courtiers revolved around such values as grace, honor, and devotion to the _____. Because many courtiers were also _____, warfare itself was in theory to be conducted with greater _____ than it had in the past.

Finding its fullest expression at THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES , the culture of courtiers revolved around such values as grace, honor, and devotion to the KING . Because many courtiers were also OFFICERS , warfare itself was in theory to be conducted with greater RESTRAINT than it had in the past.

Louis XIV and his significance

King Louis XIV's rule was defined by his Absolutist rule. He was the first monarch to centralize the nobility within a single compound (Versailles) as a way to keep watch over and control them. Influenced by his childhood experiences in the Fronde, he believed that unifying everyone and everything, with regards to religion, military, and the noble class that he could exert monumental control over the populous. Louis XIV maintained meticulously control over french customs, literature, and forced everyone in France to be Catholic to keep everyone unified and centered behind his rule. This is significant as this set the benchmark of control many monarchies strived for around the world and was arguably the most successful example of as absolute monarchy.

the English bill of rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

William of Orange

King of England and Scotland and Ireland, he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702)

Louis XIV's heir was his ____ Control of the state passed to a ____, Philip of Orléans, who experimented with sharing power with councils of powerful ____. In the end, however, most of Louis XIV's autocratic reforms remained in place under the new king, _____

Louis XIV's heir was his great grandson. Control of the state passed to a regent, Philip of Orléans, who experimented with sharing power with councils of powerful aristocrats. In the end, however, most of Louis XIV's autocratic reforms remained in place under the new king, Louis XV

How were King William and Queen Mary able to claim the right to be the legitimate rulers of Britain?

Mary was the daughter of James II and was married to william

Poulain employed the systematic, skeptical approach of ____ to ____the gender roles of his society. He noted that differences between men and women were the result of ____, not ____. Ultimately, his work did not change society at the time.

Poulain employed the systematic, skeptical approach of DESCARTES to ATTACK the gender roles of his society. He noted that differences between men and women were the result of SOCIAL CUSTOMS , not NATURE. Ultimately, his work did not change society at the time.

Prussia had been _____ during the Thirty Years' War. In its aftermath, King Frederick William convinced the powerful _____, the Junkers, to grant him funds to build an army. He also created a regimented _____ run along military lines. In return, the Junkers' authority over their _____ was confirmed.

Prussia had been OVERRUN during the Thirty Years' War. In its aftermath, King Frederick William convinced the powerful NOBELS , the Junkers, to grant him funds to build an army. He also created a regimented CIVIL SERVICE run along military lines. In return, the Junkers' authority over their SERFS was confirmed.

Identify the statement that accurately describes the circumstance that contributed to the horrific conditions slaves faced.

Sugar production was difficult and very dangerous.

Sugar was ____ labor-intensive to cultivate. The work was done mostly by ____ early on, but soon most of the labor force consisted of _____. Anxious to maintain their control, colonial elites depended on the military forces of the ______

Sugar was EXTREMELY labor-intensive to cultivate. The work was done mostly by INDENTURED SERVANTS early on, but soon most of the labor force consisted of SLAVES . Anxious to maintain their control, colonial elites depended on the military forces of the HOME COUNTRY

The British king ____ was held captive by the Puritan-led, highly disciplined ____. Dissent broke out in the parliamentary faction, however, with English ____ siding with the king and war breaking out again. In the aftermath, the king was executed and Britain was declared to be a ____

The British king CHARLES 1 was held captive by the Puritan-led, highly disciplined NEW MODEL ARMY. Dissent broke out in the parliamentary faction, however, with English PRESBYTERIAN siding with the king and war breaking out again. In the aftermath, the king was executed and Britain was declared to be a COMMONWEALTH

the Fronde

The Fronde was a revolution in France that was kickstarted due to the extreme Taxation imposed by the French crown as a result of the 30 years war. Queen Anne of Austria greatly raised taxes and cut pay for judges. The Judges called for a change in power and inspired a revolt when the Queen tried to arrest them. King Louis XIV, who was just a child at the time saw his tutor killed in front of him and saw the riots firsthand as he was fleeing the city. This is significant because it inspired Louis to Centralize and strengthen the Crown's power through absolutist rule, and to limit the nobility's freedom to conspire against him.

Oliver Cromwell

The Leader of the New Model Army, defeated Charles I and put him on trial. When the King refused to negotiate, they voted and narrowly passed a death warrant for him. After he was executed, England declares itself a commonwealth, and Cromwell assumes the role of lord protector. He sends an army to Ireland and kills 600,000 people for being catholic. Other than that, he was just a king in everything but name that filled the gap between Charles and the next king.

What was one of Louis XIV's territorial goals?

The annexation of German lands along the Rhine

The biggest shift in the religious map of Europe after 1648 was that only one-fifth of Europe was now officially _____. In the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia, the new threat to the political order was ____, whereas no state now pursued religious crusades. Finally, in the context of war, states became committed to disciplined armies instead of ____

The biggest shift in the religious map of Europe after 1648 was that only one-fifth of Europe was now officially PROTESTANT . In the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia, the new threat to the political order was AMBITIOUS STATES , whereas no state now pursued religious crusades. Finally, in the context of war, states became committed to disciplined armies instead of CATHOLIC

the glorious revolution of 1688

The bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

1)The King must be Godlike

The king must brand himself as a direct extension of holiness himself, and a human embodiment of all of France. A GREAT example is how Louis XIV always was depicted in literature and art as the Roman sun god, Apollo. This was to prevent anyone from contesting him, as it would be like arguing with God/France himself.

The quintessential modern economic system, ____, developed in the eighteenth century. In turn, many economic changes were associated with the _____ industry. Increasingly, peasants farmed part-time and worked on handicrafts part-time in what was known as the _____ system.

The quintessential modern economic system, CAPITALISM , developed in the eighteenth century. In turn, many economic changes were associated with the TEXTILE industry. Increasingly, peasants farmed part-time and worked on handicrafts part-time in what was known as the PUTTING OUT system.

Who was Jonathan Wild?

a famous English criminal leader and folk hero

What was the immediate cause of the invasion of Ireland by the new king of England, William, in 1690?

a french- supported invasion by the exiled former king James the II

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government everyone figured he'd die and two Anglican daughters would take over but in 1688 his wife has a baby boy and thus they were invaded last real king

Whether Catholic, Protestant, or ____, the movements often ___ the authority of religious institutions. They often argued that humankind was inherently ____ as well. They did not, however, result in major breaks within their respective religions, unlike the _____

Whether Catholic, Protestant, or JEWISH , the movements often UNDERMINED the authority of religious institutions. They often argued that humankind was inherently SINFUL as well. They did not, however, result in major breaks within their respective religions, unlike the REFORMATION

Denis Diderot

famously wrote the encyclopedia making it a deeply shocking thing because of the availability to knowledge and ability to include entries on the 30 year war and servitude and slavery calls war useless and got his scholars to include their entries once it was banned it became more popular publishing industry as big enough to publish this without getting arrested and ability to reach masses so that everyone is learning the new ideas rather than just nobility and scholars

Voltaire

french thinker trained by jesits wrote satire speding 11 months in Bastille ( prison) 1726 he was kicked out of france and goes to England argument for constitutional monarchy with the Letters to England in 1733 which attacks intolerance, catholic church showing the hyprocrisy in it. expresses a very critical view of religion believed that there shouldn't give religious power since it doesn't end well.

What was the title of the powerful royal agents who regulated much of the kingdom of France under Louis XIV, as well as the kings who followed?

intendants

What was one of the elements of Enlightenment writing that ran afoul of the authorities in kingdoms such as France?

irreligion, even subtle advocacy of atheism

joseph II

limit power of pope state regulation on schools used things from churches to build orphanages there was a revolution because he put money where is mouth was and made others mad wanted everyone to speak German ended up dying after 10 years in office Hapsburg tomb reads " here lies Joseph II who failed in everything he did"

What genre played the most significant role in women's development as readers and authors in the eighteenth century?

novels

Charles II

party king with a lot of mistresses converted to Catholicism on his death bed

Identify two states that definitively lost power by the second half of the seventeenth century.

poland and spain

frederick the great

sees self as the reformer of prussia rationalizes laws and promotes agriculture and actually drained trenches used rationality to make the world more efficient not to make people free

What was the most consistent theme of Enlightenment thinkers in criticizing the political and social order of their day?

support for religious toleration

Rousseau

the difference between Rousseau and others was that he argued that we are born as a blank slate inherently good and its up to the word around us that make us good or bad. the way they had to solve it is by looking t what makes us good and using that by throwing it all away and starting over with a blank slate ( new government) rejection of the notion of original sin

Identify the field of inquiry that arose during the Enlightenment that was truly distinct and innovative.

the first system of analysis of human society and its inherent laws

What were two groups that generally lost power, influence, or freedom under absolutist monarchy?

the peasantry and representative bodies (for example parliaments and estates )

Identify two of the general characteristics of absolutist monarchies.

the weakening of independent political institutions outside of the state and the incorporation of nobility into the state

As with the revolt in France, the conflicts that shook the Ottoman Empire in the mid-seventeenth century did not result in major political change.

true

One of the causes for the decline of the Dutch "Golden Age" was a civil war against the backdrop of invasion from France.

true

Identify the statement that describes one way in which the British civil wars differed from the conflicts on the European continent in the 1640s.

unlike the continental wars, during the British civil wars the king was executed