HY104 Ch 15

In the few hundred years following 1000 CE, violence increased throughout the settlements of the Pacific Northwest. Which of the following explain this increase and its effect on Pacific Northwest peoples?

A combination of warfare, slaving, and drought caused population levels to decrease until about 1300. Villagers built more elaborate fortifications of wood and stone in places chosen for defense.

What was the role of violence and warfare in Aztec society?

Aztec religion enhanced the importance and prestige of warfare. Successful warriors ascended the social hierarchy.

Which of the following are characteristics of Cahokia society?

Cahokia society was hierarchical. It had a small number of elites and a vast number of commoners, and possibly slaves as well. Religion was an important aspect of life in Cahokia.

Which of the following statements best describe the social structure of the Ancestral Pueblo?

Correct: Whatever social hierarchy existed appears to have been more religious than military. The elite Ancestral Pueblo had better diets, higher rates of survival, and tended to be physically larger than their common counterparts. There was a degree of social hierarchy with an elite at the top and common Ancestral Pueblo at the bottom. Incorrect: Even in long periods of drought and famine, the elite Ancestral Pueblo maintained their positions thanks to their power over religious and agricultural practices.

After witnessing a market scene in the Aztec city of Tenochtitlán in 1519, a Spaniard wrote: "We were struck with the number of canoes, passing to and from the mainland, loaded with provisions and merchandise ... The noise and bustle of the marketplace below us could be heard almost a league off [a league is about 3 miles], and those who had been at Rome and at Constantinople said, that for convenience, regularity, and population, they had never seen the like." Based on an analysis of this account, which of the following are conclusions this statement could support?

Even to those Spanish who had seen some of the most impressive cities in the world, Tenochtitlán was one of the most heavily populated and active cities they had ever witnessed. The marketplace in Tenochtitlán was significant enough to draw in vast numbers of people buying and selling merchandise.

Latte stones, like those pictured here, have been found on the island of Guam and on other islands in the Marianas. These pillars of all sizes were often found in pairs framing rectangular spaces of varying scale, but some of these stones are quite large and extremely heavy. Sixteenth-century Spanish observers mentioned seeing large buildings set on stone pillars, suggesting that these larger latte stones were probably the supports for impressive homes meant for high-ranking individuals. What are some conclusions we can draw about the societies of Guam and the Mariana Islands based on this evidence?

Guamanian society was hierarchical. Guam and the other Mariana islands shared an interacting cultural community.

The settlement and development of Hawaii from the arrival of the first human settlers in the mid-1200s until about 1400 looked similar to that of New Zealand and the rest of Polynesia, but as abundance gave way to scarcity in Hawaii, as elsewhere in the region, their social structure changed dramatically. How did Hawaiian society change between 1450 and 1700?

Hawaiian society became more male dominated, and its culture became more warlike. The individual islands in the Hawaiian chain were each unified into distinct rival kingdoms. A ruling class emerged, and a class of commoners was organized to work for the king.

Most major Aztec settlements had outdoor markets open at least once a week (and in some cases, those markets were open every day) where shoppers could find anything from cloth and copper to turkeys and tortillas. How did sellers get their goods from their settlements to the market?

If they had long distances to cover, porters would carry goods over rugged terrain. Wherever Aztecs had access to water within the Basin of Mexico, many of their goods could be transported by canoe.

Before the arrival of European settlement, which of the following factors contributed to the decline of the Inka Empire?

Local elites grew increasingly resentful toward their Inka overlords who demanded more and more from their vassals. succession struggles over who would take over to lead as the Sapa Inka

Before 1492 what characteristics did the societies of the Americas and Oceania have in common?

Outside of their own webs of interaction, the peoples of the Americas and Oceania lived almost completely isolated from the rest of humankind. Each society found its own, sometimes unique, solutions to the challenges of life.

Which of the following were associated with Iroquoian religion?

Rituals included trances, tobacco, and psychoactive drugs intended to connect people to the spirit world. Spirituality was found in nature. Bloodshed was an important feature in religious ceremonies.

How did the Ancestral Pueblo overcome their arid environment to produce enough food to survive and support population growth between 700 and 1100?

Since rain in the desert was unpredictable and mostly infrequent, kinship networks and a cultural reciprocity encouraged the Ancestral Pueblo to share crops with one another. Scattering as many farms as possible across their entire territory meant that even if rain was scarce, it would likely fall on at least some of the crops they planted and produce food.

Identify the characteristics associated with the Aztec economy from the 1400s through 1519.

The Aztec economy was primarily agricultural. The Aztec economy was one of the most market oriented in the world. The Aztec economy involved mandatory tributes from those they conquered in the form of labor, captives, and foodstuffs.

While certainly accomplished at using force to expand their power, the Inkas also relied on religion, language, and culture to reinforce their authority over others, a combination of techniques that fall under the category of "soft power." Which of the following are examples of how the Inkas used soft power?

The Inkas built cities and colossal architecture to both demonstrate their power to those they had conquered and as a means of expressing religious devotion. The Inkas created a remarkable system of roads. The Inkas created an elaborate cult of the chief, or Sapa Inka, who was worshipped as a god.

Analyze the image of a paved road built at the height of the Inka Empire, as well as the map of the Inka Empire. What conclusions can one reasonably draw about the Inkas' transportation network?

The Inkas built roads that stretched across their entire empire. The Inkas constructed durable roads across highly challenging terrain. The main Inka roads connected a series of sites together, all leading toward the center of Inka power at Cuzco.

The peoples of Amazonia thrived by exploiting their surroundings and environment. Which of the following are examples of how Amazonians got the very most out of their environments?

They used fire to clear parts of the forest so they could plant more crops. They used the Amazon River and its tributaries as a source of food (fish) and as a means of travel. They created "dark earth," or nutrient-rich enhanced soil, which allowed them to raise crops not normally supported by Amazonian soils.

Many different indigenous peoples have lived in the Pacific Northwest. By 1000 CE at least 30 different languages were spoken in the region. Still, these peoples shared similarities across their different cultures. Which of the following characteristics were shared among the various peoples of the Pacific Northwest?

They used wood to make all kinds of things they needed, such as houses, canoes, paddles, tools, and decorations. The peoples of the Pacific Northwest were hunters and gatherers. They relied heavily on what they could get from rivers and the sea, hunting marine mammals and fishing.

In an effort to assert their power over other groups of people, the Inkas routinely practiced something called mitmaq, which involved forcing entire communities to relocate in the interest of the empire

True

The settlement of New Zealand after 1280 by Polynesians meant that the last of the world's large inhabitable spaces had finally been populated by human beings.

True

This map shows the major cultures of North America between 1000 and 1500. What does this map tell us about these Amerindian societies and their connections?

Wherever possible, Amerindians attempted to travel more efficiently by using rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water. Despite their distance from one another, the major people groups are connected via trade networks.

In the history of the Americas from approximately 1000 to 1500, multiple related trends underscore the changes that affected the different societies in this period. Identify each of these trends.

continued population growth populations increasingly vulnerable to climate change or military attack emergence of larger states

Gold, brightly colored feathers, and obsidian served as the primary forms of currency in the Aztec market economy.

false

To build and maintain their enormous empire, the Inkas relied foremost on their army and the threat of force. All other methods, such as mitmaq or the cult of the Sapa Inka, were secondary and existed to support their use of force.

false

By roughly 1000 to 1500, Amazonia was home to thousands of settlements of up to 2,500 inhabitants each, reaching a total population of between 5 and 10 million people.

true