I really want to die

Referendum

A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature

Sussex pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

"New South"

Efforts to rebuild the south were expressed in the textual industry, growth of cities, and improved railroads. The cities adapted to newer industries such as steel or lumber

commission plan

Galveston, TX was the first city to adopt a ______ in 1900 in which voters elected the heads of city departments, not just the mayor (fire, police, sanitation).

greenbacks

Paper money issued by the U.S. Treasury during the Civil War to finance the war effort.

Why were Americans concerned with foreign intervention in China

They feared that US missions would jeopardize and lead to the closing of the Chinese markets to non-Europeans

Ulysses S. Grant

Union military commander who won victories when others had failed and defeated Lee

David Farragut

Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge

anthracite coal miners' strike (1902)

Union strike which TR mediated so that Americans would not freeze to death because no coal was being produced

Old Ironsides

United States 44-gun frigate that was one of the first three naval ships built by the United States

William Graham Sumner

Yale professor who argued that helping the poor was misguided because it messed up Social Darwinism

urban life

crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high crime rates, growth of slums

Boxer Rebellion

officially supported peasant uprising of 1900 that attempted to drive all foreigners from China. "Boxers" was a name that foreigners gave to a Chinese secret society known as the Yihequan ("Righteous and Harmonious Fists").

industrial technology

machines such as the steam engines and electrical and fuel powered motors to run machinery

Executive departments

often called the cabinet departments, they are the traditional units of federal administration

Venezuela boundary dispute

officially began in 1841, when the Venezuelan Government protested alleged British encroachment on Venezuelan territory. In 1814, Great Britain had acquired British Guiana (now Guyana) by treaty with the Netherlands.

banks, creditors vs. debtors

the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake, a person or company to whom money is owed, a person or institution that owes a sum of money.

Checks and Balances

used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch

African American migration

Bishop Henry Turner formed the International Migration Society to help blacks emigrate back to Africa if they so pleased

NAACP

Civil Rights organization which won several cases involving higher education in the late 1940's after decades of trying to overturn the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision.

Congress of Racial Equality

Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.

insurrectos

Cuban insurgents who used a scorched earth policy to try to drive out the Spanish landlords

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary who overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. Nationalized American-owned businesses and properties in Cuba, turned to Soviets for help when the US retaliated by cutting off trade. Set up a communist totalitarian state; Eisenhower authorize the CIA to train anticommunist Cuban exiles to retake their island, but the go-ahead left to JFK.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Divided "Heathen Lands" between Spain/Portugal

falling farm prices

During the Great Depression, this made farmers unable to repay their debts for land and machinery

fireside chats

During the depression years of the 1930s, President Roosevelt used the radio to communicate with the American people, using plain language to explain complex issues and programs. These had a reassuring and steadying effect on the public and boosted confidence.

Fletcher v. Peck

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with federal Constitution

causes of labor discontent

intolerable working conditions, semiskilled tasks performed monotonously, long hours, low wages

Elias Howe

invented the sewing machine

Samuel F. B. Morse

invented the telegraph

expeditionary force

is a generic name sometimes applied to a military force dispatched to fight in a foreign country, particularly during World War I and World War II.

Auburn system

jail system in New York enforcing rigid discipline, moral instruction, and work programs

"iron law of wages"

plentiful supply of workers would keep wages low, to the detriment of the working class

William Tweed

political boss of New York who used corruption to cheat the city out of over 100 million

Pottawatomie Creek

site at which John Brown hacked five proslaveryites to pieces

Stephen Kearney

succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and Southern California

Federalist era

the 1790s, the period of time that the Federalist policies were dominant

King Cotton

the South's plan to withhold cotton from the world market in order to get European help

American System

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, a federally funded transportation network

fundamentalism

the belief that every word in the Bible must be accepted as literally true, key point was creationism, blamed liberal views of modernists for declining morals in the 1920s

Manifest Destiny

the belief that the United States was destined by God to extend its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean, thus spreading civilization and democracy

jazz age

High school and college youth expressed their rebellion against their elders' culture by dancing to jazz music. Jazz became a symbol of "new" and "modern" culture of the cities.

Barbed wire

Homesteaders used this to fence off their land which aided in the end of long cattle drives

Taxes and bonds

How did the government propose to pay for the cost of WWI?

propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Spoils system under Andrew Jackson

Jackson would award his supporters with positions in his cabinet

Big Sister Policy

James G. Blaine's policy, which sought better relations with Latin America by protecting them. Was meant to open new markets

Concord

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia

race to the moon

the economy was stimulated under JFK by increased spending for defense and space exploration, as the president committed the nation to ___________.

Battle of Bunker Hill

the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775)

Bull Run

the first major battle of the Civil War; the South was victorious

Seneca Falls Convention

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

business and imperialist competitors

the practice of making one's living by engaging in commerce.of, relating to, supporting, or practicing imperialism.

white backlash

the growing hostility of many whites to federal desegregation, antiwar protests, civil rights advances and race riots

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. Committed treason by attempting an attack on Mexico and a take over of the Louisiana Territory . Fled to Europe and pleaded for France to attack America

Albert Gallatin

Jefferson's secretary of the treasury. Resolved the American debt

Lady Bird Johnson

LBJ's wife, contributed to improving the environment with her Beautify America campaign, which resulted in the Highway Beautification Act that removed billboards from federal roads.

legislative branch

the lawmaking branch of government

Congress

the legislature of the United States government

Mexican Cession

Mexican territory surrendered to the United States at the end of the war with Mexico

Antonia Lopez de Santa Anna

Military dictator of Mexico during War for Texan independence and Mexican American War

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Minister of the Baptist church where the Montgomery Bus Boycott started who soon emerged as the inspirational leader of a nonviolent movement to end segregation in the US.

Communist Satellites

Nations under the control of a great power.

The first national financial crisis, the panic of 1819, was caused primarily by

Overspeculation in western lands

Far West

Pacific states that were the focus of Manifest Destiny: California, Oregon, Texas, etc.

Credit Mobiler

Paid themselves high prices to steal money from Government, bribed congressmen

Revolution of 1800

Peacful tranfer of power from Adams to Jefferson

streetcar cities

People lived in residences many miles from their jobs and and commuted to work on horse-drawn streetcars. created suburbia

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Shawnee brothers who led an Indian confederacy against US.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Promoted anti-slavery migration to Kansas. The movement encouraged 2600 people to move.

Benjamin Wade

Supported Radical Republicans, one of the leaders of the anti-slavery acts

Containment Policy

Truman decided to adopted this which was meant to "contain" Soviet aggression.

excessive debt

What were the causes of the Great Depression?

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

When Britsh naval forces attacked an American commercial ship which resulted in the Embargo Act

Herbert Hoover

When Coolidge declined to run a second time, Republicans turned of an able leader with spotless reputation, self-made millionaire and Secretary of Commerce _________. He promised to extend "Coolidge prosperity" and won the 1928 presidency in a landslide against Alfred E. Smith.

Chicago convention

When the democrats met for their __________, Hubert Humphrey clearly had enough delegates to win the nomination. However, antiwar protestors controlled the streets, resulting violence went out on television as a "police riot," and the democratic party was divided between hawks and doves.

Richard T. Ely

attacked laissez-faire economics as an outdated principles + used economics to study labor unions, trusts, + other institutions to find remedies for economic problems of the day

Charter of Liberties

Gave colonists in Pennsylvania the right to elect representatives to the legislative assembly

brain trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Committees of Correspondence

Groups organized in the 1770s to keep colonists informed of important events.

Cleveland blocks annexation

Grover Cleveland, an anti-imperialist, opposed annexation as an infringement upon a soverign nation and tried to restore the Queen (Liliuokalani).

Why did former vice Aaron Burr challenge former treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton to a duel in 1804?

Hamilton revealed Burr's plan to entice New England and New York to secede

First National Bank

Hamilton wants to start a national bank that would promote business and stablize the ecnoomy.

Literacy tests; poll taxes; grandfather Clauses

Series of legal and political devices designed to prevent blacks from voting

City Upon A Hill

Sermon delivered by John Winthrop that told the Puritans how to live by example. Refereed to Boston

Morrill Land Grant Act

Set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges

Panic of 1819

Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United Stares to curb over speculation on western lands. It disproportionality affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy Bank tightened loan policies, depression rose throughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly

movie stars

Sexy and glamorous ______ such as Greta Garbo and Rudolf Valentino were idolized by milions

organized crime

______ became big business in the 1920s. The millions made from illegal booze allowed gangs to expand other illegal activities: prostitution, gambling, and narcotics.

John Phillips Sousa

bandstands played his popular marches

Panic of 1837

banks collapsed and an economic depression followed

spectator sports, boxing , baseball

became popular among men of all social classes as past time and leisure activity

Statue of Liberty

built by Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi, became beacon of hope for poor immigrants

Gouverneur Morris

delegate responsible for writing the Preamble to the Constitution

First Continental Congress

delegates from each colony met in philadelphia, discuss britain's unfair taxes and rules

exports and imports

goods sold to (exports), or purchased from (imports) other countries.

interchangeable parts

identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

gold standard and higher tariff

the system by which the value of a currency was defined in terms of gold, for which the currency could be exchanged. The gold standard was generally abandoned in the Depression of the 1930s. A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.

privacy and contraceptives

when these rights became fully guaranteed, they provided the foundation for a woman's right to abortion

Kent State

where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles

Blanche K. Bruce

Became a senator in 1874 -- the only black to be elected to a full term until Edward Brooke in 1966.

Rutherford B. Hayes

Became president after Grant. His presidency saw the end of Reconstruction

Providence

Capital of Rhode Island

Cuba

Caribbean nation lost to Communism with the rise of Fidel Castro and the assistance of the Soviet Union.

Joseph Keppler

Cartoonist depicting corporate interests as "The Bosses of the Senate"

John Wesley Powell

explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of 100th meridian

spreading religion and science

extend over a large or increasing area,the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods, the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.

"jingoism"

extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy.

family size, divorce

family size went do to decreasing birthrates. divorce rates were now 1 in 12 mariages

subsistence farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

first attempt of Cherokees to gain complete sovereign rule over their nation

Fundamental Orders of Conn. (1639)

first written constitution in American history, established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature

Harry s. Truman

...missouri senator with reputation for conducting an investigation of war spending

James Buchanan

15th U.S. President. 1857-1861. Democratic

Bessie Smith

African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Renaissance.

The Organization Man

1956. Book by William Whyte documenting the loss of individuality caused by the conformity of corporate America.

Countee Cullen

"Heritage", "Any Human to Another", American Romantic poet, one of the leading African American poets of his time, associated with the generation of black poets of the Harlem Renaissance.

Scott Joplin

African American composer who sold millions of his "Maple Leaf Rag"

John Dickinson

"Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania", protested Townshend acts, wrote Articles of Confederation

Winfield Scott

"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War

Endangered Species Act

1973 protected threshold and endangered _____ and directed the FWS to prepare recovery plans; Richard Nixon

Ezra Pound

"Personae" Scathing commentary of America; "lost generation" poet, expressed disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and the materialism of the business orientated culture.

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

role of the president

"Appointment, Treaties, Vote/sign a bill must be approved by the senate"

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Patrick Henry

"Give me liberty or give me death"

Samuel M. Jones

"Golden Rule" mayor of Toledo, introduced comprehensive program of municipal reform along with other reform mayor Tom Johnson.

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws

Cesar Chavez

(1) Mexican-American migrant farm worker & founder of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in 1963; (2) helped exploited Chicano workers with his successful "boycott grapes" movement that led to better pay, limits on the use of toxic fertilizers, and recognition of farm workers' collective bargaining right

Hepburn Act

(1906) allowed ICC to regulate shipping prices of railroads [pro farmer]. TR Act

Washington's Farewell Address

-Warned against foreign alliances -Warned against parties

Axis Powers

... Germany Italy and Japan

Government spending, debt

... Government spending increased and so did the debt

Colored Farmers National Alliance

-More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. -By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. -The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org.

Charles Lindbergh

... He was an isolationist

Wendell Willkie

... He was the Republican nominee for the election of 1940 and while he criticized the New Deal he largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain

The good war

... I guess people it was good

Manhatten project

... It was the atomic bomb

reservation system

-Generally poor areas where vanquished Indians were eventually confined under federal control -meant to Americanize natives -the land was usually taken back

Wilson's "moral diplomacy"

-Granted the Philippines territorial status -Repealed the Panama Canal Tolls Act -Rescinded support for American investors in latin america -New Jersey bosses propel Woodrow Wilson to the governorship

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

-Pamphlet written by Paine which inspired colonists to fight for independence

Teddy Roosevelt Foreign Policy

-Speak Softly and Carry A Big Stick -The US Needs a Navy So Strong that they can forcefully take what they want with little to no conflict

Strained Relationship between Britain and Colonies

-Taxation without representation -Resentment from French and Indian war -Acts limited the economy

Italian fascist party

... Led by Mussolini in attracted dissatisfied war veterans nationalist and people afraid of rising communism

Neutrality acts

... Many were created in order to ensure that America did not enter into World War 2

Ethiopia

... Mussolini invaded this area what the League of Nations did nothing but warn them

Incas

Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru

Main Reason For The Downfall Of Natives In The West

-The Near Extermination Of The Bison *Important* -The Railroads -Forceful Seizing of Land and Resources -Diseases

Selective training and service act 1940

... Provided for the registration of all American men between 21 and 35 and for the training of 1.2 million troops, this was the first draft during peacetime

Farmers Alliance

-Was the first attempt at farmer political party -Was unsuccelsful due to how selective it was (no black, no tenet farmer, ext. Only white land owning farmers basically) -pushed for readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads.

Henry Grady

Advocated for southern industrial expansion.w

Factors that caused Jeffersons embargo to fail

-Underestimated British resistance and determination -Overestimated the importance of American goods overseas -Did no consider that other countries would step in to fill England and France's import needs -Did not factor in the difficulty of enforcing the embargo at home

President Woodrow Wilson's political philosophy included

-a stubborn commitment to particular progressive principles and an aversion to pragmatic political compromise -a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress -a belief that the president should appeal over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people -a belief in the central importance of morality in politics

The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to address

-eliminating unfair and discriminatory trade practices -outlawing unfair business competition and bribery -prohibiting false and misleading advertising -abolishing the mislabeling or adulterating of products

anti-union tactics

-lockouts -blacklists -yellow dog contracts -private guards and militia -court injunctions

Jackson's removal of Native Americans

-trail of tears -Indian removal act -Was meant to secure land for white Americans

Pullman Strike

-violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide -caused when Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town" -Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

1890 act that was a compromise between the western silver agitators and the eastern protectionists. The Westerners agreed to support a higher tariff and the protectionists, this bill. It ordered the Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly.

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Paris Accords

1973 treaties that settle the terms for a U.S. withdrawal from Indochina, ending the war between the U.S. and North Vietnam. Left the North v. South Vietnam conflict unresolved.

Panama Canal Treaty

1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

David Walker

A free African American who urged blacks to take their freedom by force

black Tuesday

A name given to October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply.

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and feminist who spoke against slavery and for the rights of women

Margaret Fuller

American writer who wrote and edited material on transcendentalism

Napoleon Bonaparte

Army general who eventually became emperor of France after the Revolution. Sold Louisiana Territory to America for 15 mil.

conservation of public lands

As a lover of the wilderness and the outdoor life, Roosevelt enthusiastically championed ________. His most original and lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect natural resources.

National American Women Suffrage Association

Association founded by Susan B. Anthony in 1890, this organization worked to secure women the right to vote. While some suffragists urged militant action, it stressed careful organization and peaceful lobbying. By 1920 it had nearly two million members.

Harry Daugherty

Attorney General under Warren Harding, incompetent and dishonest, took bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects

Most Important Role of Mining Frontier

Attracted Population to the west

Berlin Wall

August 1961 - Kennedy refused to take his troops out of Berlin. East Germans built this around West Berlin to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Germany, _________ served as a gloomy symbol of the Cold War until it was torn down by rebellious East Germans in 1989.

Lewis and Clark's expeditions were primarily designed to

Be a scientific and geographic study of the Louisiana territory

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychiatrist, wrote influential writings stressing the role of sexual repression in mental illness, contributed to rise of premarital sex

Will Herberg

Author of Protestant, Catholic, Jew (1955), commenting on the new religious tolerance of the times and the lack of interest in doctrine, as religious membership became a source of both individual identity and socialization.

Harriet Beecher

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Walter Raushenbusch

Baptist minister from NY, worked on poverty neighborhood of NYC called Hell's Kitchen. Wrote several books urging organized religions to take up social justice

Election of 1960

Brought about the era of political television and televised debates. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Kennedy appeared more vigorous and comfortable than Nixon, and attacked Eisenhower for recession and allowing Soviets to win arms race. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.

Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL. Gospel of Wealth

Cooperatives

Businesses owned and run by farmers to save the costs charged by the middlemen.

state Prohibition laws

By 1913, the "drys" persuaded the legislatures of 2/3

northern migration

By 1930, almost 20 percent of African Americans lived in the North, as migration from the South continued. In the North, African Americans still faced discrimination in housing and jobs, but they found some improvement in their earnings and material standard of living.

Most Successful At Converting Natives

Catholic Jesuits

uneven income distribution

Caused economic success to not be shared by all, as the top 5 percent of the richest Americans received over 33 percent of all income.

Chester Arthur

Chester Alan Arthur was the 21st President of the United States; he succeeded James Garfield upon the latter's assassination.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the 1950's who wrote for a unanimous court in declaring the ruling of the Brown v. Board of Education trial.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, appointed by Adams. Was unlikes by Jeffersonians

Rio Grande

Claimed by United States as southern boundary of Texas.

Rachel Carson, "Silent Spring"

Clean air and water laws were enacted in part as a response to ____________, an exposé of DDT and other harmful pesticides. Federal parks and wilderness areas were expanded.

Textile Mills

Cloth making establishments that spread through the South after the Civil War

Legislation passed under the Great Society of the Johnson administration...

Codified the rights granted to Freedmen during Reconstruction

Coin's Financial School

Coin's Financial School was a popular pamphlet written in 1894 that helped popularize the free silver and populist movements. The author of the text "Coin", William Hope Harvey, would later go on to aid William Jennings Bryan in his bid for the presidency and would run for the presidency himself in the 1930s.

corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army

Thomas Jackson

Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

debts and high tariffs

Contributed to the worldwide depression.

Hartford Convention

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House

Congress of Vienna

Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France

U.S. Steel

Corporation headed by J.P. Morgan. First billion dollar company and largest enterprise in the world.

Sears, Roebuck

Created Sears, the mail order compony

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican friar who sympathized with Indians and protested cruel Spanish policies in the New World

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru.

Oil Embargo

Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations. Ensuing economic crisis plagued Gerald Ford's time in office.

Menlo Park Research Laboratory

Edison's Lab of Despair

federal land grants and loans

Encouraged the railroads to build their lines across the North American continent.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812, restored prewar borders, but failed to adress American grievances. Was proposed by the Russian Tsar to bring Britain's attention back to the war in Europe

What were the Elkins and Hepburn Acts designed to accomplish?

Ending corrupt and exploitative practices by the railroad trust

Jay Treaty

England agreed to abandon her forts on America's frontier.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights: Life Liberty and Property

West Germany

Federal Republic of Germany--A U.S. ally.

postwar europe

Fought to bring economic and democracy opportunities to the conquered nations in Europe and Asia Economically strong and politically open world.

U-boats

German submarines, named for the German Unterseeboot, or "undersea boat," proved deadly for Allied ships in the war zone. U-Boat attacks played an important role in drawing the United States into the First World War.

Central Powers

Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, made up this alliance against the Allies in World War I

November 11, 1918

Germany surrender. End to WW1

Gustavus Swift

He changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat and vegetable products.

American Indian Removal

Indians pushed westward; Indian Removal Act forced resettlement west of the Mississippi

Twenty-Second Amendment

It limited the number of terms that a president may serve to two. Was brought on by FDR's 4-term presidency.

Jefferson considered his election in 1800 a "revolution" because

It marked a return to the values of 1776

Nixon Doctrine

It stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

War Powers Act

Limits the ability of the president to commit troops to combat-48 hours to tell Congress when and why the troops were sent, they have 60-90 to bring them home if they disagree

election of 1864

Lincoln won against his former General George McClellan

Which of the following best characterizes the attitude of the large majority of Americans toward the outbreak of World War I in 1914?

Most Americans earnestly hoped to remain neutral and stay out of the war.

Southwest tribes

Nomadic hunter-gatherers that farmed and produced art, included the Navajo and Apache

Barbary Pirates

North Africans who attacked American ships and tried to ransom American sailors

Kim II Sung

North Korean Communist leader.

W. E. B. DuBois

Northern African American with a college education, distinguished scholar and writer, criticized Booker T. Washington's approach and demanded equal rights for African Americans. He argued that political and social rights were a prerequisite for economic independence.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South

Crop price deflation

Occurred because of over production

Hungarian Revolt

October 1956. Popular uprising in Hungary led by more liberal leaders wanted to pull Hungary out of the Warsaw Pact, Khrushchev sent in Soviet tanks to crush the freedom fighters and restore control. US took no action, fearing major war in Europe -- in effect gave de facto recognition to the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.

Quakers

Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people

nations first big buisness

Railroads

What move made the United States most fearful of new colonization in its territories in the 1820s?

Russian expansion beyond Alaska

Interstate Commerce Act of 1886

Said railroad rates must be "reasonable and just" and set up the ICC

Arms Race

Scientists in the Soviet Union and the United States were engaged in an intense competition to develop superior weapons system.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

C. Wright Mills

Sociologist who portrayed dehumanizing corporate worlds in White Collar (1951) and threats to freedom in The Power Elite (1956).

Pet Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.

New Laws of 1542

Stated that Native Americans could not be enslaved; result of de las Casas's letter

Chesapeake colonies

Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

start of the modern presidency

The 21st century dawned on a very different presidency than the one created at the end of the 1700s. Constitutional provisions limited the early presidency, although the personalities of the first three — George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson — shaped it into a more influential position by the early 1800s. However, throughout the 1800s until the 1930s, Congress was the dominant branch of the national government.

Main Reason McKinley Asked For War With Spain

The American People Wanted It

"Billion Dollar Congress"

The Billion-Dollar Congress, named for its lavish spendings, gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government purchases on silver, and passed the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890. The McKinley Tariff Act raised tariffs yet again and brought more troubles to farmers.

Warsaw Pact

The Communist security organization which caused conflicts during the Hungarian Revolt.

Omaha Platform

The Omaha Platform was the party program adopted at the formative convention of the Populist (or People's) Party held in Omaha, Nebraska on July 4, 1892.

railroads and time zones

The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Ashcan School

The early-twentieth-century school of artists supported progressive political and social reform. They turned to city streets, the slums, and the working class for subject matter.

National (Cumberland) Road

The only major highway constructed by the federal government before the Civil War

Mercantislism

The philosophy that colonies were ownly meant to benefit the economy of the whole land. This caused tension between the colonies and Britain.

Conservationists and preservationists

These believed in the scientific management and regulated use of natural resources. These tried to preserve natural areas from human interference

Why were the settlement house and women's club movements considered crucial centers of female progressive activity?

They introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social problems and civic concerns

Why was the populous party unsuccessful

They lacked the funds

poor whites

They rented farm land from landowners and paid for rent with crops. Owned no slaves, but could vote.

How did the muckrakers signify the ideological nature of the progressive reform movement?

They trusted that media exposures of political corruption and economic exploitation could reform capitalism rather than overthrow it

How did muckrakers in the early 20th century use tactics employed by yellow press in the late 19th century?

They wrote scandalous articles for widely published magazines revealing the ills in american society

Thomas Jefferson

Third President of the United States

federal courts

Thirteen district courts and three courts of appeals created by the Judiciary Act.

Equal Pay Act (1963)

This act prohibits unequal pay for equal or substantially equal work performed by men and women.

15th amendment

This amendment granted black men the right to vote.

What was the actual purpose of Teddy Roosevelt's assault on bad trusts?

To prove that the federal government, and not private business, governed the United States

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority

Peace of Paris

Treaty ending French and Indian war by which France ceded Canada to Britain 1763

Reason why Native American Efforts to unite were rare

Tribes had traditions of independence

Hepburn Act (1906)

Under this act, the ICC could fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads.

Elkins Act (1903)

Under this act, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers.

Covert Action

Undercover intervention in the internal politics of other nations, used by Eisenhower instead of employing US troops.

Dean Acheson

Undersecretary of state and an expert on Soviet affairs.

Henry Highland Garnet

Was a black nationalist advocate. Was a big supporter of moving blacks back to Liberia.

Ladies' Home Journal

Was able to sell for 10 cents a copy due to new printing advances

Abolitionist Popularity

Was generally unpopular until the civil war

Henry Knox

Washington's Secretary of War

Victoriano Huerta

a Mexican general who overthrew the government of Mexico and encouraged American intervention.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery

government regulation and ownership

a law that controls the way that a business can operate, or all of these laws considered together: Voters want some government regulation to prevent these financial disasters from happening. Government regulations may be needed to restrict land and water use

Birth of a Nation

a popular silent film of the 1920s which portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as the heroes, and from the white backlash in the race riots of 1919.

Frederick Church

abolitionist and American artist, who used art for abolition

Great Compromise

agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation

Erie Canal

canal completed in 1825 that connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River. Greatly improved economy of New York

credit mobilier

construction company that bribed congressmen to ignore its fabulous profits

Battle of Lake Champlain

convinced the British that the war in North America was too costly and unnecessary

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Horace Greely

editor of the NY tribune that is run for president by liberal republicans in 1872 against Grant

National Consumers' League

formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions.

Alexander H. Stephens

former Confederate Vice President, hard to accept as US senator for Georgia

Louis Sullivan

found a style suitable for tall, steel-framed office buildings which became a hallmark of the Chicago School of architecture

Hokokam

home- hot dry arizona; people that came from mexico in about 300 bc

welfare capitalism

in which companies voluntarily offer their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in organizing unions

Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico

made in 1898 that resulted in the Spanish Empire's surrendering control of Cuba and ceding Puerto Rico, parts of the Spanish West Indies, the island of Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.

antebellum period

period before the Civil War

impressionism

practiced by painter Mary Cassatt

rebates and pools

secret agreements made by competing railroad companies to set high rates

New England Confederation

the first significant attempt at political unity among the colonies

Framers of the Constitution

the men who wrote the US Constitution

Revolution of 1828

the nickname given to the election of 1828 because of its great shift toward the common man

modernism

took historical and critical view of certain passages in the Bible and believed they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religious faith.

Queen Liluokalani

was the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

Strict Interpretation

whatever is not mentioned specifically in the Constitution cannot be done

Francis Scott Key

wrote the Star Spangled Banner

Alliance for Progress

(1961 - Kennedy) promoted land reform and economic development in Latin America

Embargo Act

(1807) a law that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries

Trade Expansion Act (1962)

(1961 - Kennedy) authorized tariff reductions with the recently formed European Economic Community (Common Market) of Western European nations.

Yates v. United States

(1957) the 1st amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a "clear and present danger" to the safety of the community

Pacific Railway Act

(1862) law that gave lands to railroad companies to develop a line linking the East and West Coasts

Grant Wood

(1891-1942) American Regionalist; works focus on rural scenes in Iowa; best known for American Gothic

Treaty of Paris

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain.

Peace Corps

(1961 - Kennedy) an organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries

Scopes Trial

(1925) - Trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties.

Stock market crash

(1929)The steep fall in the prices of stocks due to widespread financial panic. It was caused by stock brokers who called in the loans they had made to stock investors. This caused stock prices to fall, and many people lost their entire life savings as many financial institutions went bankrupt.

Herbert hoover

(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933., 1928; Republican; approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business); of course, in 1929 the stock market crashed; tried to fix it through creating the Emergency Relief and Construction Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (didn't really work)

federal housing administration

(1934) to speed recovery & better homes; the building industry was to be stimulated by small loans to householders, both for improving their dwellings and for completing new ones

Bay of Pigs

(1961) Kennedy's major blunder when first entered office, approved CIA scheme to use Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba, failed to set off uprising as planned, anti-Castro Cubans had to surrender and Kennedy didn't use US force to save them, Cuba got more $$ from USSR

Mapp v. Ohio

(1961) ruled that illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the accused

Baker v. Carr

(1962) made unconstitutional the practice of districting to the advantage of favored rural areas to the disadvantage of cities, equal representation for all citizens

Engel v. Vitale

(1962) ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in public schools violated the 1st Amendment's provision for the separation of church and state

Gideon v. Wainwright

(1963) required that state courts provide counsel (services of an attorney) for indigent (poor) defendants

Escobedo v. Illinois

(1964) required the police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent

Griswold v. Connecticut

(1965) ruled that, in recognition of a citizen's right to privacy, a state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults

Miranda v. Arizona

(1966) extended the ruling in Escobedo to include the right to a lawyer being present during questioning by the policy

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Reagan in the next election.

Hawley-smoot tariff

(HH) 1930 , charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation, HIGHEST EVER

Camp David Accords

(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

Gettysburg

(AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Clean Water Act

(CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable

federal deposit insurance corporation

(FDI) A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank

public works administration

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

regional artists

(Grant Wood and Thomas Hart Benton) celebrated the rural people and scenes of the heartland of America.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70)

red scare

(HT) , Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

food administration

(WW) , This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

federal reserve

(WW) 1913 , independent agency in the federal executive branch. Established under the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve System ("Fed") is the central bank of the United States. One of the most powerful agencies in the government, it makes and administers policy for national credit and monetary policies. The Fed supervises and regulates bank functions across the country, thus maintaining a sound and stable banking industry, able to deal with a wide range of domestic and international financial demands

Federal Trade Commission

(Wilson's New Freedom) The new regulatory agency that was empowered to investigate and take action against any "unfair trade practice" in every industry except banking and transportation.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

(Wilson's New Freedom) This act strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. Most importantly for organized labor, the new law contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts.

decline of traditional

(typically of something regarded as good) become smaller, fewer, or less; decrease, existing in or as part of a tradition; long-established.

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

- A group originally started to provide activities and services to the fairly spread out farmers (picnics, concerts, lectures) -Helped proviede ways for farmers to improve themselves -Political helped farmers by getting official, who supported farmer rights, into legislative positions

Facts About the Battle of New Orleans

- It made Andrew Jackson a hero - It restored America's sense of honor - Its outcome triggered the British blockade of America's coastline - It was England's most devastating loss in the war

Daniel Webster

- Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850

Down Fall Of People Settlers Of The Great Plain

- Poor farming practices 1) Over Production 2) One Crop 3) Resource Draining Practices -Lack of Resources*Important* 1) Water 2) Trees -Pressure From Big Buisness 1)High Prices/Fluctuating for railroads, storage, grain elevators, barbed wires

Nicholas Biddle

- president of the Bank of the United States; known for bribes and corruption

Political/Economic/Social reform initiatives that were connected to the progressive movement

- rooting out graft and corruption in big-city political machines -women's suffrage -a constitutional amendment to guarantee the popular direct election of US senators -a temperance movement aimed at curbing alcohol sales and consumption

Benjamin West

America's first great painter, moved to England but taught leading American artists

Great Rapprochement

-American diplomats began to cultivate close, cordial relations with Great Britain -describes the convergence of diplomatic, political, military and economic objectives between the United States and Great Britain -policy adobted by british diplomats to avoid problems with the US

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency on a Democratic platform that included support for

-Anti-trust legislation -monetary reform -tariff reductions -support for small business Did not run with dollar diplomacy

Ways Slaves Resisted

-Break Machines -Work Slowly -Pretend to not understand -Educate themselves

2nd Great Awakening

-Brought New Religious vigor to the States -Inspired Abolitionist movement -Inspired Temperance Movement -Inspired Women's Rights Movements

Scott v. Sandford

-Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government -An escaped slave has no rights, and Congress can't ban slaves in the territories -Was meant to be the definative case ending all arguments about slavery

Why did people support the idea of acquiring Cuba/Going to war with Spain

-Cuba is Close -Yellow Journalism (Concentration Camps, USS Maine) -Economic Reasons (Sugar)

Purpose of the Declaration of Independence

-Define relationship between government and its people -Explain why the colonies were separating -set a president

Effects of Cotton Gin

-Demand for Slaves increased dramatically -Production of cotton skyrocketed

Contract Labor Act of 1885

restricting temporary workers to protect American workers

Living in Jamestown

-Diseased -Mosquitoes -Malnutrition/Starvation -Gold Based Economy -Ate Dogs Cats Rats Mice

Factors that pushed President James Madison towards war with Britain in 1812

-England's arming of hostile Indians along the American frontier -British reinforcement of its Orders in Council -The rise to power of pro-war representatives in Congress -The need to assert American nationhood and rights

Early encounters between Europeans and Native Americans

-First encounters were mostly peaceful -Spread Diseases -Violent encounters mostly initiated by Europeans settlers or by Natives who have heard stories

Industrial Development (antebellum)

-Formation of factories -increased education -population growth -improved trade -canals were formed

Grover Cleveland And Imperialism

-Grover Cleveland was not very enthusiastic about imperialism -Hawaii didn't become a state due to him being sympathetic of the queen

Primary Reasons Britain submitted its border dispute with Venezuela to international arbitration

-Growing Tension With Germany -Fear of conflict with the US

Factors that made Napoleon Bonaparte ultimately abandoned his vision of a New World empire and agreed to sell Louisiana to the United States

-He failed to conquer Santo Domingo, a necessary first step -He feared that Britain, with control of the seas, would wrest control of Louisiana from the French -He hoped hoped to prevent a US-Britain alliance against France -He hoped the United States would become powerful enough to thwart Britian - To financially support his war effort

Effects of Sugar and Stamp Acts

-Increased Tension -Caused the creation of the Stamp Act Congress which mainly covered ideas of political representation and economic control -Limited the colonial economy -Non-Importation Agreements -Formation of Son/Daughters of Librety

Effects of the French and Indian War

-Increased Tension Between Colonies and Britain -Britain gained control of Canada

Reasons that made the War of 1812 important to the United States

-Inspired a new nationalism in the United States -Created greater respect fir America's military might in the rest of the world -Stimulated the development of American manufacturing -Led to Indian Treaties that ceded large sections of the region north of the Ohio River to the United States

Facts about the Judiciary Act of 1801

-It created sixteen new federal judges -Jefferson and other Republicans condemned it as a Federalist court-packing scheme -It was repealed the following year -Adams used the act to appoint "midnight judges" on his last day in office

Things that apply to the Louisiana Purchase

-It made US isolationism possible -It set precedents for further expansion -It more then doubled the size of the United States -Its 828000 square mild only cost 15 million

Description of the Hartford Convention of 1814

-It sought to remove the three-fifths compromise from the constitution -It included the threat of secession by Northern States -It featured demands for Washington to help compensate New England merchants for wartime financial losses -It sought a two-thirds vote in Congress for placing embargoes, admitting new states and declaring war

barnburners

Antislavery Democrats, whose defection threatened to destroy the the Democratic party.

William Mckinley

-Lead the charge of the Tariff of 1890 -Supported Gold Backing -Civil War Vet -Had the backing of business man Marcus Hanna -From Ohio (Plus)

Description of US performance during Spanish American War

-Logistical chaos -Disease

Reason Natives Gave Up Ancestral Land

-Loose solemn Promises from US Government

What territories did the Treaty of Paris Acquire

-Manila -The Philippines -Guam

Second Continental Congress

-No call for independence only the desire for a solution to their grievances -Formed a Continental Army -Appointed George Washington as head of the Army

Proclamation of 1763

-Prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians Angered Colonists

Dingley Tariff Bill

-Raised tariff pushed through in 1897 by Republicans who had contributed strongly to Mark Hanna's campaign. -Lobbyists raised the average rates to 46.5 percent. -Was changed 850 due to it not being satisfactory

Factors For Increased Demand For Slaves

-Reduced migration -Dependable workforce -Cheap labor

Zenger Case

-Reinforced freedom of press -Further the separation of the colonies from Britain

Weaknesses of the plantation system

-Relied on a one-crop economy. -Repelled a large-scale European immigration into Southern states. -Stimulated racism among poor whites. -Created an aristocratic political elite.

Reasons for the acquisition of Florida

-Revolutions in Central and South America -Rumors that seminole Indians and fugitive slaves were using Florida as a refuge -Raids by Andrew Jackson -A treaty in which America agreed to cede Texas claims in exchange for Florida

Results of Roosevelt's diplomatic ending of the Russo Japanese war

-Roosevelt received Nobel Peace Price -Japan felt cheated out of its due financial compensation -Russia accused Roosevelt of robbing it of an impending military victory over Japan -A cessation of significant Japanese immigration to America's Pacific Coast

Effects of South's treatment of slaves

-Separated families -Increased the Abolitionist Movement -Inspired books ("Uncle Tom's Cabin)

Beliefs of Roger Williams

-Seperate from the Church of England -Viewed the Bay Colony Charter as immoral because it took land from Natives -Seperate Church and State

Effects of the US Constitution

-Shaped the nation -Checks and Balances -Formed the government

Impact of the Market Revolution

-Shift in North's Economy -More jobs in North -More Factories -More Trade -More immigrants in North -Appeal of slavery greatly decreased in North -Demand for Cotton sky rocketed -Slavery increased in South

Why was the USS Maine moved near Cuba

-To Protect US Citizens -To Extract US Citizens If Anything Goes Wrong

Effects of Mexican Cession

-US Gained A Large Amount of Land -US paid Mexico 14 Mil -Arguments of Slavery Increased

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

-Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. -Had businesses threaten there workers to not vote for Bryan

Granger Laws

-Was meant to regulate railroad rates -Was pushed by the supporters of the Granger Movement (Farmers) -Failed Due to being poorly drawn out

William Jennings Bryan

-advocated for free silver* -Great Public Speaker* -Was a Christ figure among farmers due to "Cross of Gold" Speech* -honest* -sincere -young* -religious -From Nebrasa (Negative)*

Targets of criticism by progressive social critics during the progressive era

-bloated trusts -slum conditions -dangerous and exploitative working hours and conditions in factories -child labor

Dawes Severalty Act

-dismantled American Indian tribes -set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres -tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians -attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American -citizenship after 25 years

Mechanization of agriculture

-lead to more efficents ways to farm -Lead to mismanagement of money due to the high cost of most equipment

The Supreme Court ruling in the business and labor case of Lochner v. New York represented

-legal victory for the efforts of business to use the courts to overturn the political successes of progressives and labor advocates to achieve social reforms

characteristics of the 1896 election

-major focus was gold vs silver -Bryan had Democratic and Populist support due to free silver -last election trying to get the vote of farmers -millions were raised from trust and big business by Hanna to ensure the election of Mckinley

Populous Party Endorsed

-nationalizing the railroads, telephone, and telegraph -a prohibition on court injunctions against labor strikes -free silver -a graduated income tax

The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 accomplished

-outlawing corporate interlocking directorates -prohibiting price discrimination against different purchasers -exempting labor unions and farm cooperatives from antitrust action -further undercutting the monopolistic practices of big buisness

causes of industrial growth

-raw materials -Abundant supply of labor (immigrants) -increased population -better transport -booming economy -Labor saving technology -Business friendly gov. policies, loans, grants,+ protective tariffs -Talented entrepreneurs= build vast empires

Ideals Cherished by American Colonists

-self ruling -political control -economic opruntunity - Religious Tolerance

War production board

... Was established to manage war industries

Platt Amendment

-the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of anarchy -that the U.S. could trade freely with Cuba -that the U.S. could get two bays for naval bases -nullified teller act

Factors that pushed new settlers toward the West, beginning in the 1820's

-the United States military action against Native Americans opening up new land to settlement -The rapid development of transportation networks along canals and other inland waterways -Increasing numbers of new immigrants streaming into America and moving westward rather than settling on the coast -Soil depletion, particularly in the tobacco industry

Commercial cities

...

Escort convoys

...

Federal treaty policies

...

ethnic support

...

tennessess valley authority

...

Isolationism

... Americans wanted to make sure that the United States would never again be drawn into a foreign war and the aggressive actions of Japan and fascism increased the determination of isolationists to avoid war

Independence for Philippines

... As an economy measure Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass an act that provided the independence for Philippines and the removal of United States military presence because it cost money to govern them

conservative coalition

..., An alliance between Republican and conservative Democrats

Destroyers for bases deal

... Britain was under intense bombing raids from Germany and submarine attacks threatened British control of the Atlantic. Roosevelt knew he had to help them but Neutrality Act stopped him from outright sending ships to Britain so he arranged the trade where Britain would get 50 older us destroyers and gave the United States the right to build military bases on British Isles

Spanish Civil War

... Civil war broke out in Spain and United States sympathize with the Republican forces but because of neutrality acts could aid them and the Fascist Party led by General Francisco Franco won the war

Office of war information

... Controlled news about troop movements and battles

Stimson doctrine

... Declared that the United States would honor its treaty obligations under the nine power tree by refusing to recognize the legitimacy of any regime that was established by force

FDR, third term

... FDR said that he would run for president of Democrats nominated him again and they did

Good neighbor policy

... FDR wanted a good relationship with Latin American countries because he feared that if World War 2 reached America he would need their support of democracy

Poland; blitzkrieg

... Germany launched a full-scale invasion of Poland so Britain and France declared war against Germany. Blizkrieg refers to lightning war

Research and development

... Government spent money on research labs to create and improve technologies that could be used to defeat the enemy including the Manhattan Project

Adolf Hitler

... He controlled the Nazis

Francisco Franco

... He led the Fascist Party in Spain

Role of large corporations

... Instead of creating cars on assembly lines corporations and businesses we're creating boats and other war materials in assembly lines but smaller businesses lost out on government contracts to larger businesses with more capacity

American first committee

... Isolationist were alarmed by Roosevelt's pro-british policies so to mobilize American public opinion against war they formed the America First committee engaged speakers to travel the country warning against engaging in Europe's troubles

Pearl harbor

... Japan attacked the American base at Hawaii and while government officials were expecting an attack American people were stunned by this aggressive action

Japan takes Manchuria

... Japan ignored the open door policy and the League of Nations, but the League of Nations did nothing but warn Japan

German nazi party

... Led by Hitler it was started in reaction to the bad economic conditions after the war and national resentment over the Treaty of Versailles. attracted unemployed German workers

Office of price administration

... Regulated almost every aspect of civilian life by freezing prices wages in rent in rationing things such as meet sugar gasoline and auto tires to fight wartime inflation

Executive order on jobs

... Roosevelt Administration issued an executive order to prohibit discrimination in government and in businesses that received federal contracts

Atlantic charter

... Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill drew up a document known as the Atlantic Charter that affirmed that the general principles for a sound peace after the war would include self-determination for all people no territorial expansion in free trade because they knew that the United States may soon enter the war

Cash and carry

... Roosevelt persuaded Congress to adopt a less restrictive Neutrality Act which provided that a country at war could buy United States arms if it used its own ships in paid cash while this was technically neutral it heavily favored Britain

Lend lease act 1941

... Roosevelt proposed ending the cash and carry requirement and permitting Britain to obtain all the United States arms it needed on credit he said it would be like lending a neighbor a garden hose to put out a fire. By this time public support had shifted to helping Britain so this Act was signed into law

Four Freedoms speech

... Roosevelt proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of US war materials and justified this policy but arguing that the United States must help other nations defend Four Freedoms which were freedom of speech freedom of religion freedom from want and freedom from fear

Quarantine Speech

... Roosevelt saw the dangers of fascist aggression and tested public opinion by making a speech proposing that the democracies act together to quarantine the aggressor but public reaction to the speech was negative

Soviet union recognized

... Roseville decided to recognize the soviet union in order to increase US trade in a booth economy

Nye committee

... Some Americans thought that United States entry into World War 1 was a mistake, investigating committee led by Gerald Nye supported this view when it concluded that the main reason for us participation in the World War was to serve the greed of bankers and manufacturers

Sudetenland

... The French president with Roosevelt's support met with Hitler and Mussolini and gave this area to him

Appeasement

... The League of Nations agreed to give Hitler land that he wanted in the hopes that he would not invade Poland and start a war

Reciprocal trade agreements

... The president could reduce tariffs up to 50%

Rhineland

... This area was supposed to be permanently demilitarized according to the Versailles Treaty but Hitler ordered German troops to March there

Munich

... This is where it was agreed to give Hitler that country with the craziest name

Fascism

... This was spreading in Europe Germany and Italy liked it

Oil and steel embargo

... When Japan join the Axis powers Roosevelt prohibited the export of steel and scrap iron to all countries but Britain and the nations of the Western Hemisphere. Japan saw this as an unfriendly action in Roosevelt froze all Japanese credits in the United States and cut off Japanese access to materials including United States oil. Japan realize that it needed oil to fuel it's Navy and airforce and would therefore have to take the oil resources and the Dutch East Indies if the United States embargo did not end

Benito Mussolini

... Who's in charge of the Italian Fascist Party

Pan-American conferences

... during the seventh conference, United States pledge never again to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries , and during another conference Roosevelt pledged to submit future disputes to arbitration and warned that if I European power attempted to be aggressive against North and South America the whole hemisphere would work together

Battle of atlantic

... naval war to control the shipping lanes known as this

Harold Ickes

..., "Honest Harold"; Secretary of the interior; became head of the Public Works Administration (PWA); dealt with industrial recovery and unemployment relief by creating jobs (over thirty-four thousand project jobs for workers). His determination to prevent waste prevented maximum relief.

huey long

..., "Kingfish", A Senator from Louisiana who proposed a "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5,000 for every American family which would be paid for by taxing the wealthy. (100% tax on 1 million dollars). Announced his canidacy for president in 1935, but was killed by an assassin.

john Maynard Keynes

..., (1883-1946) English economist. He is most famous for The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which judged most of classical economic analysis to be a special case (hence "General Theory") and argued that the best way to deal with prolonged recessions was deficit spending.

election of 1936

..., 1) Roosevelt (D) vs. Alfred E. Landon 2) Roosevelt won by a landslide, carrying every state except Maine and Vermont

Schechter v. US

..., 1) Supreme Court struck down National Recovery Administration after violation of poultry code 2) legistlation could not push powers to the executive branch, which had been happening through the New Deal; 3) fear that Court might strike down entire New Deal

civilian conservation corps

..., 1933 youth went to countryside to build roads and cabins which helped the older ppl get more jobs in the industry since the youth were out the city

national recovery administration

..., 1933: June 13th, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

indian reorganization act (1934)

..., 1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

fair labor standards act

..., 1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

john Steinbeck, the grapes of wrath

..., 1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.

a. Philip randolph

..., 1941, black leader threatened massive march on Washington DC, to force FDR to end racial discrimination in defense industries. FDR convinced him to call off march in return for fair employment practices committee to ban racial discrimination in war industries

national labor relations act (1935)

..., A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

father Charles coughlin

..., A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

harry hopkins

..., A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

new deal coalition

..., A coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s to the 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

marian Anderson

..., A famous African American concert singer who had her first performance in 1935, dazzling the audience and launching herself into fame. The next year she performed at the White House by presidential invitation, and performed on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial when the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to let her rent Constitution Hall (Eleanor Roosevelt and several others resigned after this decision).

social security act (1935)

..., A flagship accomplishment of the New Deal, this law provided for unemployment and old-age insurance financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees. It has long remained a pillar of the "New Deal Order".

minimum wage

..., A minimum price that an employer can pay a worker for an hour of labor

francis townsend

..., A retired physician who proposed an Old Age Revolving Pension Plan to give every retiree over age 60 $200 per month (using money from a 2% federal sales tax), provided that the person spend the money each month in order to receive their next payment; the object of Towsend's plan was to help retired workers as well as stimulate spending in order to boost production and end the Depression.

recession of 1937

..., A second period of economic decline during the Great Depression that resulted because FDR had largely stopped spending money and attempted to create a balanced budget, which lessened the effects of the New Deal on the people by laying off many more workers and giving less and less to the people.

supreme court

..., Consists of nine justices, each appointed by the President and confirmed by Congress. Appointment is for life. Supreme Court exercises the power to determine constitutionality of statutes

john l lewis

..., He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Mexican deportation

..., In 1931, the Labor Department announced plans to deport illegal immigrants to free jobs for American citizens. The US government deported 82,000 between 1929-1935

works progress administration

..., New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

fair employment practices committee

..., Required that all job companies with a government contract not to discriminate against someone for race/religion. Intended to help African Americans.

sit-down strike

..., Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met.

securities and exchange commission

..., an independent agency of the government that regulates financial markets and investment companies

mary mcleaod bethune

..., director of Negro affairs for the national youth administration

reorganization plan

..., judicial-reorganization bill (1937)/proposed that the president be authorized to appoint to the Supreme Court an additional justice for each current justice who was older than a certain age (70.5 years)/would have allowed him to add up to 6 more justice

depression mentality

..., millions of people developed an attitude of insecurity and economic concern that would always remain, even in times of prosperity.

drought; dust bowl; okies

..., severe drought ruined crops in the Great Plains. Region became known as the dust bowl, as poor farming practice coupled with high winds blew away millions of tons of dried topsoiled

congress of industrial organizations

..., union organization of unskilled workers broke away from AFL in 1935 and rejoined in 1955

Casablanca conference

...Roosevelt and churchill agreed on the strategy to win the war

Unconditional surrender

...Roosevelt and churchill wanted surrender from axis powers

Island hopping

...a strategy used by US to take japanese islands and isloate them with naval and air power

Braceros program

...allowed mexican farmers to enter us without going through immigration processes

Japanese internment

...americans had an irrational fear against Japanese Americans so they forced 100000 off their homes into internment camps

Battle of midway

...battle eneded japanese expansion

Tehran ,Yalta, Potsdam

...big three decided what would happen when war ended.

D day

...biggest invasion day. Commanded by Eisenhower. Allied offensive moved to push back German forces

Hiroshima Nagasaki

...bombed

Douglas McArthur

...commander of army units in southern pacific

J. Robert Oppenheimer

...directed Manhattan project

Holocaust

...horrified allied powers

Kamikaze attacks

...japanese pilots make suicide attacks on US ships

Atomic bomb

...killed 250,000 japanese, dropped or Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Made japan surrender

Wartime solidarity

...new deal helped immigrant workers to feel more included. Wartime migrations softened regional differences and opened the eyes of Americans to the injustice of racial discrimination

Election of 1944

...people not as interested as usual. VP for FDR now Truman.

Smith v. Allwright

...ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties

Big three

...stalin, Roosevelt and churchill

Korematsu v. U.s.

...the supreme court ruled that the us government's internment policy was justified during wartime

Wartime migration

...there was more open factory jobs open in the north and cities becuase the men left to fight, so blacks traveled to the north for those jobs

Strategic bombing

...us bombers did bombing raids on military targets in Europe

Rosie the Riveter

...used to encourage women to take defense jobs

Civil rights "double v"

...victory over fasicm abroad and for equality at home (done by African Americans )

hundred days

100 days after FDR was sworn into office. Congress passed into law every request of FDR enacting more major legislation than any single Congress in history

causes of immigration

1. poverty drove farmers out of lands bc of politics + advancing farm machines 2. overcrowding + joblessness in cities bc of population booms 3. religious persecutions

John Tyler

10th U.S. President. 1841-1845. Whig

Kerner Commission

11 member commission established by President Johnson to investigate causes of the race riots in the US, concluded in late 1968 that racism and segregation were chiefly responsible and that the US was becoming two separate but unequal societies.

James K. Polk

11th U.S. President. 1845-1849. Democratic

Zachary Taylor

12th U.S. President. 1849-1850 (Died in office of natural causes). Whig

unemployment

13 million people unemployed. (25%)

Millard Fillmore

13th U.S. President. 1850-1853. Whig

Franklin Pierce

14th U.S. President. 1853-1857. Democratic

Great White Fleet

16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Adopted by Franklin Roosevelt which promoted the re-establishment of tribes and cultures

King Phillip's War

1675-1676 Native American uprising against the Puritan colonies

Pueblo Revolt

1680 uprising by Pueblo Indians of the Southwest which drove the Spanish out of New Mexico. Was caused by Spanish attempts to convert Natives

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Alien and Sedition Act

1798 laws that allowed the government to imprison or deport aliens, and to prosecute its critics

Battle of Yorktown

1781 American victory in Virginia that forced the British to surrender

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes

Proclamation of Neutrality

1793 declaration that the US would not engage itself in French-British conflicts

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 battle in which federal troops defeated the Miami Confederacy of Native Americans

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

direct election of senators

17th Amendment, a system in which senators are elected through popular vote to avoid domination of the Senate by millionaires chosen by state legislatures.

manifest destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824--Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce.

Hamiltonian tradition

1832-1852; Hamiltonian traditions/ideas; Mercantile/business interests; Pro-National Bank; National government control/build canals & roads "American System"; Opposed spread of slavery; Anti-Mexican War; Weak executive government; energetic national government

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842 Landmark ruling of the Massachusetts supreme court establishing the legality of labor unions.

William James

1842-1910; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; one of the co-founders of pragamatism

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Lewis Cass

1848 Democratic candidate known as the Father of Popular Sovereignty

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War

John Dewey

1859-1952, a education reformer who believed we needed to teach our kids problem solving skills, not just memorizing facts; one of the co-founders of pragmatism

Morrill Tariff Act

1861 law that increased tariffs duties to 10%

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson on an anti-war platform.

Antietam

1862 Civil War battle in which 23,000 troops were killed or wounded in one day

Three Mile Island

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Salvation Army

1879 provided basic necessities to homeless + poor while preaching god's gospel

American Railroad Association

1883 - divided the country into 4 time zones which became the standard time for Americans

invade of the Phillippines

1899-1902: fought to quell Filipino resistance to American control of the Philippine Islands. Filipino guerrilla soldiers finally gave up when their leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, was captured.

Lochner v. New York

1905 - Supreme Court ruled against a state law limiting workers to a ten-hour workday (as many hours as they want)

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

1906 - provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court ruled that the health of women needed special protection from long hours.

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

1911 - New York City high-rise garment factory took 146 lives, mostly women, sparking greater women's activism and motivated states to pass laws to improve safety and working conditions in factories.

Armory Show

1913 - The first art show in the U.S., organized by the Ashcan School. Was most Americans first exposure to European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators through a popular vote instead of state legislatures choosing them.

Richard Nixon

1968 Republican nominee for president, more positive, "hawk" on the Vietnam war, defeated Herbert Humphrey in a very close popular vote but majority electoral vote. Nixon and Wallace's popular vote was 57%, showing how the nation needed time to rest from the upheavals of the 1960s.

Henry Ford

1914, perfected a system for manufacturing automobiles by means of an assembly line, improving methods of mass production, and increasing business productivity

Klu Klux Klan

1915 saw a resurgence of the _______, as strong in the Midwest as in the South. It attracted new members because of a popular silent film, Birth of a Nation. The new ____ used modern advertising techniques to grow to 5 million members by 1925. It drew most of its support from lower-middle-class Protestants in small cities and towns

espionage act

1917 This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Russian revolution

1917; catalyst provided by WWI; February 1917, Tsar Nicholar II forced to abdicater throne, ending the Romanov dynasty (ruling family for 3 centuries); Demonstrated the inadequacy of the Provisional Government, which was divided and ineffectual, and unable to meet the demands of the revolutionaries

sedition act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government

Scheck v. United States

1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Nineteenth Amendment

1920 - the dedicated efforts of women on the home front in WWI finally persuaded a 2/3 majority in Congress to support a women's suffrage amendment. Its ratification guaranteed women's right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national level.

T.S. Elliot

1920's "lost generation" poet, wrote "The Waste Land", one of most influential poems of the century,

Eugene O'Niell

1920's playwright, took to a life of drinking, expressed disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of business-oriented culture

Washington Conference (1921)

1921 - Hughes held talks on naval disarmament, hoped to stabilize size of US navy relative to that of other powers and to resolve conflicts in the Pacific. Representatives to the _______ came from Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act

1922 and 1930, established by the Republican Congress under Warren Harding, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Only Yesterday

1931 book that enshrined the myth that Fundamentalism had died in the immediate aftermath of the Scopes Trial

bonus march

1932, 1000 unemployed WWI veterans marched on Washington demanding immediate payment of their bonuses which were to be given to them in 1945

State of Israel

1948. New nation created under UN auspices after a civil war in the British mandate territory of Palestine left the land divided. Its neighbors, including Egypt, fought unsuccessfully to prevent the Jewish state from being formed.

Dennis et al. Vs. United States

1951 the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act.

The Catcher in the Rye

1951. JD Salinger's classic commentary on "phoniness" as viewed by a troubled teenager.

Korean Armistice

1953. Eisenhower kept campaign promise to visit UN forces in Korea to see what could be done to stop the war, understood there was no quick fix. Threat of nuclear war and sudden death of Stalin finally moved China and North Korea to agree to an armistice and most US troops were withdrawn. Korea remains divided near the 38th parallel, no peace treaty ever concluded.

Iranian Overthrow

1953. The CIA helped overthrow the govt in Iran that had tried to nationalize the holding of foreign oil companies. Allowed for the return of Reza Pahlavi as shah of Iran, in return provided the West with favorable oil prices and made enormous purchases of American arms. Fueled Anti-American feelings and damaged US relations with Iran for decades to come.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education.

My Lai

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of __ __, also led to more opposition to the war.

Woodstock

1969, a gathering of thousands of young people music festival in upper New York State that reflected the zenith of the counterculture

Geneva Conference

1954. Conference in which France agreed to give up Indochina, which was then divided into the independent nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

1954. Regional defense pact organized by Dulles to prevent South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from "falling" to communism. The US, GB, Fr., Aus., New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan all agreed to defend one another in case of an attack within the region.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

1954. Supreme Court case in which NAACP lawyers argued that segregation of black children in the public schools violated the 14th amendment's guarantee of "equal protection of the laws". The Court overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling and in a unanimous decision ruled that separate facilities are inherently unequal and unconstitutional, and that school segregation should end with all deliberate speed.

Little Rock Crisis

1956. Arkansas governor Orval Faubus used the state's National Guard to prevent nine African American students from entering Little Rock Central High School, as ordered by a federal court. Eisenhower intervened, ordering federal troops to stand guard in Little Rock and protect black students even though he did not actively support desegregation or the Supreme Court decision. In 1964, <2% of blacks in the South attended integrated schools due to continued discrimination.

Highway Act

1956. Authorized the construction of 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking all the nation's major cities.

Suez Canal Crisis

1956. General Nasser seized and nationalized the British- and French-owned canal that passed through Egyptian territory. Threatened Western Europe's supply line to Middle Eastern oil. Britain, France, and Israel carried out a surprise attack against Egypt and retook the canal. Eisenhower sponsored a UN resolution condemning the invasion of Egypt which pressured the invading forces to withdraw.

Sputnik

1957. The Soviet Union launched the first satellites into orbit around the earth, bringing the technological leadership of the US open to question. US rockets designed to duplicate the USSR failed repeatedly to much embarrassment.

Eisenhower Doctrine

1957. The US pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism. First applied in 1958, 14,000 marines sent to Lebanon to prevent a civil war between Christians and Muslims.

The Lonely Crowd

1958. Book by Harvard sociologist David Riesman criticizing the replacement of "inner-directed" individuals in society with "other-directed" conformists.

The Affluent Society

1958. Book by economist John Kenneth Galbraith about the failure of wealthy Americans to address the need for increased social spending for the common good (influenced JFK and LBJ administrations).

NDEA

1958. National Defense and Education Act, authorized giving hundreds of millions in federal money to the schools for math, science, and foreign language education.

Catch-22

1961. Joseph Heller's novel satirizing the stupidity of the military and war.

Cuban missile crisis (1962)

1962- US reconnaissance planes discovered that the Russians were building underground sites in ____ for the launching of offensive missiles that could reach the US in minute. Kennedy responded by setting up a naval blockade of ____ until the weapons were removed. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles from ___ in exchange for Kennedy's pledge not to invade it and to remove missiles from Turkey

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

1963 - Soviet Union and the United States along with 100 other nations signed ________ to end the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. This first step in controlling the testing of nuclear arms was offset by a new round in the arms race for developing missile and warhead superiority.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

1964 - Johnson made use of a naval incident in the Gulf of Tonkin off Vietnam's coast to secure congressional authorization for US forces going into combat. Allegedly, North Vietnamese gunboats fired on US warships in the Gulf of Tonkin. The president persuaded the Congress that this aggressive act was sufficient reason for a military response by the US. Congress voted its approval of the __________, which basically gave the president a black check to take "all necessary means" to protect US interests in Vietnam

War on Poverty

1964 - LBJ declared ____________ to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly, Office of Economic Opportunity established with a billion-dollar budget to achieve this goal

24th Amendment

1964 - the __________ was ratified, abolishing the practice of collecting a poll tax, a measure that discouraged poor people from voting

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; advocated ending the welfare state, including TVA and Social Security, quick to involve US in nuclear war. Lost by the biggest landslide in history, but energized many young conservatives.

Immigration Act (1965)

1965 - abolished discriminatory quotas based on national origins

National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities

1965 - provided federal funding for the arts and for creative and scholarly projects

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)

1965 - provided federal funds to poor school districts; funds for special education programs; and funds to expand Head Start, and early childhood education program

Medicaid

1965 - provided funds for states to pay for medical care for the poor and disabled

Medicare

1965 - provided health insurance for all people 65 and older

Ralph Nader, "Unsafe at Any Speed"

1965 - this book said that poor design and construction of automobiles were the major causes of highway deaths. It sparked Congress to pass regulations of the automobile industry that would save hundreds of thousands of lives in the following years.

LBJ withdrawals

1968 - President Johnson went on television and told the American people that he would limit the bombing of North Vietnam and negotiate peace, and that he would not run again for president. Peace talks began, but the war did not end.

Church of Latter-Day Saints

19th century, Mormonism; church begun by Joseph Smith; Smith was followed by Brigham Young

W.E.B. Du Bois

1st African American to receive doctorate from Harvard, advocated for equality for blacks, integrated schools, + equal access to higher education for the "talented tenth" of African Americans

bank failures

20% banks closed-wipe out $10 million savings accounts. When banks failed, money supply contracted by 30%

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States, hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama Canal was built during his administration; said 'Speak softly but carry a big stick' (1858-1919)

relief, recovery, reform

3 R's of the New Deal

Boston police strike

3/4 of Boston's fifteen thousand policemen went on strike and for a few days the streets belonged to rioters; Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the Mass. National Guard which restored order and broke the strike

franklin d roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

John F. Kennedy

35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his death in 1963. Charismatic, wealthy, youthful senator from Massachusetts, vice president LBJ balanced ticket to Southern states. Pioneered the New Frontier, Space Program, Providing for poor, Warren Commission, Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis and was assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald.

John Quincy Adams

6th President of the United States

executive power

the power to execute, enforce, and administer law

Martin Van Buren

8th President of the United States (1782-1862)

palmer raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Paperbacks

A 1950's innovation which sold almost a million copies a day by 1960 despite the new use of television as entertainment.

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Protestant religion

A Christian belonging to one of the three great divisions of Christianity (the other two are the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church). Protestantism began during the Renaissance as a protest against the established (Roman Catholic) church.

Amana Colonies

A German religious communal movement in Ohio which emphasized simple living.

National War Labor Board

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

George creel

A Progressive journalist who took charge of a propaganda agency called the Committee on Public Information.

Hiram Johnson

A Republican governor of California who successfully fought against the economic and political power of Southern Pacific Railroad.

George McGovern

A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.

Sitting Bull

A Sioux tribe leader, was a medicine man. Was a prominent native leader during the Sioux Was from 1876-1877. At first they were the superior force. During Custer's Last Stand in 1876, Sitting Bull was making medicine while another Indian, Crazy Horse, led the Sioux. When more whites arrived at the Battle of Little Big Horn, Sitting Bull and the other Sioux were forced into Canada.

rise of the Populist Party

A US political party that sought to represent the interests of farmers and laborers in the 1890s, advocating increased currency issue, free coinage of gold and silver, public ownership of railroads, and a graduated federal income tax. Also called People's Party.

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

popular sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Bill of 1817

A bill introduced by John C. Calhoun to provide a federal highway linking The East and South to The West using the earnings Bonus from the Second Bank of the United States

Stokely Carmichael

A black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"Black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Rock and Roll

A blend of African American rhythm and blues with white country music, popularized by Elvis Presley and popular among teenagers.

Council of Economic Advisers

A board of three professional economists was established in 1946 to advise the president on economic policy.

steel and steam navy

A brief description of the developments in naval technology during the Civil War Era. ... meaning that a single shell could blow a sizeable hole in a wooden ship and ... Some ironclads were simply normal steam ships covered with metal plates

Corporation

A business that is owned by many investors.

Television

A center of family life in millions of American homes. Programming dominated by 3 national networks, each with a bland menu of situation comedies, westerns, quiz shows, and professional sports. Portrayed a culture which provided common content for English speakers regardless of ethnic background.

Bessemer process

A cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850

King Caucus

A closed door meeting of political party's leaders in Congress that nominated candidates. (p. 192)

holding companies

A company that owns part or all of the other companies' stock in order to extend monopoly control. Often, a holding company does not produce goods or services of its own but only exists to control other companies. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 sought to clamp down on these companies when they obstructed competition

Whittaker Chambers

A confessed Communist, who became a star witness for the Un-American Activities Committee in 1948.

Sherman Antitrust Act

A federal regulation intended to prevent monopolies from forming and prices from being fixed

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Senate

A council of representatives

Panic of 1873

A financial crisis in which banks closed and the stock market collapsed

Battle of New Orleans

A decisive victory over the British resulting in Andrew Jackson becoming a hero. Resulted in American nationalism

What did farmers believe was the main economic difficulty they faced

A deflated currency

What was the major shift in politics during the 1890's

A desire to find new economic markets (imperialism)

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Homestead Act

A federal act that granted a us citizen 150 acres of land from the western territories for $30; the catch was they had to live on it for 5 years and improved the property. This was meant to lure people to the west. It was abused by big business who would have workers claim land for the business in the more desirable spot (spots with resources)

impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury.

Booker T Washington

A former slave that graduated from Hampton institute in Virginia and established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans. He said earning money and economically helping themselves would empower their Race and that advocate for rights were pointless. He also organized the national negro business league. Emphasized racial harmony

Hiram W. Johnson

A governor that lead states like Oregon and California to regulate railroads and trusts.

Lost Generation

A group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

Virginia Company

A group of London investors who sent ships to Chesapeake Bay in 1607.

cabinet

A group of advisers to the president.

Beatniks

A group of rebellious writers and intellectuals led by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg that advocated spontaneity, the use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards. Models for the youth rebellion of the 1960's.

Wounded Knee

A group of white Christian reformist tried to bring Christian beliefs on to the Indians. Fearing the Ghost Dance American troops were called to go with the reformist. The Solders then swept through the natives killing two hundred

Tariff of 1828

A heavy tax on imports designed to boost american manufacturing

Earth Day

A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

Pure Inspection Act

A law passed by Congress to inspect and regulate the labeling of human consumption. This legislation, and additional provisions passed in 1911 to strengthen it, aimed particularly at the patent medicine industry. The more comprehensive Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 largely replaced this legislation

Meat Inspection Act

A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection. The publication of Upton Sinclair's novel, "The Jungle", earlier that year so disgusted American consumers with its description of conditions in slaughterhouses and meat packing plants that it mobilized public support for government action

Judiciary Act

A law passed by the first Congress to establish the federal court system.

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms

A letter to the world explaining why the colonies were rebelling and that it was necessary

Western front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. Was meant reduced the need for slaves, but actually caused a revival of slavery

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A massive African American protest in the form of a boycott of Montgomery city buses started by the arrest of Rosa Parks. The boycott began in MLK Jr.'s Baptist church. Sparked other civil rights protests that reshaped America over the coming decades.

Rosa Parks

A middle-aged African American woman arrested for violating the segregation law on a Montgomery bus, sparking a boycott of the city buses.

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Sit-In Movement

A movement started by college students in Greensboro, North Carolina in February 1960 after being refused service at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. Deliberately invited arrest by sitting in restricted areas to call attention to the injustice.

Ocala Platform of 1890

A national alliance of farmers met to unite against bankers and big businesses

New Left

A new political movement of the late 1960s that called for significant changes to fight poverty and racism.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

A pact that served to freeze the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U.S.), China, and the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since World War II.

fourteen points

A peace program presented to the U.S. Congress by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918. It called for the evacuation of German-occupied lands, the drawing of borders and the settling of territorial disputes by the self-determination of the affected populations, and the founding of an association of nations to preserve the peace and guarantee their territorial integrity. It was rejected by Germany, but it made Wilson the moral leader of the Allies in the last year of World War I.

Virginia Plan

A plan at the constitutional convention to base representation in the legislature on population.

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

New Federalism

A policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems)

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Detente'

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Free-soil party

A political party formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into US territories

states' rights, limited government

A political system in which legalized force is restricted through delegated and enumerated powers. The United States Constitution, and particularly the Bill of Rights, were designed to limit government's role to what America's founding fathers saw as government's most essential functions: To preserve individual liberty and protect private property.

Neutrality

A position of not taking sides in a conflict

neutrality

A position of not taking sides in a conflict

John Muir, Sierra Club

A preservationist who was the leading found of this and aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference

direct primary

A primary election system introduced by Robert La Follett in which voters directly select the candidates who will run for office in order to avoid domination of party bosses. By 1915, some form of ______ was used in every state.

Fair Deal

A program for expanded economic opportunity and civil rights proposed by President Truman in 1949. Truman's policy agenda -- he raised the minimum wage from 65 to 75 cents an hour, expanded Social Security benefits to cover 10 million more people, and provided government funding for 100,000 low-income public housing units and for urban renewal.

Recall

A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from the office

Trent Affair

Foreign event involving Union seizure of British ship with Confederate diplomats.

municipal reform

A reform introduced by Republican Mayor Samuel M. Jones that included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds.

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York who battled fraudulent insurance companies.

Sam Houston

Former Tennessee governor whose victory at San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its independence

"The Shame of the Cities"

A series of articles by Lincoln Steffens. Unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British

French and Indian War

A series of military engagements between Britain and France in North America between 1754 and 1763.

Harriet Tubman

Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad

new deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Aroostook War

A small clash between Canadian and Maine lumberjacks, over the disputed northern Maine territory.

Codes of Chivalry

A social code of conduct for southern men that promoted personal honor, defense of womanhood, ect...

Thomas W. Lawson

A speculator that exposed the corrupt amassing of American fortunes.

"Malaise" Speech

A speech made by President Carter which included a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis. He referred to the nation as a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will." Fueled charges that Carter blamed problems on the people.

Protestant Reformation

A split in the church caused by corruption in the church

Thomas Dewey

A successful governor of New York, was the Republican candidate for president in 1944, when he lost to Roosevelt, and in 1948, when he lost to Truman.

feminists

A supporter of women's claims to the same rights and treatment as men.

spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Australian Ballot

A system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices. Developed in Australia in the 1850's, it was introduced to the United States during the progressive era to help counteract boss rules

high tariff

A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.

protective tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

fourth party system

A term scholars have used to describe national politics from 1896-1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and monetary policy.

Theodore Parker

A theologian and radical reformer who lived at Brook Farm

What is being described by the term the American system?

A three-tiered program to promote America's home markets

Sunbelt

A trend wherein people moved from the northern and eastern states to the south and southwest region from Virginia to California.

Battle of Gettysburg

A turning point in the civil war. This battle halted and promptly pushed backed Robert E Lee's campaign through northern territory, preventing a series of battles(Through Philadelphia, New York, and other major cities) that could have had the South win the civil war.

Federal Reserve Board

A twelve number agency appointed by President Wilson to oversee the banking system under the Federal Reserve Act, proposed to build stability and flexibility into the US financial system.

Longhorns, vaqueros

A type of cattle that roamed the Great Plains.

Russo-Japanese War

A war fought in 1904-1905 between Russia and Japan over rival territorial claims. In winning the war, Japan emerged as a world power. Note: President Theodore Roosevelt of the United States was largely responsible for bringing the two sides together and working out a treaty.

Jim Crow laws

A wave of segregation lass that required all public facilities to have separate washrooms, fountains, benches, and other facilities for blacks

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. -Favored States Rights -Weak central government -central government had to ask states for tax money -limited trade -allowed uprising -no national currency

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

A woman's organization devoted to the prohibition movement.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

AKA OPEC. Formed in 1960 by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela. Recognition of oil as a critical foreign policy issue.

Consumer Culture

All media outlets displayed aggressive advertising by name brands promoting common material wants, leading to a society driven by consensus and conformity.

Quids

Aaron Burr's own political party, who accused Jefferson of abandoning Republican principles

Department of Health, Education and Welfare

AKA HEW. Eisenhower's consolidation of welfare programs under Oveta Culp Hobby, the first woman in a republican cabinet.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia

American expeditionary force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

What presidential action illustrated the limits of Woodrow Wilson's progressivism?

Accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy

Teller Amendment

Act of Congress in 1898 that stated that when the United States had rid Cuba of Spanish rule, Cuba would be granted its freedom. It prevented Cuba from turning hostile towards the U.S.

Prohibitory Act

Act of Parliament (1775) which removed British protection from the colonies.

Nine-power China treaty

All nine nations represented at the Washington conference agreed to respect the Open Door policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China.

Administration of Justice Act

Act which allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies

Politicians' struggle to maintain and strengthen their parties' influence can best be seen in

Adams' appointment of "midnight judges" at the end of his term

consumerism

Advertising expanded as business found that consumers' demand for new products could be manipulated by appealing to their desires for status and popularity, contributing to 1920s ______.

Sylvester Graham

Advocate of dietary reform; created Graham Crackers

Department of Interior

Advocated creation of forest reserves and federal forest service to protect Federal lands from exploitation

White supremacists

Advocates for policies segregating public facilities to treat african Americans as social inferiors

Paul Robeson

African American actor and singer who promoted African American rights and left-wing causes

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Jelly Roll Morton

African American pianist, composer, arranger, and band leader from New Orleans; Bridged that gap between the piano styles of ragtime and jazz; Was the first important jazz composer

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

White primaries; white juries

African Americans were not permitted on juries in some places

mining industry

After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other Western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to U.S. industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from underground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the mining industry, because only big companies could afford to buy and build the necessary machines

Root-Takahira Agreement

Agreement between US and Japan officially recognizing the territorial sovereignty of each nation

Compromise of 1850

Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories

Macon's Bill No. 2

Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the non repealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions non British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer towards war

universal white male suffrage

All white men can vote. No land, religion, or wealth requirement

Commercial Compromise

Allowed Congress to regulate interstate trade and foreign commerce

Writs of Assistance

Allowed England to search colonists' ships and other private property without an individual warrant

Missouri Compromise

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibit slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30'

Cecil Calvert

Also known as Lord Baltimore, he received a charter from King Charles I for the colony of Maryland.

former Confederacy, "Solid South"

Also used as a past participle adjective from late 14c., as a simple adjective from 1550s; meaning "of or belonging to the Confederate States of America" is from 1861. Used as a noun from late 15c. (Late Latin confoederatus also was used as a noun in its day).

Forest Management Act of 1897

Also withdrew federal timberlands from development and regulated use of natural resources

twentieth amendment

Amendment ratified in February 1933 that provided that presidents would thereafter take office on January 20th and the newly elected Congress on January 3rd

American System (Henry Clay)

America should be self-sufficient, protect US businesses (industry/factories).

Samuel Gompers

American Federation of Labor - United skilled workers, collective bargaining

Adena-Hopewell

American Indian culture centered in Ohio created large earthen mounds as tall as 300 feet.

Woodland mound builders

American Indian tribe east of the Mississippi that prospered because of a rich food supply.

Benjamin Franklin

American Pimp.

mountain men

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains

Hudson River School

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Jacqueline Kennedy

American first lady and wife of president Kennedy; she was known for her style and social grace; was used to create a favorable public opinion about his presidency.

Susan B. Anthony

An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.

silver rush

American migration to western states such as Colorado in the hope of finding silver.

public school movement

American movement to create adequate public institutions for widespread education, see horace mann

Stephen Decatur

American naval hero of the War of 1812 who said, "...our country, right or wrong!". Protected warship Philadelphia from pirates

George Caleb Bingham

American painter who specialized in painting scenes of everyday life in the West.

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

James Weldon Johnson

American poet and part of the Harlem Renaissance, he was influenced by jazz music.

Stephen Austin

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

Cleveland and Olney

American president who refused to annex Hawaii on the grounds that the native ruler had been unjustly deposed, Belligerent U.S. secretary of state who used the Monroe Doctrine to pressure Britain in the Venezuelan boundary crisis

Samuel Adams

American revolutionary who helped found the Committees of Correspondence; Leader of Boston's Sons of Liberty

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Horatio Alger stories

American writer who emphasized the 'rags to riches' motif in over 100 stories and novellas

Battle of Tippecanoe

Americans v. Shawnee Indians. led by governor William Henry Harrison, the Americans defeated the Shawnee's and Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory.

Nativists

Americans who opposed immigration

David Ruggles

An African American leader who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)

William Still

An African American leader, who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory.

George Washington Carver

An African American scientist at Tuskegee institute in Alabama promoted the growing of peanuts sweet potatoes and soybeans which helped to diversify agriculture

John J. Pershing

An American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest lasting battles- 47 days in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I.

Salutary neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Thomas Edison

An F.U.C.K.I.N.G. C.U.N.T Who Used Crappy Loop Holes And Exploitative Methods To Steal Inventions and Patents From Actually Talented People

Dawes Act of 1887

An act designed to break up tribal organization so that natives could become civilized. Families were distributed into 160 acre land plots

Federal Reserve Act

An act establishing twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the volatile banking sector. The law carried the nation through the financial crises of the First World War

Confiscation acts

An act of congress that permitted the confiscation of any of property, including slaves

"Cross of Gold" Speech

An address by the presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan to the national convention of the Democratic party in 1896.

Dominion of New England

An administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

An agreement between Britain and America concerning any future Central American canal forbade the construction by either country of a canal in the Americas without the other's consent and help

gentlemen's agrrement

An agreement with Japan where Japan agreed to limit immigration, and Roosevelt agreed to discuss with the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be stopped. The agreement prevented a war that would have been caused by California, who was in Japan's eyes, oppressing their children

consumer economy

An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by consumers

George Westinghouse

An american entrepreneruer and engineer who invented the railroad and the air brake

industrial design

An applied art that improves the aesthetics and usefulness of mass produced products for users. Influenced by Art Deco and streamlining styles, they created functional products from toasters to locomotives.

Tampico Incident

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the United States and Mexico

Anasazi

An early Native American people who lived in the American Southwest

Democratic-Republican party

An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson; stood for less centralized government

lassiez-faire economics and politics

An economic theory from the 18th century that is strongly opposed to any government intervention in business affairs. Sometimes referred to as "let it be economics."

two-party system

An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections.

Economic cooperation

An emphasis of Booker t Washington that won praise from many whites but was too passive for many blacks and advocates for rights for all citizens

Memphis (lumber)

An example of the south industrializing and becoming the "new south" in the cities and becoming self sufficient. Lumber industry.

Birmingham (steel)

An example of the south industrializing and becoming the "new south" in the cities and becoming self sufficient. Steel industry.

Richmond (tobacco)

An example of the south industrializing and becoming the "new south" in the cities and becoming self sufficient. Tobacco.

urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Olive Branch Petition

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll

habeas corpus

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

American Indian Movement

An organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

Mayas

Ancient Mesoamerican civilization that thrived from about A. D. 300 to A. D. 900.

Aztecs

Ancient civilization (1200-1521AD) that was located in what is present-day Mexico City

Reasons for creation of Whig Party

Andrew Jackson

annexation dispute

Annexation of the Republic of Texas to the United States ...... commissioners to resolve border disputes with Texas and Mexico and set conditions for the .... to the United States the western and northern boundaries were not defined

Peculiar Institution

Another term for slavery; The owning of human beings existed in a country that practiced liberty.

peculiar institution

Another term for slavery; The owning of human beings existed in a country that practiced liberty.

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

conscience whigs

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

What laws or regulations did the tragic Triangle Shirtwaist fire prompt states to pass?

Anti-sweatshop and workers' compensation laws for job injuries

King assassination (1968)

Apr. 1968 - MLK Jr., while standing on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tennessee, was shot and killed by a white man, sparking massive riots in cities across the country out of anger and frustration

declaration of war

April 2 1917 Wilson addressed Congress, asked to recognize a state of war existed between Germany and US, condemned "warfare against mankind", "world must be made safe for democracy", overwhelming majority voted for war, La Follette and Rankin said no

March on Washington (1963)

August 1963 - led my Martin Luther King Jr., one of the largest and most successful demonstrations in US History, peaceful _______ in support of the civil rights bill, "I Have A Dream" speech

Battle of the Thames River

Battle that General William Henry Harrison won for the US; fought by Detroit

Battle of Lake Erie

Battle where a Naval force led by Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British and secured Lake Erie

war debts

Before WWI, the US had been a debtor nation, but it emerged from the war a creditor nation. Harding and Coolidge insisted that Britain and France pay back every penny of their ______, which didn't end well.

migration of blacks and Hispanics

Began to migrate into and around the U.S. for job opportunities

Cultural Pluralism

Belief that immigrants to the U.S. maintain their own cultural identity and thus the U.S. is a type of society in which diverse ethnic, racial, national groups go-exist while maintaining their own cultural heritage.

Pro Imperialists

Believed in its economic value

Anti Imperialists

Believed that imperialism was hypocritical

transcendentalists

Believed that the most important truths in life transcended or went beyond human reason

Ghost Dance Movement

Believed to bring prosperity bring back to the natives-a last ditch effort. The government tried to suppress the movement and killed more than 200 men women and children in the massacre of wounded knee

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France.

Poor Richard's Almanack

Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice

Cold War

Between late 1940s and 1991--intense rivalry between Communist empire of the Soviet Union and leading Western democracy the United States.

Importance of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Big mark on the road to the civil war Increased the abolitionist movement

Unions

Big unions became more powerful after the merger of the AF of L and the CIO in 1955. Also became more conservative, as more began to enjoy middle-class incomes.

war industry boards

Board created during World War I to coordinate all facets of industrial and agricultural production,

Supreme Court

Body organized by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and first headed by John Jay

Duke Ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

Paul Revere

Boston silversmith who rode into the countryside to spread news of British troop movement.

Iron Curtain

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill coined this term to refer to the "boundary" that divided Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe from Western European nations not under Soviet domination.

George Canning

British foreign secretary circa 1823. He wanted America to join Britain in a declaration - wanted the protection of the Latin America states. Keep other European countries out of the western Hemisphere. John Adams thought it was best the U.S. make the declaration. It became the Monroe Doctrine.

Tea Act

British law that made American companies pay tax on tea but not British ones.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Lexington

British soldiers tried to seize colonial military supplies; 8 colonial minutemen were killed

overproduction

By the end of the 1920's, factories had begun producing to many goods. Workers were not given raises and therefore could not afford to buy the goods they produced.

impact of the automobile

By the end of the decade, there was an average of one car per American family. The production of automobiles replace the railroad industry as the key promoter of economic growth. Other industries such as steel, glass, rubber, gasoline, and highway construction now depended on automobile sales. The automobile affected all that Americans did: shopping, traveling, commuting, even dating.

Warren Commission

Commission made by LBJ after killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assasination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own. Commissioner is Chief Justice Warren.

Peggy Eaton affair

Calhoun's wife slandered Peggy Eaton, causing a heated debate between Jackson and Calhoun

Cohens v. Virginia

Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government

Causes/effects of War of 1812

Causes: -British kidnapped American sailors and put them in their armies -England Prevented Trade -War Hawks wanted their own "Revolutionary War" like their fathers/ also wanted Canada Effects: -Nationalism -Created War heroes like Clay and Jackson

electoral college system

Electors were selected by the states, electors would vote for President

Fast Food

Chains of roadside restaurants which prospered from new marketing techniques.

henry cabot lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Socialist Party of America

Changed its name in 1901 to the ________, third party developed in the first decade of the 1900s dedicated to the welfare of the working class, called for more radical reforms than Progressives favored: public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel.

phalanxes

Charles Fourier's solution to living together, died out quickly due to individualism

college elective system

Charles W. Eliot , the president of Harvard introduced these types of classes which were more specializes to accommodate the teaching of modern languages + sciences

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter.

proprietary colonies

Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.

royal colonies

Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624

Plymouth Colony

Colony founded by the Separatist Pilgrims who came over on the Mayflower. Located in New England.

Douglas MacArthur

Commanded Allied troops in the Pacific during World War II. He was forced to surrender the Philippines in 1941 and was thereafter obsessed with its recapture, which he accomplished in 1944. He later commanded the American occupation of Japan and United Nations troops in the Korean War.

House Un-American Activities Committee

Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.

New Harmony

Commune established in New Harmony, Indiana by Scottish industrialist Robert Owen

Soviet Union

Communist empire.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of nationalists in Indochina.

McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)

Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war.

settlement houses

Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided social services

scientific management

Companies made greater use of research and their use of Frederick W. Taylor's time-and-motion studies and principles of _______, contributing to increased productivity and business prosperity in the 1920s

Compromise of 1877

Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction

Chesapeake Affair

Conflict between Britain an the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia

Nullification Crisis

Conflict that resulted when South Carolina voided federal tariffs and threatened to secede. Ended when Jackson threatened to move troops into South Carolina

U.N. Police Action

Congress supported the use of U.S. troops in the Korean crisis but failed to declare war, accepting Truman's characterization of U.S. intervention as this term.

Homogeneity

Consensus and conformity as hallmarks of a consumer-driven mass economy combined with television, advertising, and the middle-class movement to the suburbs all accelerated the growing ______________ of American culture.

Insular cases

Constitution didn't have full authority of how to deal with islands (Puerto Ricans & Cubans subject to American rule, but didn't have all rights)

Third World

Countries formed in Asia and Africa after WWII often lacking stable political and economic institutions.

If one was not into the anti-Vietnam songs they might listen to ...

Country Music that did not support anti-vietnam

J.P. Morgan

Created a monolopy over the banking industry

committee of public information

Created in 1917 by Woodrow Wilson, headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

farm board

Created in 1929 before the crash but supported and enacted to meet the economic crisis and help farmers. Authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage.

Environmental Superfund

Created to clean up toxic dumps such as Love Canal in Niagara Falls, NY.

United Nations

Created to provide representation to all member nations.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Cyanide and Gold

Cyanide offered a cheap way to find gold in poor mineral deposits

John C. Fremont

Dashing explorer/adventurer who led the overthrow of Mexican rule in California after war broke out

Big Four

David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy and Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.

Webster-Hayne debate

Debate between Senators Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne over nullification

Constitutional Convetion

Debate to change the constitution and improve this was because of Shays rebellion

Fredericksburg

December 1862, Confederate victory, Burnside (USA) v Lee (CSA)

Common Reaction by Natives to Europeans

Migrating westward

Five-Power Naval Treaty

Decided on at the 1921 Washington Conference, nations with the five largest navies agreed to maintain the following ratio with respect to their largest warships or battleships: the US, 5; GB, 5; Japan, 3; France, 1.67; Italy, 1.67. Britain and the US also agreed not to fortify their possessions in the Pacific, while no limit was placed on the Japanese.

Dry farming

Deep plowing techniques to keep the moisture available and reliance on natural rainfall

Andrew Hamilton

Defense attorney in the Zenger case who made the first step toward freedom of the press

Joseph Galloway

Delegate to the Continental Congress later resigning in October 26, 1774

Samuel J. Tilden

Democratic candidate for president in 1876 who won the popular vote but lost the election

Alfred E. Smith

Democratic opponent to Hoover in the 1928 election, Roman Catholic and opponent to Prohibition, appealed to immigrant voters in the cities. Many protestants were openly prejudiced against Smith.

War Hawks

Democratic-Republican Congressman who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the War hawks resented British constrains on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier. -They were generally young -They wanted to claim Canada

hillbillies

Derisive term for poor white subsistence farmers in the South.

Specilization

Devolopment of skills in a specific kind of work

Tom L. Johnson

Devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares for the people of Cleveland. Fought valiantly, but without success for public ownership and operation of the city's public utilities and services (water, electricity, and trolleys).

Cause of Conflict Between The US And Sioux

Discovery of gold by Colonel George Custer in Sioux land

Biggest Impact Of Columbian Exchange

Disease killed natives

Congressional Reconstruction

Divided the South into 5 military districts and stationed troops in each district

John Dickson

Drafted the resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress

John Jay

Drafted the resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

Effects of "Bleeding Summer"/"Bleeding Kansas"

Due to the fighting between Pro-Slavery and Anti-Slavery Groups: -Popular Sovereignty was question -Tension Rose -Slavery became an even greater issue

Brinksmanship

Dulles' declaration that if the US pushed Communist powers to the brink of war, they would back down because of American nuclear superiority -- praised by conservatives, alarmed others.

anti-German hysteria

During WWI, German were labeled as the cause of the war and targeted with negative ads and comments

irreconcilables

During World War I, senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, led a group of people who were against the United States joining the League of Nations. Also known as "the Battalion of Death". They were extreme isolationists and were totally against the U.S. joining the League of Nations.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

During his 1908 campaign, Taft had promised to lower the tariff. Instead, conservative Republicans in Congress passed the ________ which raised the tariff on most imports. This angered Progressives in Taft's party.

Henry Hudson

Dutch-hired English explorer who ventured into Delaware and NY bay and Hudson River in 1609

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

preparedness

Eastern Republicans like Roosevelt were the first to clamor for "preparedness" (greater defense expenditures). Leading the campaign was the National Security League, organized by a group of business leaders to promote preparedness and to extend direct U.S. aid to the Allies, if needed. At first, President Wilson opposed the call for preparedness, but later he changed his policy and urged Congress to approve an ambitious expansion of the armed forces

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Orders in Council

Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British porte, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties

Ida B. Wells

Editor of Memphis free speech, an African American newspaper, this woman campaigned against lynching and the Jim Crow laws. Death threats and the destruction of her printing press forced her to continue working in the north

Election of 1952

Eisenhower beats out Sen. Robert Taft for the republican nomination, Nixon is his conservative running mate. Democrats nominate Adlai Stevenson. Nixon saves the ticket from his scandal in Checkers speech on TV, Eisenhower's pledge to end the Korean war wins over 55% of the popular vote and 442-89 in the electoral college.

Election of 1956

Eisenhower in ill health but more popular than ever after four years of prosperity, renominated by the Republicans. Stevenson renominated by democrats, Eisenhower wins by a greater margin than in 1952, but democrats keep control of both houses.

Modern Republicanism

Eisenhower's balanced and moderate approach in office. Attempted to curb federal spending, kept and extended some New Deal programs, raised the minimum wage, built additional public housing, and extended Social Security. Opposed federal health care insurance and federal aid to education.

Atoms for Peace

Eisenhower's call for a slowdown in the arms race after Stalin's death combined with the Soviets' withdrawal of troops from Austria and establishment of peaceful relations with Greece and Turkey led to a summit meeting at Geneva in 1955.

Open-Skies

Eisenhower's proposal at the Geneva Conference in 1955 that both countries adopt a policy that their territory would be open to aerial photography by the opposing nation in order to eliminate the chance of a surprise nuclear attack. Rejected by the Soviets.

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's secretary of state who helped to shape US foreign policy and advocated a "new look" policy.

Domino Theory

Eisenhower's theory that if South Vietnam fell under Communist control, one nation after another in Southeast Asia would also fall, until Australia and New Zealand were in dire danger. Used to justify economic and military aid to South Vietnam.

electric appliances

Electricity in their homes enabled millions of American to purchase consumer appliances of the decade, such as refrigerators vacuum cleaners, and washing machines.

McGuffey readers

Elementary school textbooks that encouraged hard work, punctuality, and sobriety.

Sir William Berkeley

Elitist Governor of Virginia, appointed by Charles I.

Embargo Act of 1807

Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The embargo placed great strains on the American economy, while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809

Pequot War

English/Native American allies vs. Pequot over land and trade in eastern Connecticut

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

Plessy v Ferguson

Established separate but equal as legal if it didn't violate equal protection under the laws

Gifford Pinchot

Established the National Conservation Commission following the White House Conference of Governors, appointed by Roosevelt to be the first director of the US Forest Service.

John D Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Taft's "dollar diplomacy" ultimately failed to change American foreign policy because

European spheres of influence prevented the US from purchasing the Manchurian railroads

Deforestation

Excessive logging and cutting down trees in the west which many were made aware of and sparked conservationist movements

repeal of prohibition

FDR kept his campaign promise and repealed the prohibition of alcohol with the twenty-first amendment which nullified amendment 18

Eleanor roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

growth of leisure time

Factors such as 1. reduction of work hours 2. improved transportation 3. promotional billboards + advertising 4. decline of restrictive values that discouraged "fun" time allowed for the growth of _______ time

Tallmadge Amendment

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pace the way for gradual emancipation. southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they percipient as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South

Irish Potato Famine

Famine in Ireland in the 1840s that led to a surge in immigration to the U.S.

federal land grants

Federal gov. granted land for railroad companies to build more routes

Midnight judgs

Federal justices appointed by Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican congress repealed the Judiciary Act

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Financier whose family dominated the railroad industry.

Edmund Randolph

First Attorney General

Monitor vs. Merrimac

First engagement between ironclad ships; fought at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on March 9, 1862.

Jefferson's "Revolution of 1800"

First ever time where there was a peaceful transfer of power between two groups

James Town

First permanent English settlement in North America

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufactures from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812

Jeannette Rankin

First woman elected to the United States House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into both World War II and World War I. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War.

Russo-American Treaty

Fixed the line of 54°40' as the southern most boundary of Russian holdings in North America

China Visit

Following a series of secret negotiations with Chinese leaders, Nixon traveled to Beijing in February 1972 to meet with Mao Zedong. The visit initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to US recognition of the Communist govt in 1979.

Eastern trunk lines

Following the Civil War, four major eastern railroad networks, or trunk lines, emerged from a flurry of mergers and consolidations. All were designed to connect the eastern seaports to the Great Lakes and western rivers.

George Kennan

Foreign Service officer he was the key idea man behind the containment doctrine. His knowledge of Soviet history led him to conclude that the Soviets saw capitalist-communist conflict as inevitable. The only way to deal with that mentality, he concluded, was for the United States to contain communism by resisting Soviet aggression and expansion wherever it might occur.

secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

Albany Congress of 1754

Formed by British Board of Trade to try repairing ties w/ Iroquois to help the war effort. It was also meant to unite the colonies in the long term.

American Colonization Society

Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.

National Urban League

Formed in 1911 to help people migrating from South to northern cities. The league's motto, "Not Alms But Opportunity," reflected its emphasis on self-reliance and economic advancement.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Formed in 1957 by MLK Jr. to organize ministers and churches in the South to get behind the civil rights movement.

Henry Wallace

Former vice-president under Roosevelt, he ran for president with the Progressive Party, a branch of the Democrats who opposed the Cold War and the policy of containment. He lost but became secretary of commerce under Truman.

War of 1812

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers

National Women's party

Founded by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, broke from NAWSA in 1916 to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a constitutional amendment for suffrage. ___ used militant tactics such as pickets, parades, and hunger strikes.

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. First of the great industrial trusts, organized through a principle of "horizontal integration" that ruthlessly incorporated or destroyed competitors

Worcester v. Georgia

Georgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan, adopted the activist tactics of other civil rights movements to secure equal treatment of women, especially for job opportunities.

Thomas Hooker

Founder of Connecticut

John Davenport

Founder of New Haven (1637)

Thomas Cole

Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings

Frances E. Willard

Founder of the WCTU who would fall on her knees in prayer on saloon floors to make her points.

election of 1860

Four-way race for the presidency that resulted in the election of a sectional minority president

Tripolitan War

Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing peace treaty with Tripoli. In some way it was meant to test the American Navy

Indochina

France tried to retake lost southeast Asian colony, but native Vietnamese and Cambodians resisted, led by communist leader Ho Chi Minh. 1950 anti-colonial war became part of Cold War rivalry, Truman gave US military aid to the French, the Soviets aided the Viet Minh guerrillas. 1954 French army at Dien Bien Phu trapped and forced to surrender, Eisenhower refused to send in US troops. Geneva conference divides into independent nations.

patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

organic architecture

Frank Lloyd Wright, used this type of architecture. This style flowed in harmony with its natural surroundings

Landscape architecture

Frederick Law Olmsted established the basis for this type of architecture

Denmark Vesey

Free black who led an aborted slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822.

How does the safety valve theory of frontier America explain the role of the West in dampening class conflict in the US

Free western land attracted many immigrants to the West who might otherwise have clogged urban eastern job markets and depressed the wages of eastern city dwellers

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France

J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur

Frenchman who in 1782 described the American as a new man who acts upon new principles.

old immigrants

From British Isles + Western Europe. Mainly Irish + Germans -high literacy rates + occupational skills

George Rogers Clark

Frontiersman who led a militia to defeat the British in the West

Land Act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops. Ruled unconstitutional since congress could not use taxes to regulate any sector of the economy

Indian Self-Determination Act

Gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement.

The case of Marbury v. madison is significant because it

Gave the Supreme Court the authority to interpret the Constitution

Treaty of Greenville

Gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory.

George McClellan

General of the Union Army; fired by Lincoln for being too cautious

Edward Braddock

General who led an army from Virginia, but was defeated (1755)

William Henry Harrison

General-Indian fighter-president--hero of Battle of Tippecanoe&Battle fo the Thames in the War of 1812--major asset to America by keeping Indians at bay, redcoats from massacre's,and gaining/clearing land in West

Deep South

Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

East Germany

German Democratic Republic--Soviet Satellite.

Mining frontier; boomtowns

Gold and silver rushes were the cause of these springing up, many became ghost towns after the gold or silver sources was exhausted and those that lasted were often run more like industrial cities than frontier towns. Often half the population were foreign

Granger laws

Got laws passed to regulate railroad and elevator rates. Made it illegal to fix rates in pools

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor appointed by the King of England to govern over the Dominion of England

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama 1963, tried to stop an African American student from entering the University of Alabama. He was also the first politician of the late-20th-century America to marshal the general resentment against the Washington establishment and the two-party system. He ran for president of a self-nominated candidate of the American Independent Party, unsuccessfully.

Vicksburg

Grant's best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union

Allies

Great Britain, Russia, France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I

Calvin Coolidge

Harding's vice president and successor after he died, won popularity as 1919 Massachusetts governor who broke the Boston police strike. Nickname "Silent Cal" because he was a man of few words, very business-oriented and believed in limited government while business conducted its own affairs, won the election of 1924

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem became famous in the 1920s for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers. Because of their achievements this period is known as the _______.

Why did Teddy Roosevelt decide to run for the presidency in 1912?

He believed that President William Howard Taft was discarding Roosevelt's progressive policies

Why did John Tyler (10th President) join the Whig Party?

He didn't like Jackson

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

What was the main reason Jefferson reduced the size of the military when he became president?

He wanted the United States to be an example for the rest of the world through peaceful coercion

Tecumseh

He was a shawnee indian twin brother to the Prophet. They made a stand against western moving settlers by uniting other tribes. He died in the Battle of Thames while fighting for the British.

Lincoln Steffans

He was another muckraking journalist, known for exposing corruption in major American cities. "Tweed Days in St. Louis" (1902) may have been the first muckraking article. He also wrote the book "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which also caused a sensation by describing the corrupt deals that characterized big-city politics from Philadelphia to Minneapolis.

Joseph Stalin

He was premier of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953. He was one of the Big Three in the Allied coalition with Churchill and Roosevelt during World War II.

James Monroe

He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine

Chiang Kai-shek

He was the leader of the noncommunist nationalist government in China in the 1940s. His government was corrupt and unpopular and was overthrown in 1949 by communist rebels led by Mao Tse-tung.

Winston Churchill

He was the prime minister of Britain from 1940 to 1945. He was one of the Big Three Allied leaders along with Roosevelt and Stalin. His eloquent statesmanship and steady leadership inspired the British people during the dark days of World War II.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Head of the Hatian revolution

Standard Oil Trust

Headed by John D. Rockefeller, it was an umbrella corporation that ran oil companies.

Joseph Henry Noyes

Helped found the Oneida Community. 1848 in NY, shared property and marriage partners. "free love"

"I Have a Dream" speech

Highlight of the March on Washington demonstration, impassioned speech by MLK Jr., appealed for the end of racial prejudice and ended with crowd singing "We Shall Overcome"

Role of cities, "natures metropolis"

Historian William Cronon argued that the frontier and cites grew together and supported each other in the beginning.

election of 1916

Hughes, Wilson, issues: Wilson ran for reelection for the Democrats on the call that he had kept the United States out of the war. Charles Evans Hughes was the Republican candidate who attacked the inefficiency of the Democratic Party. Wilson won the election, so was able to continue his idealistic policies.

separation of church and state

Idea that the government and religion should be separate, and not interfere in each other's affairs. This idea is based on the 1st Amendment, which states that the government cannot make any laws to establish a state religion or prohibit the free exercise of religion.

Adlai Stevenson

Illinois governor and Democratic candidate for president in 1952 and 1956. Confronted McCarthyism, which gained support from Liberals.

Stephen A. Douglas

Illinois politician who helped smooth over sectional conflict in 1850 but then reignited it in 1854

Hamilton's Consitutional argument was based on...

Implied powers

James Otis

In 1768, he wrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter with Samuel Adams. No Taxation Without Representation

Walker Expedition

In 1853, Walker raised an army, tried to take Baja, took Nicaragua in 1855 and was executed in 1860.

Australian ballot

In 1888, MA was the first state to adopt the _____ system in which the state issued ballots requiring voters to mark their choices secretly within a private booth. By 1910, all states had adopted this system.

Rough Riders

In 1898, Theodore Roosevelt recruited an intriguing mixture of college athletes and western frontiersmen for his volunteer cavalry unit known as the

White House Conference

In 1908, Roosevelt publicized the need for conservation by hosting a ______ of Governors to promote coordinated conservation planning by federal and state governments.

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

In 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates.

21st Amendment

In 1933, the ________ repealing the Eighteenth was ratified, and millions celebrated a new year by toasting the end of Prohibition

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) (1944)

In 1944, the federal government made unprecedented educational opportunities available to World War II veterans. It subsidized veterans so they could continue their formal education, learn new trades, or start new businesses. It also contained pension, hospitalization, and other benefits.

RFK assassination

In 1968, Two months after MLK's assassination, Robert Kennedy was assassinated in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in LA just after he gave his primary election victory speech. The killer, Sirahn Sirahn is still in jail for the crime. This prompted the Secret Service to protect not only the incumbent president, but also presidential candidates.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Military-Industrial Complex

In Eisenhower's farewell address, he spoke out against the negative impact of the Cold War on US society, warning the nation to "guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence...by the __________________".

anti-imperialism

In political science and international relations, anti-imperialism is the opposition to colonialism, colonial empire, Hegemony, and imperialism.

"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"

In short, it was a verbal gaffe (in other words really stupid thing to say) made by a Protestant Republican campaigner that attacked the Irish Catholics in an important state during an election. It was a real slur on the reputation of the Irish, it played to a stereotype that all Irish Catholics were drunks, untrustworthy because they were Catholic (Romanism = Roman Catholic). Given the large Irish Catholic population in the state, this wasn't just unwise, it was political suicide. The Rebellion part of the phrase was an old Republican ploy to smear Democrats as rebellious because of the Civil War - this was considered a cheap shot.

morals and fashions

In the 1920s, many took to premarital sex as if it were, like radio and jazz music, one of the inventions of the modern age. Movies, novels, automobiles, and new dance steps also encouraged greater promiscuity. The flapper fashion set young people apart as well, in which girls wore dresses hemmed at the knee and bobbed their hair.

national networks

In the 1920s, radio suddenly appeared. By 1930 there were over 800 stations broadcasting to 10 million radios, about a third of all US homes. NBC and CBS provided _____ of radio stations that enabled people from coast to coast to listen to the same programs: news broadcasts, sporting events, soap operas, quiz shows, and comedies.

Joseph McCarthy

In the early 1950s, Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy conducted a witch-hunt of government employees that he charged with being communists or communist sympathizers. His unscrupulous tactics have been labeled "McCarthyism"--smearing someone's reputation by telling a "big lie" about them.

ten-hour workday

In the late 1840s, labor movements began to focus their efforts on legislative reform

popular heroes

In the new age of radio and movies, Americans radically shifted their viewpoint and adopted as role models larger-than-life personalities celebrated on the sports page and the movie screen.

Korean War

In the war between North Korea and South Korea (1950-1953), the People's Republic of China fought on the side of North Korea and the United States and other nations fought on the side of South Korea under the auspices of the United Nations.

Economic discrimination

Kept most African Americans out of skilled trades and even factory jobs and therefore couldn't learn skills to get them to the middle class and remained in farm work

Primary cause of monetary inflation relieved economic hardships

Increase in Global Gold supply

Impact of John Marshall

Increased the power of the federal government through cases such as Marbury v. Madison

poverty and homeless

Increased. Mortgage foreclosures and evictions became a commonplace. Homeless traveled in box cars and lived in shantytowns called "Hoovervilles"

self-reliance

Independence: the capacity to rely on one's own capabilities, and to manage one's own affairs.

Watering stock

Inflating the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public

World Bank

Initial purpose was to fund rebuilding of a war-torn world. Soviets declined to participate because they viewed it as an instrument of capitalism.

Lousiana Purchase

Initially starting as a a negotiation for New Orleans lead to one of the largest purchases in American history. Attaining the Mississippi, doubling the size of American and increasing the power of the federal government.

assembly line

Instead of losing time moving around a factory as in the past, Ford's workers remained in one place all day and performed the same simple operation over and over again at rapid speed. Most major industries in the 1920s adopted this technique and realized major gains in worker productivity

Brook Farm

Intellectual commune in Massachusetts based on "plain living and high thinking"

U.S. joined international force

International organization created bt the Versailles Treaty after World War I. They were extreme isolationists and were totally against the U.S. joining the League of Nations.

Marshall Plan

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

transatlantic cable

Invented by Cyrus W. Fields; made it possible to send messages across the seas in an instant's time.

Robert Fulton

Invented the steamboat

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Joseph Glidden

Inventor of barbed wire

The primary significance of the Monroe Doctrine is that

It outlined noncolonization and nonintervention mandates regarding that Americas and beyond

The War of 1812 helped develop Americas identity in that

It started the early industrial revolution in the United States Francis Scott Key wrote the national anthem It led to the birth of w distinctively nations, literature Washington DC was restored as an even more impressive nationsl capital

Why was the 1896 election significant

It was the last time a president tried to win the agrarian vote

James B. Weaver

James Baird Weaver was a member of the United States House of Representatives and two-time candidate for President of the United States. Born in Ohio, he moved to Iowa as a boy when his family claimed a homestead on the frontier.

Zimmermann telegram

January 1917 the British intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the US; offered to return land Mexico lost the US

packaged foods

Kellogg, Post, became common items in American kitchens

jazz, blues, ragtime

Jelly Roll Morton + Buddy Bolden were popular artists of this music. Was also a popular genre amongst African Americans

social class and discrimination

Jews, catholics, & african americans weren't allowed in clubs b/c of....

wartime jobs for women

Jobs became more available for women during the war

Abigail Adams

John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women

Harpers Ferry raid

John Brown and his men attacked the U.S. Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia

Election of 1964

Johnson and Hubert Humphrey went in with a liberal agenda against Repub Barry Goldwater of Arizona, a rightwing extremist. Johnson won by a landslide, democrats controlled both houses of Congress.

escalation of troops

Johnson continued a step by step _____________ in Vietnam, using US combat troops for the first time to fight the Vietcong in 1965 (184,000) and by 1967 had 485,000 troops in Vietnam

DOT (Department of Transportation) and HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development)

Johnson established two new cabinets, the ________ and the ________ in order to increase funding for mass transit, public housing, rent subsidies for low-income people, and crime prevention

Frederick Lewis Allen

Journalist who wrote "Only Yesterday" breath taking change from 1919 to 1920 overnight. Book had Mr. and Mrs. Smith who emulated typical 20's family and how progressed: can foods, radio, bob hair cuts, smoking , clubs, etc.

muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public -received presidential scolding

Cambodia genocide

Khmer Rouge - ruled 1975-79, killed 1 in 4 Cambodians, mostly educated or middle/upper class in trying to create Year Zero

George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Rosenberg Case

Klaus Fuchs, a British scientist, who had worked on the Manhattan Project, admitted giving A-bomb secrets to the Russians. An FBI investigation traced another spy ring to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. After a controversal trial in 1951, the Rosenbergs were found guilty of treason and executed for the crime in 1953.

38th Parallel

Korea was was divided at this spot into North Korea and South Korea.

the West

Land beyond the Mississippi River, reached as far as California and the Oregon Territory

"Headright" sytem

Landowners who pay for the passage of laborers recieve fifty acres of land

Eastman Kodak

Large company that produced photographic materials and equipment.

Jones Act

Law according territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The United States did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946

selective service act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Thurgood Marshall

Leader of a team of NAACP lawyers in Brown v. Board of Education.

Alice Paul

Leader of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes, broke from NAWSA in 1916 to form National Women's Party, focused on winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution.

Eugene debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino Rebellions who fought for independence from Spain helping at Manila, but later fought the US in the Philippine-American War

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Charles Sumner

Leading Radical Republican senator throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction periods. Anti-Slavery

Louis D Brandeis

Leading progressive reformer and the first Jew named to the US Supreme Court

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Legislation passed by Congress in 1972 which stated that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." It just missed acceptance by the required 38 states, in part because of a growing reaction against feminism by conservatives who feared the movement threatened the traditional roles of women.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Legislation that provided for the orderly transformation of western territories into states

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Letter which urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts.

presidential Reconstruction

Lincoln and Johnson's plan of reconstruction which was soon rejected by congress

house-divided speech

Lincoln gave this when he accepted his party's nomination for the senator seat in Illinois.

Buffalo herds

Lived and fed on the Great Plains and were hunted by the natives for food, clothing, shelter, and tools.

Impact of Dred Scott ruling

Made it, that an escaped slave has no rights, and Congress can't ban slaves in the territories. This only increased the intensity of the abolitionist movement.

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

"form follows function"

Louis Sullivan's style of architecture in which the form of a building flowed from its functions

Suburban Growth

Low interest rates on mortgages that were government-insured and tax duductible made the move from the city to the suburb affordable for almost any family. In a single generation the majority of middle-class Americans became suburbanites.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

What did the Missouri Compromise seek to accomplish

Maintaing the balance between free and slave states

Conglomerates

Major corporations with diversified holdings that began to dominate such industries as food processing, hotels, transportation, insurance, and banking. More Americans working white-collar jobs than blue-collar jobs. Large corporations promoted teamwork and conformity, including a dress code.

Manchurian problem

Manchuria was a region in China that was occupied by Japan in 1931. This move was made to get raw materials to make Japan an industrial power. This eventually led to a Japanese invasion of China in 1937. DIPLOMATIC.

Migration for jobs

Many Mexicans did this so they could work in sugar beet fields, in Colorado mines, or on the western railroad construction

People's Republic of China

Mao Zedong's regime in Beijing.

Bolsheviks withdraw

Mar 1918

Coxey's Army, March on Washington

March on Washington, in full March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, political demonstration held in Washington, D.C., in 1963 by civil rights leaders to protest racial discrimination and to show support for major civil rights legislation that was pending in Congress.

Fall of Saigon

Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975 when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken

McKinley victory

McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict, but when negotiation failed, he led the nation in the Spanish-American War of 1898; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive. As part of the peace settlement, Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines; Cuba was promised independence, but at that time remained under the control of the U.S. Army. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory.

sexual revolution

Medicine and science (birth control and venereal disease prevention) as well as Kinsey's research contributed to the changing attitudes about casual sex in a movement known as _________. Overtly sexual ads, magazines, and movies made sex appear as a consumer product. Premarital sex, contraception, abortion, and homosexuality became practiced more openly.

Annapolis Convention

Meeting in 1786 to discuss constitutional reform

Mt. Vernon Conference

Meeting mediated by George Washington to settle the trade dispute between Maryland and Virginia.

professional associations

Members of the business and professional middle class took their civic responsibilities seriously. They belonged to the hundreds of national business and ________ that provided platforms to address corrupt business and government practices and urban social and economic problems.

Nueces River

Mexico thought this river was the border between Texas and Mexico

race riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.

Harry Truman

Missouri Senator was elected vice president in 1944. He succeeded to the presidency when Roosevelt died in 1945 and was involved in many key decisions ending World War II and in the early Cold War. It was his decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. He was elected president again in 1948 and decided to send troops to Korea in 1950.

Lynch mobs

Mobs of white supremacists that killed more than 1400 men during the 1890s alone. "Mob justice"

Although it signified that the United States was becoming a world power, the monroe Doctrine upheld the ideals pf Washingtons farewell adress because

Monroe pledged that the United States would not involve itself with European affairs

urban middle class

Most progressives were part of the ______, a demographic that had steadily grown in the final decades of the 19th century. In addition to doctors, lawyers, and shopkeepers, thousands of white-collar office workers and middle managers employed in banks, manufacturing firms, and other businesses formed a key segment of the economy.

British Imperial Policies

Mostly Mercantilitic Ideas -Sugar Act -Stamp Act -Quartering Act -Townshed Act -Tea Act

Arab Nationalism

Movement led by General Gamal Nasser seeking funds to build the ambitious Aswan Dam project on the Nile River, precipitated an international crisis by seizing the Suez Canal.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.

Jeffersonian tradition

Mr. Wiltsc's book (University of North Carolina Press : Oxford University Press, 18s. 6d.) falls into two parts : one which is full, clear and acute, is a discussion of the chief doctrines of Thomas Jefferson ; the second is too concise and too general an account of some developments of Arnericanlife that can be called " Jeffersonian." The first half is admirably done, and should be a useful introduction to the work of one of the greatest of Americans and certainly the great American who is least understood and appreciated here. It is so hard, in the first place, for one steeped in the English tradition to understand a great politician who was a very_ poor speaker ; who made his way by his pen and by private conversations ; who was so lacking in the obvious charm and force of Hamilton. Thus the Jefferson of F. S. Oliver's brilliant,' of American history, his Alexander Hamilton, is a stoek-fignre of futility. Jefferson, who was -the most practical of men, is made to appear as a mere theorist and intriguer. It is an old vulgar error that he was a disciple of Rousseau, though there is no evidence that he ever read a line of the Contrat and certainly there was no need to read Rousseau to write the Declaration of Independence. All of this Mr. Wiltse makes clear, not hesitating to differ from the great authority of Professor Chinard when he thinks fit.- As, at the moment, there is a drive against the New Deal as being anti-Jeffersonian, much of the expository part of this book iii timely -argument,in America. The second part of Mr. NViltse'shpcik is'too brief to be wholly satisfactory. Jefferson was, it is true!go deeply wedded to equality, economic as well as political, that it may well be argued that today he would be on the side., of President Roosevelt and against the embattled mfilionairds of the Liberty League who are appealing to his shade to rebuke the traitor in the White House. But the brieVicemmts of John Taylor, of Calhoun, of Brook Farm, of the Plialausteriesiuf the Populists, ending with a plea for a more positive content for the most typical Jeffersonian doctrines, the:natural .equality of man and his right to the pursuit of hapPiness, are whets, not real meals.

Dollar Diplomacy

Name applied by President Taft's critics to the policy of supporting US investments and political interests abroad. First applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909, the policy then spreed to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua. President Woodrow Wilson disavowed the practice, but his administration undertook comparable acts of intervention in support of US business interests especially in Latin America

Nikita Khrushchev

New Soviet leader who denounced the crimes of Joseph Stalin and supported peaceful coexistence with the West.

Metacom

Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War

Pontiac Rebellion

Native Americans rebellion led by the Ottawa liter Pontiac in 1763

Little Big Horn

Natives led by sitting bull and crazy horse defeated custer's troops utterly here

During The Imperialistic Era The US' Greatest Strength Was Its

Navy

The region that did NOT support the declaration of war against the British was

New England

John Peter Zenger

New York publisher who was taken to court for criticizing the governor of New York. He won, set a standard of free speech in the colonies

The three decisive battles that turned the War of 1812 in the Americans' favor were

New York, Washington, New Orleans

Indonesia

New nation gaining independence in 1949 from the former Dutch East Indies.

Lord Frederick North

New prime minister of Britain who convinced Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts in 1770.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927 and they were executed. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Watergate

Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

Impeachment and resignation

Nixon knew he got caught and rather than be impeached and possibly sent to jail and have a trial he reigned so that he chose who would secede him and pardon him.

Presidential Reconstruction

No revenge on the South; lenient policy after Civil War

blacks, Catholics, Jews, foreigners and communists

Northern branches of the KKK directed their hostility towards ____________

Massive Retaliation

Nuclear arms race results in both the US and the Soviet Union in possession of Hydrogen bombs, becomes more of a policy of mutual extinction. A powerful deterrent against an all-out war between the world superpowers, but small "brush fire" wars break out in developing nations of SE Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

Corps of Discovery

Official name of the Lewis and Clark Expedition members

Cleveland threatens lower tariff

OF all the presidents, Grover Cleveland is unique in several ways. Only he, having been defeated in a bid for reelection, again won the highest office in the land; thus, he was both the twenty-second president and the twenty-fourth. Actually, he "won" all three of the presidential elections in which he was a candidate, for while Benjamin Harrison carried the Electoral College in 1888, Cleveland had a popular plurality of about 100,000 votes. Cleveland also has the distinction of having won a presidential contest by the smallest popular margin in history—about 30,000 votes in 1884.

Exxon Valdez

Oil tanker that crashed in March 1989, considered largest U. S. oil spill, emptied 35,000 tons of oil into Prince William Sound

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

On Lincoln's birthday in 1908, DuBois and other members of the Niagara movement and a group of white Progressives founded the ______. Their mission was no less than to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African American children. By 1920, this was the nations' largest civil rights organization, with over 100,000 members.

Tet Offensive

On the occasion of the lunar new year (Tet) 1968, the Vietcong launched an all-out surprise attack on almost every provincial capital and American base in South Vietnam. The US military counterattacked, and inflicted much heavier losses on the Vietcong, and recovered the lost territory. The destruction viewed by millions on TV appeared as a colossal setback for Johnson's Vietnam policy.

Sally Hemings

One of Thomas Jefferson's slaves. Secretly they had an affair and multiple kids

Eugene V. Debs

One of the Socialist party's founders, was the party's candidate for president in five elections from 1900 to 1920. A former railway union leader, _____ adopted socialism while jailed for the Pullman strike. He was an outspoken critic of business and a champion of labor.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

One of the earliest muckrakers, he wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company, but failed to suggest how to control it.

Washington Irving

One of the first American writers to gain international fame

Jacob Riis

One of the first photojournalists, wrote articles on tenement life published in "How the Other Half Lives" (1890).

close elections

Open primary. A registered voter may vote in any party primary regardless of his own party affiliation. When voters do not register with a party before the primary, it is called a pick-a-party primary because the voter can select which party's primary he or she wishes to vote in on election day.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

Opened trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Samuel Slater

Opens first American factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".

National Grange movement

Organized by Oliver H Kelly as a social and educational organization for farmers and families. Within 5 years existed in almost every state to defend against middlemen

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Original resident of Brook Farm; disillusionment of utopias; The Scarlet Letter

movie palaces

Ornate, lavish single-screen movie theaters that emerged in the 1910s in the U.S.

Causes of "Indian wars"

Over settlement of white settlers on Native American inhabited land caused tension and attempts to restrict the natives to plots of land and reserves failed as the natives refused to stay in and miners refused to stay out if there was gold

John Copley

Painter who traveled country and painted families

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Pardoned the confederates, put them out of office and government, not paying for damages.

Democrats

Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights; against the BUS

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Passage of the _______ substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years, including a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent to compensate for reduced tariff revenues.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect

Dingley Tariff of 1897- 46.5 percent

Passed by Congress in July 1897, the Dingley Tariff Act increased duties by an average of 57 percent. Tariff rates were hiked on sugar, salt, tin cans, glassware, and tobacco, as well as on iron and steel, steel rails, petroleum, lead, copper, locomotives, matches, whisky, and leather goods.

Elkins Act

Passed by Congress to impose penalties on railroads that offered rebates and customers who accepted them. The laws strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act o 1887. The Hepburn Act of 1906 added free passes to the list of railroad no-no's

Workingmen's Compensation Act

Passed under Woodrow Wilson, this law granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability. It was a precursor to labor-friendly legislation passed during the New Deal

Deborah Sampson

Patriot who disguised herself as a man and served in the Continental Army.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Pay off all war debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank

U.S.-Japanese Security Treaty

Peace treaty in which Japan agreed to surrender it's claims to Korea and islands in the Pacific.

anti-trust movement

People scared of absolute power of the newly wealthy

Sepratists

People who had left or separated from the Church of England

buying on margin

Perching stock with a little money down with the promise of paying the balance at sometime in the future

TR supports Panama revolt

Phillipe Bunau-Varilla, chief engineer and significant shareholder of the French canal company, told President Theodore Roosevelt and Hay of a possible revolt by Panamanian rebels who aimed to separate from Colombia, and hoped that the United States would support the rebels with U.S. troops and money.

Andrew Mellon

Pittsburgh industrialist and millionaire, Secretary of the Treasury under Warren Harding, one of the able men appointed to Harding's cabinet to make up for his limitations as president

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778

New Freedom

Platform or reforms advocated by Woodrow Wilson in his first presidential campaign, including stronger antitrust legislation to protect small business enterprises from monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions. Wilson;s strategy involved taking action to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing government regulation of large trust

Tammany Hall

Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed. That exchanged social services in exchange for votes. Boss Tweed stole about 200 million dollars from NYC tax payers

Greenback Labor Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Republican Party

Political party formed in 1854. Its main goal was to stop the spread of slavery.

Radical Republicans

Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Edwin Stanton

Popular Secretary of War who is fired by Johnson and leads to Johnson's impeachment

Era of Good Feelings

Popular name for the period of one party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery and the national bank

"log cabin and hard cider" campaign

Popular symbols of the campaign the Whigs used to elect "poor-boy" William Henry Harrison in 1840

Baby Boom

Post-World War II Americans idealized the family. After the war, marriage and birth rates rose precipitously and the divorce rate dropped between 1942 and 1950.

Immigration Issues

Postwar, Congress dropped bans on Chinese and other Asian immigrants, but the quota system remained until 1965. Puerto Ricans could enter without restrictions (citizens of the US); Mexicans given the option of working under contract in the braceros program, entering as a regulated legal immigrant, or crossing the border illegally. Discrimination and exploitation common for immigrants.

Proclamation to the People of South Carolina

President Andrew Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the__________. In 1963-6, Congress passed many of these measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

"peace without victory"

President Wilson call to the fighting nations that neither side would impose harsh terms on the others. Wilson hoped that all nations would join a "league for peace".

reapportionment

Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Slavery: Each slave counts as 3/5 of a person for taxtation and representation in the house

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Sumner-Brooks incident

Preston Brooks attacked Senator Charles Sumner with a cane after Sumner gave an anti-slavery speech

black pride

Pride in being African-American, idea promoted by Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. DuBois, this movement in the 1920s helped inspire a later generation to embrace the cause of _______ and nationalism.

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

Soil-Bank Program

Program initiated to reduce farm production and thereby increase farm income.

Robert La Follett

Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

Progressive legislation enacted under Roosevelt which gave the ICC the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies.

Sixteenth Amendment

Progressive legislation enacted under Roosevelt, ratified by the states in 1913, authorized the US government to collect an income tax. Progressives heartily approved b/c at first it only applied to the very wealthy.

Characterization of advocates of political progressiveness of the era.

Progressive political reforms such as the secret ballot. referendum and recall, and limits on political contributions from corporate interests would curb the excesses of industrial and finance capitalism and stave off socialism in the United States

National Child Labor Committee

Progressives were most outraged by the treatment of children by industry. The _______ proposed model state labor laws that were passed by 2/3 of the states by 1907.

Interstate Highway System

Promoted job growth, raised revenue with new taxes on fuel, tires, and vehicles, accelerated the growth of the suburbs, contributed to a more homogeneous national culture, and advanced the trucking industry. However, hurt the railroads and the environment, public transportation lost importance -- yet the poor and the old still depended on it.

popular campaigning

Promoting candidates as being from the common masses, rather than as elite gentlemen-politicians.

Primary lesson drawn by labor unions , populist and debtors from the violent and legal end of the Pillman railway strke

Proof of an alliance amount big businesses, the feds, and courts against working people

National Security Act (1947)

Provided for a centralized Department of Defense, creation of National Security Council (NSC) and created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

Prussian baron who was an expert in drill. Would yell at the minutemen in German. Was also gay.

mining frontier

Prospect of mining valuable ore encouraged much westward settlement.

Tarrif of 1816

Protected American industries and manufacturing from foreign competition.

Social Gospel

Protestant clergy preached the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems

Puritans

Protestants who wanted to reform the Church of England

Immigration Control and Reform Act

Provided an opportunity for illegal immigrants to become legal residents (one time amnesty). Penalties to employers who knowingly hired illegal immigrants.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony who fled to Rhode Island in 1638

Roger Williams

Puritan minister who left Massachusetts and established Rhode Island

Cotton Mather

Puritan theologian, who urged the inoculation against smallpox, played a role in Salem Witch Trials

Lucretia Mott

Quaker women's rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery

de facto segregation

Racial segregation that occurs because of past social and economic conditions and residential racial patterns rather than the law, caused by racist attitudes in the North and West

transcontinental railroads

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

insurrection

Rebellion or revolt against a government or similarly established authority

Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war. Caused Southern resentment towards north and greatly increased hatred /racism towards African Americans.

Florence Kelley

Reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

Assimilationists

Reformers that advocated education, job training, and conversion to Christianity for the natives

As chief justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall made a lasting impactin several decisions that

Reinforced the doctrine of loose construction regarding the Constitution

Oneida community

Reject traditional family values. There was communal marriage. Women had protection and rights

Chinese Civil War

Remewed war between Chiang's Nationalists and the Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong.

Kellogg-Briand Treaty (1928)

Renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends. This international agreement would prove ineffective because it permitted defensive wars and failed to provide for taking action against violators of the agreement. Significant because women took the lead in a peace movement to outlawing future wars.

Thaddeus Stephens

Representative of Pennsylvania who was part of the Radical Republican group that criticized Lincoln

Robert LaFollette

Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

Smith Act (1940)

Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.

Tenure of Office Act

Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees.

The Battle of Tippecanoe

Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet" at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States

Shays Rebelion

Revolt of Mass. farmers against raised taxes/foreclosed lands, and proved the weakness of article of confederation.

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

bad v. good trusts

Roosevelt made a distinction between breaking up ____ which harmed the public and stifled competition, and ____ which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market.

Forest Reserve Act (1891)

Roosevelt made repeated use of the _______ to set aside 150 million acres of federal land as a national reserve that could not be sold to private interests.

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

Roosevelt won the passage of the ________, which provided money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in the western states.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt's handpicked successor. Taft was a Republican lawyer from Ohio and was associated with the "Old Guard" or very conservative politicians. He favored protective tariffss and trust regulation.

Inflation; Strikes

Rose by almost 25% in the first year and a half of peace; Workers and unions wanted wages to catch up after years of wage controls.

Civil Rights cases of 1883

Ruled that congress couldn't legislate against racial discrimination practiced by private citizens

Wabash v Illinois

Said that individual state couldn't regular interstate commerce (nullified progress made by grangers)

segregation in San Francisco schools

San Francisco segregated its Chinese school children from 1859 until 1871, when the city refused to fund any more classes for them. Chinese parents hired private teachers or sent their children to church-sponsored schools.

urban frontier

San Francisco, Denver, Salt Lake City created because of gold rush or natural resources

Santo Domingo

Santo Domingo known officially as Santo Domingo de Guzmán, is the capital and largest city in the Dominican Republic and is the largest city in the Caribbean region by population.

Teapot Dome

Scandal during the Harding administration involving Albert Fall granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Secret society who intimidated tax agents; tarred and feathered some tax collectors

Conciliation treaties

Secretary Bryan negotiated 29 treaties w/ other nations saying that they would submit disputes to int'l commissions for conciliation not arbitration also included a cooling off period of one year before war. Showed idealism of Wilson administration, no real practical effect.

"New Look" Foreign Policy

Secretary Dulles' foreign policy that took the initiative in challenging the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. He talked of "liberating captive nations" of eastern Europe and encouraging the Nationalist govt of Taiwan to assert itself against "Red" China.

"a splendid little war"

Secretary of State Hay called the Spanish War of 1898 "a splendid little war." It was indeed a brief conflict; splendid, well, that depends on your definition. Stunning naval victories and a successful invasion of Cuba won the war.

Second Hay Note

Secretary of State John Hay sent a Second Open Door Note after the international expeditionary force put down the Boxer Rebellion (see Boxer Rebellion below). Hay's was concerned that the expeditionary force might try to set up a government and this note restated the United States position that China must remain an independent nation. The Open Door policy became a key point of American foreign policy in the 1900s.

Charles Evan Hughes

Secretary of State under Warren Harding, former presidential candidate and Supreme Court Justice, one of the able men appointed to Harding's cabinet to make up for his limitations as president, initiated talks on naval disarmament at the Washington Conference in 1921.

Albert Fall

Secretary of the Interior under Warren Harding, incompetent and dishonest, accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming

war's long term effects

Segregation Jim Crow laws against blacks civil rights movement

Which of the following represented President Wilson's first direct use of American military fores in revolutionary Mexico?

Seizing the Mexican port of Veracruz to prevent German delivery of arms to President Huerta

rejection of treaty

Senate voted twice on Treaty, defeated both times, Democrats voted for the treaty with reservations, Wilson directed his supporters to reject any reservations, joined with irreconcilable faction in defeating it

reservationist

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

Agriculture's dominance

Sharecropping and farming remained the central point of southern culture which arguably kept many in poverty

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890, passed by the U.S. Congress to supplant the Bland-Allison Act of 1878. It not only required the U.S. government to purchase nearly twice as much silver as before, but also added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation.

Sherman's March

Sherman swept through Georgia burning a path that was 60 mile wide

Liberal Republican

Short-lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption

Rush-Bagot agreement

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the US-Canadian border, completed in the 1870's

Anglo-American Covention

Signed by Britain and the United States,the pact allowed NewEngland fisherman access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana Territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek tho fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. Later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the United State control of the Panama Canal

Gold Standard Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.

Quebec Act

Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Sharecropping; tenant farmers

Since few poor people had the education to learn a trade many were stuck farming land they didn't even own which kept them in a circulation of debt

racial segregation laws

Since the 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson, "separate but equal" ________ had been the rule in the South and in much of the North.

Cattle drives

Since the construction of the railroad, this was easier to do. Many towns sprung up along the railroad to handle the millions of cattle brought by this

Roanoke Island

Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina

Sarah Grimke

Sister of Angelina Grimke, she objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities

Angelina Grimke

Sister of Sarah Grimke, she objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities

Most Critical Of Locke's ideas

Slave Owners

Slave Labor In Colonial America

Slave labor was focused in the South. Puritan beliefs in the North, the climate, and the economy limited slavery in the North.

Liberty party

Small antislavery party that took enough votes from Henry Clay to cost him the election of 1844

role of American money

Soft money supporters approved of paper money and were made up of mostly bankers and allies to bankers.

"hard" money vs. "soft" money

Soft money supporters approved of paper money and were made up of mostly bankers and allies to bankers. Hard money supporters believed in coinage only, and rejected all banks that issued paper money (including the national bank). Soft money advocates were progressive, believing in economic growth and bank speculation, while the hard money advocates were against expansion and bank speculation. Jackson was a hard-money advocate. The hard-money and soft-money sides clashed in the bank wars.

Gerald Ford

Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war.

Elkins Acts

Sought to restore some regulatory authority to the government over railroad rates. Act by TR

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

J. Strom Thurmond

South Carolinian who was the presidential candidate of the States' Rights (Dixicrat) party in 1948.

Syngman Rhee

South Korean conservative nationalist leader.

new immigrants

Southern + Eastern Europeans. Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles + Russians -low literacy rates + peasants

Hinton R Helper

Southern born author whose book attacking slavery's effects on whites aroused northern opinion

George Fitzhugh

Southern intellect and lawyer who defended slavery by condemning northern "wage slavery"

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

triangular trade

a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa

Pueblos

Southwestern villages made of large stone or adobe apartments.

Pinckney Treaty

Spain agreed to let Americans ship their goods down the Mississippi and store them in New Orleans

What did Spain sign right before the US declared war

Spain signed an armistice with the Cubans

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Spaniard that argued that the American Indians were less than human. (p. 11)

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish General in Cuba who herded many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps so they could not help the insurrectos. Called "Butcher Weyler" because hundreds of thousands of people died in his concentration camps

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Mexican War Aftermath

Spanish granted citizenship and granted property rights and Spanish culture was preserved. Often legal difficulties regarding land. Mexicans moved to work on the railroad or farms

Ecomienda system

Spanish system that gave new colonists land, Indian slaves, and money for moving to the colonies.

Henry the Navigator

Started a navigation school and wanted to find a water route around Africa

Employment Act of 1946

Started because of the flood of available workers after WWII. Established the Council of Economic Advisors. declared that the government was committed to maintaining maximum employment.

New Nationalism

State-interventionist reform program devised by journalist Herbert Croly and advocated by Theodore Roosevelt during his Bull Moose presidential campaign. Roosevelt did not object to continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions. Rather, he sought to create stronger regulatory agencies to insure that they operated to serve the public interest, not just private gain

Truman Doctrine

Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.

Southern Manifesto

Statement signed by 101 members of Congress condemning the Supreme Court for a "clear abuse of judicial power".

What was the most controversial move during the Spanish American WAr

Staying in the Philippines (it was very hypocritical)

Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas's belief in popular sovereignty, stated during the Freeport debate

Strengths/Weaknesses of the South

Strengths: -Fighting on home turf -Strong Leadership Weaknesses: -Not industrialized -Less soldiers -Less Resources -Less Money

Strengths/Weaknesses of the North

Strengths: -More Resources -More Money -More Factories -More Railroads -More Soldiers Weaknesses: -Poor Leadership -Fighting on Foreign Turf

Beliefs of Federalists

Strong National Government Loose Constructionist Didn't see a need for a bill of rights

"self-made man"

Success based on hard work, not because of family wealth

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case that established judicial review-the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting coporations from domination by state government

Insular Cases

Supreme Court cases that the Puerto Rican islanders did not have full American rights

Samuel Chase

Supreme Court justice that Jefferson tried to impeach. Republicans named dogs after him.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government

city manager plan

System of city government first adopted in Dayton, OH in 1913 in which an expert manager was hired by an elected city council to direct the work of the various departments of city government. By 1923, more than 300 cities had adopted the manager-council plan of municipal government.

meetings

Task-oriented group situations in which communication is typically more formal and regulated.

sinking of the Maine

Telegram sent by Captain James Forsythe, Commanding, Naval Station Key West, forwarding word from Charles Sigsbee, Captain, USS Maine of the sinking of his ship. In January 1898, Maine was sent from Key West, Florida, to Havana, Cuba, to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban War of Independence.

Bleeding Kansas

Term referring to bloodshed over popular sovereignty in a particular western territory

Imperial presidency

Term used to describe a President as an "____" who acts without consulting Congress or acts in secrecy to evade or deceive Congress; often used in reference to Richard Nixon's presidency

common man

The "average" American citizen, whose concerns are represented in government. Jacksonian Democracy is named as such because it benefited this group

federal income tax

The 16th amendment, tax by the Federal Government on the money you earn each year, at first only for the very wealthy so heartily supported by Progressives

United States v. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions.

Battle of Thames

The Battle of Thames was fought at the River Thames in Canada on October 13, 1813. In this battle, the redcoats were overtaken by General Harrison and his army after they had withdrawn from Fort Malden. A Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, fought for the British and lost his life. With his death came the death of his confederacy.

Bland-Allison Act of 1878

The Bland-Allison Act, also referred to as "The Grand Bland Plan of 1878", was an act of United States Congress requiring the US Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars.

Which of the following had the most influence on America's growing trade with Britain and its reduction of trade with Germany during the period 1914-1916?

The British Navy controlled the Atlantic shipping lanes.

what prompted German submarines to begin sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and passenger ships in the Atlantic during the early years of World War I?

The British naval blockade of Germany

Why was the War of 1812 a culmination of long-standing hostilities between the United States and Britain?

The British practices of impressment and supporting Native Americans against the United States were issues during Washington's presidency

Desegregation

The Brown v. Board of Education ruling called for the end of school segregation with "all deliberate speed", southern states opposed with the temporary closing of public schools and the set up of private schools. The KKK also made a comeback, and violence against blacks increased.

civil service reform

The Civil Service Reform Act is an 1883 federal law that abolished the United States Civil Service Commission. It eventually placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system."

rural-agricultural

The Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-128) authorized a major expansion of USDA lending activities, which at the time were administered by Farmers Home Administration (FmHA), but now through the Farm Service Agency.

Farmers' Alliances in South and West

The Farmers' Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870s and 1880s.

California

The Golden State

Greenback party

The Greenback Party (known successively as the Independent Party, the National Independent Party, and the Greenback Labor Party) was an American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology which was active between 1874 and 1889.

Wampanoags

The Indian Tribe that first encountered the Pilgram colonists in New England

Emergence of Republican Party

The Republican party was formed by a mixture of whigs and abolitionist. Kansas Nebraska Act was major cause to its formation. Caused a rise of tension between the South and North

Texas

The Lone Star State

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, created by Congress in 1958 to direct the US efforts to build missiles and explore outer space.

Pendleton Act of 1881

The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (ch. 27, 22 Stat. 403) of United States is a federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit.

The Farming Of Sugar Caused

The Need For Slaves In Spanish Colonies

Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73"

The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries.

Panic of 1893

The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year. Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures.

increased lynching

The Progressive Era coincided with years when _______ toward thousands of blacks by racist mobs occurred.

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

The Progressives respected Forest Service chief __1___ and distrusted Taft's secretary of the Interior ___2___, especially when he opened public lands in Alaska for private development. When __1__ criticized __2__, Taft fired __1__ for insubordination, angering Progressives but applauded by Conservatives.

disarmament

The Republican presidents of the 1920s tried to promote peace and also scale back expenditures on defense by arranging treaties of ________, or the act of reducing or depriving of arms. The most successful _____ conference was held in Washington, DC in 1921

Bull Moose party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894

The Revenue Act or Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 (ch. 349, §73, 28 Stat. 570, August 27, 1894) slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax.

Second Berlin Crisis

The Soviets gave the West six months to pull its troops out of West Berlin before turning over the city to the East Germans. The US refused to yield, but Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to Camp David in 1959 to defuse the crisis, and they agreed to put off the conflict and scheduled another summit conference in Paris in 1960.

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

The Specie Payment Resumption Act of January 14, 1875, was a law in the United States which restored the nation to the gold standard through the redemption of previously unbacked United States Notes and reversed inflationary government policies promoted directly after the American Civil War.

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Middle East War

The Syrians and Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands in the Six-Day War of 1967

McKinley Tariff of 1890

The Tariff Act of 1890, commonly called the McKinley Tariff, was an act of the United States Congress framed by Representative William McKinley that became law on October 1, 1890.

What was the most decisive factor that helped Thomas Jefferson win the 1800 presidential election?

The Three-Fifths Compromise

Hay-Paincefote Treaty

The Treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and control a canal across the Central American isthmus to connect the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean

reparations

The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay $30 billion in ______ to the Allies, which didn't end well.

What dangerous contingency did Germany attach to its "Sussex" pledge not to attack unarmed neutral shipping during the years of the war?

The United States would have to persuade the Allies to end their blockade of Germany, or unrestricted submarine warfare would resume.

CIA

The US Central Intelligence Agency, used to help overthrow the Iranian govt in 1953 and the Guatemalan govt in 1954 to protect American business interests. Also acted in secret and under lax controls by civilian officials to plan assassinations of national leaders. Fueled anti-American feelings in global relations.

fall of Diem

The US ally in South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem, was overthrown and killed by South Vietnamese generals. He was not popular, and Kennedy was questioning whether the Vietnamese could win the war just before both he and Diem were killed.

Spirit of Geneva

The US proposal of an "open-skies" policy at the Geneva produced the first thaw in the Cold War, despite the Soviet rejection of the proposal by new premier Nikolai Bulganin.

Cause of Filipino Insurrection

The US refused political independence for the Philippines

Operation Wetback

The US response to complaints from native-born workers and from Mexico which forced an estimated 3.8 million people to return to Mexico. Those remaining often faced discrimination and exploitation by commercial farmers.

U-2 Incident

The USSR shot down a high-altitude US spy plane flying over their territory, exposing secret US tactic of spy flights over Soviet territory to find out about its missile program. Eisenhower took full responsibility after they were exposed, but his honesty was a diplomatic mistake, as Khrushchev denounced the US and walked out of the Paris summit.

Election of 1880

The United States presidential election of 1880 was the 24th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1880. It was largely seen as a referendum on the end of Reconstruction in Southern states carried out by the Republicans.

election of 1884

The United States presidential election of 1884 was the 25th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1884. It saw the first election of a Democrat as President of the United States since the election of 1856. The campaign was marred by exceptional political acrimony and personal invective.

election of 1888, Harrison

The United States presidential election of 1888 was the 26th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1888.

election of 1892, Cleveland returns

The United States presidential election of 1892 was the 27th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1892. It witnessed a re-match of the closely contested presidential election in 1888.

Region Temperance Movement Got Most Support From In The 19th Century

The West

self-determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

The anti-union act outlawed the closed shop and secondary boycotts. It also authorized the president to seek injunctions to prevent strikes that posed a threat to national security.

the frontier

The area that was newly settled in the West, it moved further west over time.

assassination of James Garfield

The assassination of President James A. Garfield took place in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881, at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at 9:30 am, less than four months into Garfield's term as the 20th President of the United States.

Jackie Robinson

The baseball player to break the color line in 1947 as the first African-American to play on a major league team since the 1880s (the Brooklyn Dodgers).

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. Most of this legislation was passed under President JOhnson

In the years before the War of 1812, what was impressment?

The capture and forced military service of American seamen by the British

dred scott v. sanford

The case that ruled that slaves were property and could not sue

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires after World War II which led to the independence of dozens of colonies in Asia and Africa. New third world countries often lacked stable political and economic institutions, needed foreign aid from either the US or the Soviet Union -- often become pawns of the Cold War.

The Mayflower Compact Influenced...

The concept of rule by majority

Hubert Humphrey

The democratic nominee for the presidency in the election of 1968. He was LBJ's vice president, and was supportive of his Vietnam policies. This support split the Democratic party, allowing Nixon to win the election for the Republicans.

What was a fundamental belief to the multiple-use conversations?

The environment could be effectively protected and managed without shutting it off from human use.

In office, Jefferson only eliminated one Federalist program, which was

The excise taxes

Hetch Hetchy Valley

The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.

quota laws of 1921 and 1924

The first ______ limited immigration to 3% of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 Census (maximum of 375,000). To reduce the number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, Congress passed a second _______ that set quotas of 2% base on the Census of 1890 (before the arrival of "new" immigrants). The law chiefly restricted those groups considered "undesirable" by nativists.

Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960

The first civil rights laws enacted by congress since reconstruction, providing for a permanent Civil Rights Commission and giving the Justice Department new powers to protect the voting rights of blacks.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619

American Federation of Labor

The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

House of Burgesses

The first official legislative assembly in the Colonies

Fort Sumter

The first shots of the Civil War were fired in South Carolina

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

100th meridian

The great plains were west of this vertical line

Antinomianism

The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation.

Popular sovereignty

The idea that the decision on whether or not a state should allow slavery should be left up to the people of the state. -This brought up issues such as people moving to other states to vote on such decision -Lead to Bleeding Kansas

dow jones index

The index of stock prices that fell from its high of 381 before the crash to an ultimate low of 41.

Interstate Commerce Commission

The interstate commerce act created this which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools rebates and other discriminatory practices

Credit Cards

The introduction of suburban shopping centers and _______________ provided a quick means of satisfying material wants.

Judicial Act of 1801

The last important law passed by the Federalist Congress. It created sixteen new federal judgeships and other judical offices. It was created as a last ditch effort to secure the Federalist control over the Judiciary Branch.

Adamson Act

The law established an eight-hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime. It was the first federal law regulating the hours of workers in private companies, and was upheld by the Supreme Court in Wilson v. New

How did the Underwood Tariff Act reflect President Wilson's progressive goals?

The law lowered tariff rates and established the first graduated federal income tax.

Mao Zedong

The leader of the communist movement in China in the 1940s. His Red Army overthrew the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek in 1949 and established the People's Republic of China.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; the Secretary of State during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Booker T. Washington

The most influential African American at the turn of the century, born into slavery, head of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. He argued that blacks' need for education and progress were of foremost importance, and that they should concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages. Only after establishing a secure economic base could Afr. Ams. hope to realize their other goal of political and social equality.

Causes of Movement

The movement of millions of African Americans to the urban centers of the South and the North, the growth of the Democratic party during the New Deal with the Af-Am vote, and changing attitudes during the cold war as the US was competing against communist ideology, segregation and discrimination stood out as glaring wrongs against democracy and freedom.

Hollywood

The movie industry centered in _____, California became the big business of the 1920s. Going to the movies became a national habit in cities, suburbs, and small towns

The "Era of Good Feelings"refers to

The presidency of James Monroe

Taiwan

The only refuge for Chiang and the Nationalists was the island once under Japanese rule also called Formosa.

Immediate effect of the Fugitive Slave Laws

The passage of "personal liberty laws" in northern states

Who Were The First Americans

The people to travel across the land bridge.

Pragmatism

The philosophy that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They should experiment with ideas and laws, and test them in action until they found something that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. Progressives adopted this new philosophy because it enabled them to challenge fixed notions that stood in the way of reform.

Progressive Party

The popular name of the "People's Party," formed in the 1890's as a coalition of Midwest farm groups, socialists, and labor organizations, such as the American Federation of Labor. It attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax.

What critical authority was given to the Federal Board by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 to permit quasi-public management of the banking and currency system?

The power to issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by alternating interest rates.

Lecompton Constitution

The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected.

Why were Americans disturbed when the superintendent of the census announced in 1890 that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible

The promise of an endlessly open and vacant West was now over

Union and Central Pacific

The railroad companies that worked toether to create the first transcontinental railroad

Mineral resources

The rushes for these gave many territories that ability to become states because of the sheer amount of people to head for the western riches

Tuskegee Institute

The scientific institute that african American George Washington carver came from who suggested diversifying crops

Andrew Jackson

The seventh president of the United States. He became a general in 1812 and was the leader in the Battle of New Orleans. Two weeks after he had won the battle, the diplomats that returned from Britain came back with a treaty, thus the Americans had believed that the British had once again surrendered and a new era of nationalism came. As president he introduced the spoils system.

Integrated rail network

The south was added to the national rail network wishing promoted business. New south ideas

national debt

The sum of government deficits over time.

Underwood Tariff

The tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, gap that has since been vastly widened

Spanish-speaking areas

This is where Hispanic culture was preserved, in the New Mexico territories, the border towns, and the barrios of Cali

Division of Vietnam

The terms of the Geneva Conference temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel until a general election could be held. A communist dictatorship under Ho Chi Minh was established in the North, and a govt under Ngo Dinh Diem supported by anticommunist, Catholic, and urban Vietnamese emerged in the South. General election was never held, mostly because fear communists would win. US gave over $1 billion in aid 1955-1961 to South Vietnam to build a stable, anticommunist state, justified with the domino theory.

role of women

The traditional separation of labor between men and women continued in the 1920s. Most middle-class women expected to spend their lives as homemakers and mothers. The introduction into the home of such laborsaving devices as the washing machine and vacuum cleaner eased but did not substantially change the daily routines of the homemaker.

Second American Revolution

The transformation of American government and society brought about by the Civil War.

Tenskwatawa (the prophet)

The twin brother of the Shawnee Indian Tecumseh. Was a religious and political leader. United many of the tribes along the Mississippi River in 1811 to stop the white settlers from pushing farther into the western wilderness.

Lowell System

The use of water powered textile mills that employed young unmarried women in the 1800's

Short Term Effects Of The Louisiana Purchase

The vast expanse of territory and the feeble reach of the government obliged to control it raised fears of secession and foreign intrigue

Railroads and middlemen

These businesses that were serial to the marketing of produce for the farmers often charged what they wished because there was hardly any competition

Great Plains tribes

These nomadic tribes of natives including the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, crow, and Comanche. Used horses to hunt the buffalo

Republican Stance on Slavery

They adopted the Free Soil Position of not allowing Slavery to spread from where it already existed

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

election of 1918

This Congressional Election was significant in that the days before the election, Wilson pleaded his support of his peace plans by voting for Democratic representation in Congress, but then Republicans gained control of both houses, which hurt the broad support of Wilson's plans.

Federal Reserve Act (1914)

This act created a central banking system under President Wilson, consisting of 12 regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. Ever since, Americans have purchased goods and services using the Federal Reserve notes (dollar bills) issued by the federally regulated banking system.

Platt Amendment (1901)

This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.

Second Bank Of The United Staes

This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.

Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

This mans view on the frontier as that it was an evolutionary process essential to Americas development and that it had all but dissapeared

Child Labor Act

This measure, long favored by settlement house workers and labor unions alike, was enacted in 1916. It prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old. However, the SC found this act to be unconstitutional in the 1918 case Hammer v. Dagenhart.

article x

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

NSC-68

This policy statement committed the United States to a military approach to the Cold War.

hereditary aristocracy

This was not present in the colonies. Rather than birth being a social determinant, wealth was.

Chinese exclusion act of 1882

This was passed in congress because native born americans resented the competition. First act of congress to restrict immigration to the US Based on race. Prohibited further immigration to the states by Chinese laborers

bank holidays

This was the temporary shutdown of banks throughout the country by executive order of President Roosevelt in March 1933.

Amelia Bloomer

This woman was responsible for creating a new trend in fashion for women- a type of pants.

Thomas Watson

Thomas Edward "Tom" Watson (September 5, 1856 - September 26, 1922) was an American politician, attorney, newspaper editor, and writer from Georgia.

service of African americans

Truman desegregated the military. Served in segregated units

Berlin Airlift

Truman ordered U.S. planes to fly in supplies to the people of West Berlin.

Committee in Civil Rights

Truman used his executive powers to establish this. He was the first modern president to use the powers of his office to challenge racial discrimination.

Lewis and Clark

Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase

Yellowstone, Yosemite

Two national parks, or forest reserves

Laird rams

Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm.

frances perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

Latin American policy

US investors in Mexico feared, once it took ownership of its resources, that the government might confiscate their properties. A peaceful resolution to protect their interests was negotiated in 1927. Coolidge kept troops in Nicaragua and Haiti but withdrew them from the Dominican Republic in 1924. Although American military influence declined, American economic impact increased.

Mexican War

US vs. Mexico; US gained California, Arizona, N. Mexico

compulsory school attendance

Ultimately, ______ laws proved most effective in keeping children out a mines and factories

Florida Purchase Treaty

Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)

John Wilkes Booth

United States actor and assassin of President Lincoln (1838-1865)

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Thorstein Veblen

United States economist who wrote about conspicuous consumption (1857-1929)

John Deere

United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886)

intervention in Nicaragua

United States interest in Nicaragua, which had waned during the last half of the 1800s because of isolationist sentiment following the United States Civil War (1861-65), grew again during the final years of the Zelaya administration. Angered by the United States choice of Panama for the site of a transisthmian canal, President Zelaya made concessions to Germany and Japan for a competing canal across Nicaragua. Relations with the United States deteriorated, and civil war erupted in October 1909, when anti-Zelaya liberals joined with a group of conservatives under Juan Estrada to overthrow the government. The United States broke diplomatic relations with the Zelaya administration after two United States mercenaries serving with the rebels were captured and executed by government forces. Soon thereafter, 400 United States marines landed on the Caribbean coast. Weakened and pressured by both domestic and external forces, Zelaya resigned on December 17, 1909. His minister of foreign affairs, José Madriz, was appointed president by the Nicaraguan Congress. A liberal from León, Madriz was unable to restore order under continuing pressure from conservatives and the United States forces, and he resigned on August 20, 1910.

Cyrus McCormick

United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical harvester (1809-1884)

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Roger Taney

United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court

John Muir

United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)

James Fenimore Cooper

United States novelist noted for his stories of indians and the frontier life (1789-1851)

Sinclair Lewis

United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

Nat Turner

United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia

Alexander Hamilton

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists

Ralph Waldo Emerson

United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)

immigrant vote

Until the 1880s most immigrants had come from the British Isles and western Europe, chiefly Germany ... by "bosses" of the city; Trading jobs and services for votes, a powerful boss might claim the loyalty

Munn v Illinois

Upheld the right of a state to regulate business of a public nature, such as railroads

Which literary work inspired the publication of the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906?

Upton Sinclair's -The Jungle

submarine warfare

Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain

Great American desert

Vast arid area in the west that included the great plains, the rocky mountains, and the western plateau. Soon it was overtaken by settlers

Andrew Johnson

Vice President who became president after Lincoln's assassination.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Was part of both the jazz age and the lost generation. Wrote books encouraging the flapper culture, and books scorning wealthy people being self-centered.

Connecticut Plan

Wanted bicameral Congress with 2 people per state

debt moratorium

War debts could no longer continue, it was so bad. Hooever proposed a suspension on the payment of international debts, Britain and Germany agree, but France declined. The international economy suffered from massive loan defaults.

Hatian Revolution

War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independence black republic in the Americas. It was inspired by the American Revolution and was lead by Toussaimt L'Ouverture

weak presidents

Warren G Harding i. Weak-willed president whose easy going ways opened the door to widespread corruption in his administration Charles Evans Hughes G. Strong-minded leader of Harding's cabinet and initator of major naval agreements Andrew Mellon H. Wealthy industrialist and conservative secretary of the treasury in the 1920's. Henry Sinclair M. Wealthy oilman who bribed cabinet officials in the Teapot Dome scandal John Davis E. Weak, compromise Democratic candidate in 1924 Albert B Fall D. Harding's interior secretary, convicted of taking bribes for leases on federal oil reserves Harry Daugherty F. US attorney general and a member of Harding's corrupt "Ohio Gang" who was forced to resign in administration scandals Calvin Coolidge O. Tight-lipped Vermonter who promoted frugality and pro-business policies during his presidency Robert La Follette L. Leader of a loberal third-party insurgency who attracted little support outside the farm belt Herbert Hoover K. Secretary of commerce through much of the 1920's whose reputation for economic genius became a casualty of the Great Depression Al Smith C. The "Happy Warrior" who attracted votes in the cities but lost them in the south Black Tuesday A. The worst single event of the great stock market crash of 1929 Charles Dawes B. Negotiator of a plan to reschedule German reparation payments and Calvin Coolidge's vice president after 1925 Douglas MacArthur N. Commander of the troops who forcefully ousted the "army" of unemployed veterans fromm Washington in 1932 Henry Stimson J. Hoover's secretary of state, who sought scantions against Japan for its aggression in Manchuria

Minerals In The West

Was used to fund the civil war. Attracted settlers to the west (mostly rural folks) Was actually very lacking and higher amounts were found in other US lands

building the Panama Canal

Waterway across the Isthmus of Panama. The canal connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The United States built it from 1904 to 1914 on territory leased from Panama.

Beliefs of Anti-Federalists

Weak central government bill of rights strong states rights

Robert Owen

Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)

counterculture

Went hand in hand with the New Left, expressed by young people in rebellious styles of dress, music, drug use, and communal living. The dress code of these "flower children" included long hair, beards, beads, and jeans.

Wilson in Paris

Went to Paris for the treaty of Versailles

Dixiecrats

Were conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats.

Railroads

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west

Great Plains

West of the 100th meridian line and had few trees and received less than 15 inches of rain a year and had blizzards and hot dry summers and had bison

Reasons for Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. It was short-lived and reduced the pressure on the economy

attitudes toward suffrage

Wilson and congress began to support 19th amendment due to women taking over the jobs of men who went to war

Payne-Aldrich Bill

While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed"

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

"Buffalo Bill" Wild West Show

William F. Cody's show who headlined his shows with personalities such as "Sitting Bull" and marks-woman "Annie Oakley"

"holy experiment"

William Penn wanted his new colony to achieve three purposes: provide religious refuge all people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself

Wilson's stroke

Wilson collapses in one of his speeches in Colorado and has to go back to Washington. In Washington he had a massive stroke and was paralyzed on the right side of his body. Wilson was unable to sign his name and nobody saw Wilson for nine months after his stroke

Edward house

Wilson sent chief foriegn policy adviser to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement. It was unsuccessful.

Which statement best describes the contrasts between Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom progressiveness and Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism progressivism?

Wilson's New Freedom emphasized small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets; while Roosevelt's New Nationalism favored continued consolidation of the trusts and labor unions, supplemented by the growth of federal regulatory agencies.

Wisconsin Idea

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follett won passage of the ______ - a series of progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance.

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Withdrew federal timberlands from development and regulated use.

Mary McCauley

Woman who took place of her husband in Revolutionary War

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

Dwight Eisenhower

World War II General in charge of D-Day, national hero and President 1953-1961.

Theodore Dreiser

Wrote two muckraking books, "The Financier" and "The Titan," portraying the avarice and ruthlessness of the industrialist.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance;it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.

Ida Tarbell

Wrote a series of muckraking articles such as "The History of Standard Oil Company" (1902), combining careful research with sensationalism.

David G. Phillips

Wrote series in the Cosmopolitan titled "The Treason of the Senate." which claimed that 75 of the 90 senators worked for the railroads rather then the people

Burger Court

___ ____ was appointed by Nixon in 1969 as the 15th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Court he presided over was more conservative that the Warren Court, handing over more power to the states throught the Court's decisions

revivalists: Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson

___1___ of the 1920s preached a fundamentalist message, for the first time making full use of the radio. ____2___ drew large crowed as he attacked drinking, gambling, and dancing; and ___3____ condemned the twin evils of communism and jazz music from LA.

white, old stock Protestants

__________ felt that their central role in society had been replaced by wealthy industrialists and urban political machines. They preached against vice and taught a code of social responsibility, which included caring for the less fortunate and insisting on honesty in public life.

American Antislavery Society

abolitionist group that sought immediate abolition of slavery with no compensation to slaveowners

The Second Great Awakening

a Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. Lead to many progressive movements: abolitionist, woman's rights, temperance

Federal Trade Commission Act

a banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising and mislabeling of goods

Betty Friedan, "The Feminine Mystique"

a book that gave the women's rights movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to filling the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker.

Students for a Democratic Society

a campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. Originally geared toward the intellectual promise of "participatory democracy," SDS emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and anitwar movements during the 1960s

joint-stock company

a company in which investors buy stock in return for a share of its future profits

spheres of influence

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

American Temperance Society

a group established in Boston of 1826 for the reform and abstinence of alcohol

Paxton Boys

a group of farmers massacre a peaceful Native American tribe because of Pennsylvania's Indian policy

unicameral legislature

a legislature with one chamber

business prosperity

a lengthy period of ______ (1922-1928) ended in 1929, but during the boom years unemployment was below 4%

Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps

a loyal, reliable, and hardworking supporter or participant in an organization or team, a person whose parents are of different races, especially the offspring of an American Indian and a person of white European ancestry, person who remains aloof or independent, especially from party politics.

sectarian

a member of a sect that is a faction with extreme beliefs

Anglo-Saxon heritage

a member of the Germanic people who conquered Britain in the fifth century A.D. ,the language of the Anglo-Saxons, a person whose ancestors were English

Catholics, Lutherans, Jews

a member of the Roman Catholic Church, member of the Lutheran Church, a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who trace their origins through the ancient Hebrew people of Israel to Abraham.

initiative

a method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill

referendum

a method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots

abolitionism

a movement to end slavery

survival of the fittest

a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment

Soviet Afghanistan Invasion

a nine-year conflict involving the ___ ___ supporting the Marxist-Leninist government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan at their own request[clarification needed] against the Taliban forces supported by USA

military "advisers"

a noncombat specialist who trains and equips another nations soldiers, used in the Vietnam War to train the South Vietnamese army and guarded weapons and facilities.

De Lome Letter

a note written by Señor Don Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, to Don José Canelejas, the Foreign Minister of Spain, reveals de Lôme's opinion about the Spanish involvement in Cuba and US President McKinley's diplomacy.

gold rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Second Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid growth in manufacturing and industry in the late 1800s

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (___) while prices rise (___)

Social reformers, temperance

a person who disputes; who is good at or enjoys controversy, self-control.

business vs. consumers

a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade, a person who purchases goods and services for personal use.

planter

a plantation owner

expansionist politicians

a policy or practice of expansion and especially of territorial expansion by a nation.

Monroe Doctrine

a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.

railroads in China

a railroad that connected the eastern United States to the western United States. The railroad firmly bonded the West Coast the Union, created a trade route to the far-east, and helped the western expansion

French Revolution

a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789

revivalism

a religious movement that focused on individual religious experience rather than on church doctrine

Anaconda Plan

a three-part strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War

The Federalist Papers

a series of essays written to build support for ratification of the Constitution

equal protection of the laws

a standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government

land bridge

a strip of land connecting two continents

Identity politics

a tendency for people of a particular religion, race, social background, etc., to form exclusive political alliances, moving away from traditional broad-based party politics.

trust-busting

a term that referred to President Theodore Roosevelt's policy of prosecuting monopolies, or "trusts," that violated federal antitrust law. Roosevelt's "trust-busting" policy marked a major departure from previous administrations' policies, which had generally failed to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, and added momentum to the progressive reform movements of the early 1900s.

March to Montgomery

a voting rights march from Selma, AL to the state capital, met with beatings and tear gas and became known as "Bloody Sunday," televised pictures of the violence proved to be a turning point in the CR movement

Dry Farming

a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture, and using plants that require less water

Protestant work ethic

a work ethic of the protestants that encouraged individual endeavors towards gaining wealth

advertising

a written or spoken media message designed to interest consumers in purchasing a product or service

James Meredith

a young African American air force veteran who, in 1962, attempted to enroll in the University of Mississippi. A federal court guaranteed his right to attend, but Kennedy had to send 400 federal mar

yuppie

a young person with a well-paid job and a fashionable lifestyle. Most likely to oppose the anti-Vietnam sentiment

vertical intergration

acquiring control of all the steps required to change raw materials into finished product acquiring control of all the steps required to change raw materials into finished product

Margaret Sanger

advocate of birth control in the 1920s even though it was against the law in almost every state, achieved growing acceptance

Francis Willard, WCTU

advocated for total abstinence from alcohol

Voting Rights Act of 1965

after much brutality in Selma, AL against MLK Jr. and his marches, President Johnson passed the _________ ending literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas where blacks were kept from voting, which was dramatic in the Deep South.

Declaratory Act

allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists' say

steel-framed buildings

allowed building of skyscrapers and expansion of buildings in crowded cities , by going upwards not out

French in Mexico

also known as the Maximilian Affair, Mexican Adventure, the War of the French Intervention, the Franco-Mexican War or the Second Franco-Mexican War, was an invasion of Mexico in late 1861 by the Second French Empire, supported in the beginning by the United Kingdom and Spain.

Crittenden Compromise

amendment to protect slavery where it existed with the extension of the 36-30 line to California

Alamo

an abandoned mission near San Antonio that became an important battle site in the Texas Revolution

William S. Mount

an American genre painter and contemporary of the Hudson River School.

African Americans

an American who has African and especially black African ancestors

Quartering Act

an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

regulatory commissions

an agency of the executive branch of government that controls or directs some aspect of the economy such as railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance.

Helen Hunt Jackson

an author who wrote A Century of Dishonor which chronicled the government's actions against the Indians. She also wrote Romona, which was a love story about Indians. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians.

laissez-faire capitalism

an economic system in which the market makes all decisions and the government plays no role

mercantilism

an economic theory that believe the colonies should benefit the mother country

Carrie Chapman Catt

an energetic reformer from Iowa, president of NAWSA, argued for the vote as a broadening of democracy which would empower women, thus enabling them to more actively care for their families in an industrial society. At first, ____ continued NAWSA's drive to win votes for women at the state level before changing strategies and seeking a suffrage amendment to the US constitution.

Frederick W. Taylor

an engineer, an inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies.

corrupt bargain

an improper or unlawful agreement between politicians

foreign commerce

an interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale between different countries

league of nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. Did not work

Tammy Hall

an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city

Theodore Rosevelts agressive involvment and support in Panama caused

anti American sentiment in Latin America

American party

anti-immigration party dominant in the 1850s. Also called the Know-Nothing party.

Frank Lloyd Wright

architect with a very organic style that was in harmony with its natural surroundings

Romanesque style

architectural style of massive stone walls + rounded arches. These gave a stateliness to commercial buildings

Oliver Wendell Holmes

argued that the law should evolve with the times in response to changing needs + not remain restricted by legal precedents + judicial decisions of the past

Workingmen's party

artisans formed this to compete in local and state elections

General Huerta

as a Mexican military officer and president of Mexico. Huerta's supporters were known as Huertistas during the Mexican Revolution.

William Clark

assistant leader on Corps of Discovery expedition & "protector" of Sacagawea

Susan B. Anthony, NAWSA

associate to secure the vote for women

Malcolm X

became a convert to Islam while in prion, acquired a reputation as the movements most controversial voice, criticized King as subservient to whites and advocated self-defense, using black violence to counter white violence, assassinated by black opponents in 1965

Antisaloon League

became powerful political force + by 1916 persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons + bars

Tampico incident

began as a minor incident involving U.S. sailors and Mexican land forces loyal to General Victoriano Huerta during the guerra de las facciones phase of the Mexican Revolution.

Deism

belief in a God who created the world but has since remained indifferent to it.

Loose construction

belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit

Michael Harrington, "The Other America"

best-selling book on poverty, helped focus national attention on the 40 million Americans still living in poverty

Pancho Villa

better known by his pseudonym Francisco Villa or his nickname Pancho Villa - was one of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals.

leading industrial power

by 1900 US manufactured more than all its leading rivals, Great Britain, France, and Germany

How did the Venezuelan border dispute indirectly lead to the Spanish American War

caused the american people to be war crazy

Gospel of Wealth

called on those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society

white-collar workers

category of workers employed in offices, sales, or professional positions

expanding middle class

cause by increase in number of good paying occupations after the Civil War

bankruptcy of railroads

caused consolidation and seven giant systems to control two-thirds of nation's railroads

speculation and overbuilding

caused financial panic in 1893, forcing one quarter of railroads into bankruptcy

Alfred Kinsey

challenged traditional beliefs about sexual conduct in the late 1940s and 1950s by pioneering surveys of sexual practice indicating that premarital sex, marital infidelity, and homosexuality were more common than anyone had suspected.

refrigeration; canning

changed the eating habits of Americans to mass production

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

citizens give up some individual rights for general will of society

Port Act

closed port of Boston, prohibiting imports and exports until tea was paid for

horizontal intergration

combining many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large corporation

General Westmoreland

commander of the US forces in Vietnam, assured the American public that he could see the "light at the end of the tunnel" even though 16,000 Americans had already died in the conflict

Paul Volcker

committed the American central bank to do whatever was necessary to bring inflation down, high-interest, low-inflation, policy. He pushed real interest rates up from near or below zero to 10%. This forced companies to economize on other costs, such as labor.

Pan-American Conference (1889)

commonly referred to as the Pan-American Conferences, were meetings of the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade.

George Gershwin

composer, son of Russian-Jewish immigrants, blended jazz and classical music in his symphonic Rhapsody in Blue and the folk opera Porgy and Bess.

nullification crisis

conflict between the supporters and the opponents of nullification deepened

Second Bank of the United States

created in 1816 with a 20 year charter; destroyed by Andrew Jackson

Carrie Nation

created sensation by raiding saloons + smashing barrels of beer with a hatchet

Pocahontas

daughter of powhatan, acted as an intermediary between settlers and Indians

free-soil movement

did not demand the end of slavery but its chief objective was to prevent the extension of slavery

Public Land Act

in 1796 established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices.

corner saloon, pool halls

drinking and gambling often took place in such places as leisure activities despite the temperance movement

gross national product

dropped from $104 billion to $56 billion in four years 1929-1932 National income dropped 50%

railroad strike of 1877

during an economic depression, when the railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs.

Whig past, pro-business

during era of jacksonian democracy opposed jackson pro bank of u.s. (national bank) pro high tariffs pro federal funding for internal improvements pro political action for social reform divided on terms of slavery to conscience and cotton whigs

economic nationalism

emphasis on domestic control of the economy

recall

enabled voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote before that official's term had expired.

women and children factory workers

encouraged by low factory wages, working-class families depended on incomes from these

federal government jobs

ertaining to or of the nature of a union of states under a central government distinct from the individual governments of the separate states, as in federal government; federal system.

Dawes Plan (1924)

established by Charles Dawes in 1924, cycle of payments flowing from US to Germany and from Germany to the Allies. US banks would lend Germany huge sums to rebuild its economy and pay reparations to Britain and France. In turn, B&F would use the reparation money to pay back the US. This cycle helped ease financial problems on both sides of the Atlantic, but collapsed in 1929.

Back to Africa movement

established by Marcus Garvey, encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America.

Bureau of the Budget

established by the Republican Congress under Warren Harding, with procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget for Congress to review and vote on

Roe v. Wade

established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. connecticut

Navigation Acts

established three rules for colonial trade: (1) goods only carried on English ships (2) imported goods could only pass through ports in England (3) listed goods that could be exported to England only

League of Women Voters

following the 19th amendments ratification, Carrie Chapman Catt organized the ______, a civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues.

rural vs. urban

for the first time, the 1920 census reported that more than half of the American population lived in urban areas. The culture of cities was based on popular tastes, morals, and habits of mass consumption that were increasingly at odds with the strict moral codes of rural America.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

Dwight Moody

founded Moody Bible Institute in Chicago in 1889 to help urban evangelist to adapt traditional Christianity to city life

Washingtonians

founded by Gough in the 1840's. Were dedicated to reclaiming lives lost to alcoholism

American Peace Society

founded in 1828 to abolish war, actively protested war in Mexico

Johns Hopkins University

founded in Baltimore in 1976 as 1st American institution to specialize in advanced graduate studies, emphasized research + free inquiry

Samuel Gridley Howe

founder of the first American school for the blind students

reconstruction finance corporation

gave 2 billion to states, banks, and insurance companies for self liquidating projects. Plan worked but 2 billion wasnt enough

Amnesty Act of 1872

gave forgiveness to former Confederates and Whites in the South and allowed them to vote again

Foraker Act

gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico

14th Amendment

gives U.S. citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in America

Stamp Act Congress

held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed

Wage and price controls

government-imposed ____ on the maximum prices that may be charged for specific goods and services, plus controls on permissible wage increases

"City Beautiful" movement

grand plans in the 1890's to remake US cities w/ tree lined streets, public parks, + public cultural attractions

Long Term Effects Of The Louisiana Pirchase

greatly expanded the fortunes of the United States and the power of the federal government

headright system

guaranteed 50 acres of land to anyone who paid the passage of a new immigrant to the colony

military intervention

has been defined as a state's use of "military force against another state when the chief publicly declared aim of that military action is ending human-rights violations being perpetrated by the state against which it is directed."

Force Acts

helped protect the voting rights of African-Americans and limit the activities of the KKK

asylum movement

humanitarian reformers wanted to set up public institutions in which people could seek refuge in

cult of domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Creek Nation

important British ally defeated by Jackson.

Mary Cassatt

impressionist paint who worked with pastel colors

Thomas Gallaudet

improved the education and lives of people with hearing impairments

Act of Toleration (1649)

in Maryland; first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians; called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus

central power

in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

overland trails

include Oregon Trail, Mormon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, California Trail; method of westward migration

women's movement

increased education and employment of women in the 1950s, the civil rights movement, and sexual revolution all contributed to a renewal of the _________ in the 1960s.

Late 60's saw a ...

increased love in country

Cardinal Gibbons

inspired support from immigrants to defend Knights of Labor + cause of organized labor

flexible response

instead of massive retaliation and reliance on nuclear weapons, Kennedy and McNamara increased spending on conventional arms and mobile military forces, reducing risk of using nuclear weapons and increasing temptation to send elite special forces in combat all over the globe (Green Berets)

Algeciras Conference (1906)

international conference of the great European powers and the United States, held at Algeciras, Spain, to discuss France's relationship to the government of Morocco. The conference climaxed the First Moroccan Crisis (see Moroccan crises).

Pearl Harbor

is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet.

big-city political machines

is a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts. The machine's power is based on the ability of the workers to get out the vote for their candidates on election day.

era of Republican dominance

is a system where there is "a category of parties/political organizations that have successively won election victories and whose future defeat cannot be envisaged or is unlikely for the foreseeable future." A wide range of parties have been cited as being dominant at one time or another, including the Kuomintang in the Republic of China, the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa and the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan. Such dominance has not always been a matter of concern, with, for example, the dominance of the Indian National Congress being seen by some as source of stability supportive of the consolidation of democracy.

Open Door policy

is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy in the late 19th century and 20th century outlined in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dispatched in 1899 to his European counterparts.

ABC powers

is a term sometimes used to describe the South American countries of Argentina, Brazil and Chile, which are seen as three of the most powerful and wealthy countries in South America.

fusion of Democrats and Populists

is an arrangement where two or more political parties on a ballot list the same candidate, pooling the votes for that candidate. Distinct from the process of electoral alliances in that the political parties remain separately listed on the ballot, the practice of electoral fusion in jurisdictions where it exists allows minor parties to influence election results and policy by offering to endorse or nominate a major party's candidate.

Guam and Phillippines

is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the western Pacific Ocean. It is one of five U.S. territories with an established civilian government.officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean.

Jones Act (1916)

is federal legislation that protects American workers injured at sea. Also referred to as the Merchant Marine Act of 1920, this law allows qualifying sailors who have been involved in accidents or become sick while performing their duties to recover compensation from their employers.

Noble Peace Prize (1906)

is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature.

Hawaii

is the 50th and most recent U.S. state to join the United States, having joined the Union on August 21, 1959. It is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one made up entirely of islands.

divided government

is the term used in the USA to refer to the situation in which one party controls the presidency while the other party controls Congress. In other words, one party controls the executive while the other party controls the legislature.

corrupt politicians

is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain.

Specie Circular

it required that all public lands be purchased with "hard" money

"yellow journalism"

journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.

Knights of Labor

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms

Warren Harding

landslide Republican president elect of 1920, unclear about where he stood on every issue, only memorable phrase in Harding's campaign was his assertion that the American people wanted a "return to normalcy."

Sugar Act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Indian Removal Act

law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River

Civil Rights Act of 1875

law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

Land Ordinance of 1785

law that established a plan for dividing the federally owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountains

Civil Rights Act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

John Adams

lawyer who defended British soldiers accused of murder in the Boston Massacre; Second President of US

Black Muslims

leader Elijah Muhammad, preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. Attracted thousands of followers, including Malcolm X.

Meriwether Lewis

leader of the Corps of Discovery expedition to the Louisiana territory

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

leader was Stokely Carmichael; focused on black power and protesting the Vietnam War; played major role in the freedom rides and sit-ins

state regulation of education and safety

leaders of the social justice movement such as Jane Addams and Florence Kelley lobbied vigorously with considerable success for __________ such as through better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, and safety regulations for tenements and factories.

Venustiano Carranza

led a revolutionary movement against Huerta with support from the US

Isaac Brock

led the British and Canadians to capture the American fort Michilimackinac

Eugene Debs

led the Pullman strike and founded the American Railway Union

US vs E. C. Knight

legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court first interpreted the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

Free African Americans

lived primarily in cities due to racial prejudice, had to show legal papers to prove free status

factory wage earners

lower than white color; barely enough money to live on

Civil Rights Act of 1964

made segregation illegal in all public facilities, including hotels and restaurants, and gave the federal government additional powers to enforce school desegregation

strikes of 1919

major strike in Seattle, 60,000 unionists had peaceful strike for higher pay, troops called out, Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize, Coolidge sent in National Guard, US Steel Corporation strike was broken in January 1920

ethnic neighborhoods

many immigrants wanted to live with people of the same language, race, culture, and religion so they settled in these sometimes called ghettos

penitentiaries

maximum security federal correctional institutions

melting pot vs. cultural diversity

melting pot implies that all people in America are the same (racist assimilation) while cultural diversity implies that US is a mix of many people from different places with acceptance among them

open shop

membership in unions declined in the 1920s, partly because most companies insisted on an _______, or keeping jobs open to nonunion workers.

Open Door note

mesage sent by John Hay to other countries to protect U.S. trading rights in China

Lakota Sioux

migratory tribe that followed buffalo, but maintained a few permanent settlements

credibility gap

misinformation from military and civilian leaders combined with Johnson's reluctance to speak frankly with the American people about the scope and the costs of the war created what the media called a __________, or a lack of popular confidence in the truth of the claims or public statements made by the federal government, large corporations, politicians, etc.

Antiballistic missiles

missiles that existed solely for defensive purposes in the scenario of nuclear war, i.e. to shoot down incoming missiles. This contrasted with the idea of having nukes for mutual deterrence only.

Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson's fundamental overall approach to American foreign policy?

moralistic

men and women

most middle-class _________ lived in cities.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Wade-Davis Bill

name for Congress' plan for Reconstruction; more harsh than President's

Coercive Acts

name of the British laws to punish the colonists for staging the Boston Tea Party -Port Act -Massachusetts Government Act -Administration of Justice Act

Sacajawea

native american woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the lewis and clark expedition

Lyndon Johnson

native of rural west Texas and graduate of a teacher's college, skilled politician, as 36th president determined to expand social reforms of the New Deal, pushed Congress to pass an expanded version of Kennedy's civil rights bill, and Kennedy's proposal for an income tax cut, sparking increase in jobs, consumer spending, and economic expansion

American Protective Association

nativist society against Roman Catholics

Thomas Macdonough

naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest.

mass circulation newspapers

new printing technologies made it possible for the mass circulation of newspapers

abstract art

new techniques and realism

Bear Flag Republic

nickname for California after it declared independence from Mexico in 1846

carpetbaggers

northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction

fraud and corruption

not dealt with well by Congress, bribed to let huge profits go unnoticed

nonsectarian

not restricted to one sect or school or party

Anti Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Oregon territory

on Pacific Coast stretching as far north as the Alaskan border; claimed by Spain, Russia, GB and US

patronage politics

on a low-level and when not entangled in financial means—is not inherently unseemly. In the United States, the U.S. Constitution provides the president with the power to appoint individuals to government positions.

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

one of the first black units in the US Armed Forces. Earned place in history at Fort Wagner

reformers vs. racism in South

one that works for or urges reform. 2 capitalized : a leader of the Protestant Reformation. : an apparatus for cracking oils or gases to form specialized products. See reformer defined for English-language learners, s any system of inequality based on race. It can occur in institutions such as public government bodies, private business corporations (such as media outlets), and universities (public and private). The term was introduced by Black Power activists Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton in the late 1960s. The definition given by William Macpherson within the report looking into the death of Stephen Lawrence was "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin".

Ellis Island 1892

opened at immigration center where people had to have medical exams + pay a 50 cent tax before entering the US

Matthew C. Perry

opening up trade with Japan, helped build america's navy

Suffolk Resolves

organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

organized Seneca Falls Convention, founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization

women's rights movement

organized campaign to win property, education, and other rights for women

international Darwinism

original concept of survival of the fittest, applied to international realtions ; competition among nations was justified

Thomas Eakins

painted surgical scenes + everyday lives of working-class men + women. Used the new everyday lives of photographs to study human anatomy + paint it more realistically

Edward Hopper

painter inspired by the architecture of American cities to explore the loneliness and isolation of urban life

party nominating convention

party politicians and voters would gather in a large meeting hall to nominate the party's candidates

halfway covenant

people could become partial church members even if they had not felt a conversion

urban reformers

people who worked to improve the standards of living for the poor through the means of education, health , economic, and sanitary means

farming frontier

pioneer families begin to move western to start homesteads and farm California and Oregon

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

placed a ban on all new immigrants from China

Frederick Law Olmsted

planned Central Park, grounds of US Capitol in DC, suburbs, + established the basis for urban landscaping

spoilsmen

political manipulators who use patronage for reelection (Roscoe Conkling and James Blaine)

Thomas Nast

political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribes to stop criticism

Barnum & Bailey "Greatest Show on Earth"

popular circus show

causes of migration

poverty, overcrowding, persecution, economic opportunities, jobs, and cheap passage we all causes for _______

kindergarten

practice adapted from Germany , which became a popular practice in early education

Patronage

practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalist employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees.

Timothy Dwight

president of Yale university, he wants to get rid of Deists; starts the Second Great Awakening.

women clerical workers

previously male jobs, but as demand went up women joined. they got feminized and wages dropped

cultural nationalism

pride in one's own culture

"one man, one vote"

principle meaning that election districts would have to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all of states citizens

Haymarket bombing

pro-labor rally broken up by the police when suddenly someone threw a bomb into the police

Robert M. La Follette

progressive wisconsin govenor whose adgenda of reforms was known as the wisconsin idea

Immigration Act of 1882

prohibited immigration of criminals, paupers and the insane. So those people would not have to be taken care of by the country. NO FREELOADERS

new social sciences

psychology, sociology, anthropology, + political science

William Randolph Hearst

published scandal + sensationalist newspaper

Gadsden Purchase

purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan

pushed for a stronger navy so America can create a large presence around the world

mail-order companies

railroads allowed for this; Sears, Montgomery Ward; rural companies

realism , naturalism

realistic painting of poor and horrors of poverty vs painting nature and it clashing and trying to mend in with civilization

Bacon's Rebellion

rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans

recession, loss of jobs

recession that occurred after ww1

Martin Luther King Jr.

recognized nationally as part of the civil rights movement, committed to nonviolent protests, jailed in 1963 in Birmingham, AL which proved to be a milestone in the Civil Rights movement

anti-radical hysteria

red scare

Massachusetts Government Act

reduced power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor

"Gold Bug" Democrats

referred to those who favored basing the US monetary system on gold to the exclusion of silver

"big stick policy"

refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly, and carry a big stick."

rise of modern urban-industrial society

refers to a society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour. Such a structure developed in the west in the period of time following the Industrial Revolution, and replaced the agrarian societies of the Pre-modern, Pre-industrial age. Industrial societies are generally mass societies, and may be succeeded by an Information society. They are often contrasted to with the traditional societies.

New Zion

religious Mormon community on the western frontier

Joseph Smith

religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)

Winslow Homer

rendered scenes of nature in a matter-of-fact way

Environmental Protection Agency

respecting pollution prevention and the protection of the environment and human health in order to contribute to sustainable development."

temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

Union veterans, "bloody shirt"

reviving memories of the civil war in support of Grant

country club, golf, polo, yachts

rich pursued these leisure activities

concentration of wealth

richest 10 percent of US in 1890s controlled 90 percent of nation's wealth

Schenk v. United States

rights can be revoked if it is a danger to the national security

Lancaster Turnpike

road built in the 1790s by a private company, linking Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania

rotation in office

the practice of changing public officers at frequent intervals by discharges and substitutions.

consumer culture

scorning religion as hypocritical, condemning the sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetuated by money interests, and disillusionment with the ideals of the ________ of the 1920s were dominant themes of the leading writers of the postwar decade.

Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

secret antiforeign society formed by the Nativists

Lincoln-Douglas debates

series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas over the issue of slavery

Fugitive Slave Laws

series of laws that required people in the North to turn in run away slaves

Reconstruction Acts

set of laws that divided the South into five districts under military control

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

set up by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, ending discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin

romantic movement

shift toward intuition, feelings, heroism, and nature

Watts riots, race riots

shortly after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a young black motorist was arrested by a white policeman in the LA neighborhood of Watts, sparking a six-day _______ . These continued to erupt each summer in black neighborhoods of major cities through 1968 with increasing casualties and destruction of property.

border states

slave state that remained in the Union during the Civil War

"Fifty-four Forty or Fight"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory

tenements, poverty

slums and tenements could cram more than 4,000 people in one city block. NYC passes law requiring each bedroom a window, but landlords responded with "dumbbell tenements" with the center of the building a window.

interlocking directorates

social networks made up of people who serve as directors of several corporations at the same time

Charles Fourier

sought planned economy and socialist communities, described socialist utopia

scalawags

southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

stands today as one of history's great peace negotiations. It ended the Russo-Japanese War and marked the emergence of a new era of diplomatic negotiations, multi-track diplomacy.

Jane Addams

started Hull House Chicago with a friend. They taught English to immigrants, pioneered early childhood education, industrial arts, neighborhood theaters, + schools

R.H. Macy

started one of the first department stores in New York City

Art Deco

style of the 1920s and 30s that captured modernist simplification of forms while using the machine age materials.

hawks and doves

supporters of the war, __1__, believed that the war was an act of Soviet-backed Communist aggression against South Vietnam and that it was a master plan to conquer all of Southeast Asia. The opponents of the war, __2__, viewed the conflict as a civil war fought by Vietnamese nationalists and some Communists who wanted to unite their country by overthrowing a corrupt Saigon government.

Worchester v. Georgia

supreme court ruled that georgia law could not be enforced in the cherokee nation

Factory System

system bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency

sharecropping

system in which a farmer tended a portion of a planter's land in return for a share of the crop

Asiento sytem

system which required to pay a tax on each slave imported

public high school

taxes supported these and became frequent, teaching vocational + citizenship education for a changing urban society

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Hague Conference (1907)

that established The Hague Permanent Court of Arbitration. 2. a meeting held at The Hague, Netherlands, in 1907, that defined prisoner-of-war treatment, maritime warfare, and wartime neutrality.

assassination in Dallas

the Kennedys were going to Dallas to help Democrats, there was a nice reception for him and he and Jackie rode through town in an open car, Kennedy is November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald, the pursuit of whom glued millions of Americans to their televisions.

Warren Court

the Supreme Court under Earl Warren from 1953 to 1969, made a series of decisions throughout the 1960s that profoundly affected the criminal justice system, state political systems, and the definition of individual rights, Brown v. Board of Education landmark ruling

Appomattox Court House

the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

standard of living

the _______ for most Americans improved significantly in the 1920s. Indoor plumbing and central heating became commonplace. By 1930, two-third of all homes had electricity. Real income for both the middle class and the working class increased substantially

against prohibition

the act of not allowing something to be used or done : a law or order that stops something from being used or done Prohibition : the period of time from 1920 to 1933 in the U.S. when it was illegal to make or sell alcohol

Volstead Act (1919)

the adoption of the Prohibition amendment a federal law enforcing it, the _________, were the culmination of many decades of crusading by temperate forces.

divided electorate

the body of persons entitled to vote in an election.

residential suburbs

the development of streetcar cites allowed people to get out of the crowded , unsafe cities and into these

Mayflower Compact

the first written agreement for self-government in America

shakers

the followers of mother ann lee, who preached a religion of strict celibacy and communal living

trial of tears

the forcible relocation and movement of Native Americans issued by Andrew Jackson

Robert E. Lee

the general who was offered command of Union forces but remained loyal to Virginia and the south

House of Representatives

the lower legislative branch in many national and state bicameral governing bodies

Jay Gould

the millionaire considered the brains of the 1869 attempt to corner the gold market

Weathermen

the most radical fringe of the SDS, embraced violence and vandalism in their attacks on American institutions, the extremist acts and language of which discredited the early idealism of the New Left.

Gay Liberation Movement

the movement aimed at liberating homosexuals from legal or social or economic oppression

Confederate States of America

the name adopted by the 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War

railroad administration

the name of the nationalized railroad system of the United States between 1917 and 1920. It was possibly the largest American experiment with nationalization, and was undertaken against a background of war emergency.

nationalist media

the nationally distributed or marketed broadcast and print products of a country, e.g. major newspapers and television programming.

What shortcoming in the U.S. economy did the panic of 1907 reveal?

the need for substantial reform of U.S. banking and currency policies

radio, phonographs

the proliferation of ______ and _____ made jazz available to a huge and youthful public

right of deposit

the right for the American people to store their goods tax-free in Spanish warehouses

due process of law

the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments

states rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

Shiloh

the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862)

Mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620

treaty of versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Kanagawa Treaty

the treaty that Japan made with Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1854 in which Japan opened its doors

Great American Desert

the western part of the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in North America

railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans

these people took over during times of strike. they were experienced, willing to work for cheap, and seen as expendables.

Anti-Masonic party

third party which attracted support from evangelical Protestants and were against secret societies

OPEC

this oil cartel doubled their petroleum charges in 1979, helping American inflation rise well above 13%.

old rich vs. new rich

urban elites (old wealthy) disliked increasing influence of new rich

George Ripley

transcendentalist, established a utopian community known as Brook Farm in 1841

Workers in the 1820's faced issues with...

transportation

high school education

universal ________ became the new American goal because of the widespread belief in the value of education. By the end of the 1920s, the number of graduates had doubled to over 25% of school-age young adults.

George Dewey

was Admiral of the Navy, the only person in U.S. history to have attained the rank. Admiral Dewey is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.

William Seward

was United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and also served as Governor of New York and United States Senator.

Mark Hanna, money and mass media

was a Republican United States Senator from Ohio and the friend and political manager of President William McKinley. Hanna had made millions as a businessman, and used his money and business skills to successfully manage McKinley's presidential campaigns in 1896 and 1900.

George Goethals

was a United States Army officer and civil engineer, best known for his administration and supervision of the construction and the opening of the Panama Canal.

William Gorgas

was a United States Army physician and 22nd Surgeon General of the U.S. Army.

Lodge Corollary

was a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge and ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1912 forbidding any foreign power or foreign interest of any kind from acquiring sufficient territory in the Western Hemisphere so as to put that government in "practical power of control".

Valladoid Debate

was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers.

unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1

was a major United States policy issue in the late 19th century. Its advocates were in favor of an inflationary monetary policy using the "free coinage of silver" as opposed to the less inflationary gold standard; its supporters were called "Silverites". The Silverites promoted bimetallism, the use of both silver and gold as currency at the ratio of 16 to 1 (16 ounces of silver would be worth 1 ounce of gold). Because the actual ratio was about 32 to 1 at the time, most economists warned that the cheaper silver would drive the more expensive gold out of circulation. Everyone agreed that free silver would raise prices; the question was whether or not this inflationary measure would be beneficial. The issue peaked from 1893 to 1896, when the economy was in a severe depression—called the Panic of 1893—characterized by falling prices (deflation), high unemployment in industrial areas, and severe distress for farmers.

Mexican civil war

was a major armed struggle that started in 1910, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz, and lasted for the better part of a decade until around 1920.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

was a treaty signed on November 18, 1903, by the United States and Panama, which established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal.

Josiah Strong

was an American Protestant clergyman, organizer, editor and author. He was a leader of the Social Gospel movement, calling for social justice and combating social evils.

Henry Cabot Lodge

was an American Republican Senator and historian from Massachusetts. A PhD in history from Harvard, he was a long-time friend and confidant of Theodore Roosevelt. Lodge had the role of the first Senate Majority Leader.

Robert R. Livingston

was an American lawyer, politician, diplomat from New York, and a Founding Father of the United States. He was known as "The Chancellor", after the high New York state legal office he held for 25 years

Robert Kennedy

was an American politician, a Democratic senator from New York, and a civil-rights activist, and also younger brother of John F. Kennedy and attorney general under his presidency. He ran for president in 1968 but was assassinated.

James Wilkinson

was an American soldier and statesman, who was associated with several scandals and controversies. He served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, but he was twice compelled to resign. Planned to succed the Louisiana Territory from the Union.

James Blaine

was an American statesman and Republican politician who represented Maine in the United States House of Representatives from 1863 to 1876, serving as Speaker of the House from 1869 to 1875, and then in the United States Senate from 1876 to 1881.

John Hay

was an American statesman and official whose career in government stretched over almost half a century.

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

was an agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan negotiated between United States Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador to the United States Takahira Kogorō.

Cuban revolt

was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement and its allies against the government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista.

Alliance of whites and blacks in South

was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870s and 1880s. The movement included several parallel but independent political organizations — the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union among the white farmers of the South, the National Farmers' Alliance among the white and black farmers of the Midwest and High Plains, where the Granger movement had been strong, and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union, consisting of the African American farmers of the South.

Puerto Rico citizenship

was first legislated by the United States Congress in Article 7 of the Foraker Act of 1900 and later recognized in the Constitution of Puerto Rico.

Grover Cleveland

was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three times—in 1884, 1888, and 1892

Woodrow Wilson

was the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 and leader of the Progressive Movement. To date the only U.S. President to have held a Ph.D., he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910.

Alaska purchase (1867)

was the United States' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 by a treaty ratified by the U.S. Senate. Russia wanted to sell its Alaskan territory, fearing that it might be seized if war broke out with Britain.

run on gold reserves, J.P. Morgan bail out

was the pooling of gold reserves by a group of eight central banks in the United States and seven European countries that agreed on 1 November 1961 to cooperate in maintaining the Bretton Woods System of fixed-rate convertible currencies and defending a gold price of US$35 per troy ounce by interventions in the London gold market.

Henry Hobson Richardson

went away from the earlier styles + based his work on the medieval Romanesque style of massive stone walls + rounded arches. This gave a stateliness for commercial buildings.

political machines , "boss"

were political parties under control of tightly organized groups of most commonly corrupt leaders. Each had its own boss (top politician) who gave orders to the rank + file and gave jobs in turn for support

What was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

◦ US got land, Mexico got money ◦ We already had Texas (1845) ◦ Mexican Cession - California, Nevada, part of Texas ◦ Texas gets bigger

redeemers

white Mississippians who wanted to return control of state government to native whites

women in nursing

women could serve in the armed forces as nurses, 60000+ nurses stateside and overseas women played a critical role as military nurses and as volunteers in soldiers' aid societies

amateur sports, bicycling , tennis

women often pursued these sports and they grew in popularity amongst athletic clubs

Horace Mann

worked to reform the American education system, abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix

Allied Power

world war I alliance of Britain, France, and Russia, and later joined by Italy, the United States, and others.

millennialism

world will end with Second Coming of Jesus on October 21, 1844, formed Seventh-Day Adventists

circus trains

would move from city to city, bringing entertainment in from of oddities

Gertrude Stein

writer of the 1920s, called the writers of the postwar decade (Hemingway, Fitzgerald, O'Neill, TS Elliot) a "lost generation"

Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes

written in protest by Sarah Grimke to opposition in their attempts to promote antislavery

Herbert Croly

wrote "The Promise of American Life", favored trust regulation

Jacob A. Riis

wrote How the Other Half Lives about the horrible conditions in NY slums

Edward Bellamy

wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887 in 1888. Envisioned future w/ a society that worked together + had eliminate poverty, greed, + crimes

Stephen Crane

wrote Maggie: A Girl of the Streets which told how a brutal urban environment could destroy the lives of young people. Wrote the Red Badge of Courage which was about fear + human nature on the Civil War battlefield

Henry George

wrote Progress and Poverty, which told readers to look more critically @ the effects of laissez-faire economics (attention to wealth inequalities) and proposed to solve poverty by replacing all taxes w/ a single land tax

Mark Twain

wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , which revealed greed, violence, + racism in American society

Joseph Pulitzer

wrote first newspaper with more than 1 million readers. Called "New York World" which told stories of crimes, corruptions, and politics

Thomas Paine

wrote the pamphlet, Common Sense and The Crisis to encourage American independence

Jack London

young Californian write that portrayed the conflict between nature + civilization in his novel The Call of the Wild

Who was president when the south succeded

• When the south seceded, Buchanan was president, not Lincoln

What was the effect of the Fugitive Slave Act in the Underground Railroad?

‣ More slaves escaped, Underground Railroad increased

What happens if a runaway is captured, but aren't taken down to the south yet?

‣ They couldn't testify and couldn't be on a jury

Foreign policy under Franklin Pierce

◦ Allowed a commodore to open up a country - Matthew Perry in Japan

What were the causes for the war with Mexico?

◦ American blood spilled on American soil ◦ Wanted Texas ◦ Expansionism and Manifest Destiny

What was the Underground Railroad?

◦ Brought slaves out of the south and took them to the north - they could be free ◦ The South was losing their property and money, which greatly upset them ◦ This journey was tough, difficult, and long ◦ Younger slaves were doing this, so the south disliked this because the younger slaves were more valuable

The issue of slavery became very divisive

◦ Civil War became inevitable - relied on violence to solve this problem

What was the Free-Soil Party?

◦ Disguised abolitionists ◦ Didn't want slaves taking jobs in the west ◦ They were upset - Whig Party wasn't dealing with these issues ◦ Some of these people later joined the Republican Party

What was the Fugitive Slave Act?

◦ Forced people to return runaway slaves to the south ◦ If you didn't, you could go to jail ◦ It was passed - had to be enforced ◦ This upset the north ◦ Results: ‣ Tension between the north and the south ‣ People went to the anti-slavery movement ‣ Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin ‣ It's a form of intrusion on the northern way of life

What were the Personal Liberty Laws?

◦ Fugitive Slave Act - national/federal law ◦ Federalist Government - certain powers that the government has and that states have ◦ Personal Liberty Laws - tried to offset the Fugitive Slave Acts ‣ Federal law trumps state law, but the fact that the northern states tried to undermine the Fugitive Slave Act upset the south ◦ North got upset when federal government forced them to follow the Fugitive Slave Act

What were the motives for Stephen Douglas to champion the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

◦ He wanted a railroad to go through his state ◦ Led to his proposal of popular sovereignty ◦ He had presidential aspirations ◦ KS-NB Act came back and affected Douglas ‣ Lincoln caused a conundrum for Douglas ‣ Posed a question to Douglas that puts him in a tight spot ‣ This answer kills Douglas' chances of becoming president ◦ KS-NB Act overturned the Missouri Compromise

The Whigs hoped that Tyler would establish the new Bank of the United States. What were some of the things that happened after he decided that he wouldn't establish the BUS?

◦ He was kicked out of the Whig Party ◦ Went to the Democrats ◦ Added Texas - trying to make Polk's life harder ◦ They tried to impeach him ◦ Most of his cabinet resigned

What were some of the reasons why the British government decided to compromise on the OregoCountry?

◦ It was too far ◦ They didn't feel it was worth fighting over

Why was most of Texas annexed, but not all of Oregon?

◦ Mexico was weak, Britain was strong ◦ Ostend Manifesto - U.S. was willing to fight Spain for Cuba ‣ Spain was an easy target, just like Mexico ‣ Britain was harder to defeat

Which group of individuals helped Polk get the nomination in 1844?

◦ Polk was a dark horse ◦ Had the backing of Jackson ◦ The southern expansionists ‣ They were Jacksonian Democrats

What were some of the most notable things from the election of 1844?

◦ Polk wins ◦ 54 40 or fight ◦ Debate over Manifest Destiny ◦ Expansionism was popular

What was the Wilmot Proviso?

◦ Popular sovereignty ◦ No slavery in the Mexican Cession ◦ This was proposed, never went through ◦ Proposition upset the South

Why was popular sovereignty a popular idea in the American territory?

◦ Self-determination ◦ They liked having more power and being able to decide for themselves ◦ This ended up failing

Which one of these ideals is not part of Free-Soil Party?

◦ Support of the Wilmot Proviso ◦ Free government homesteads for settlers ◦ Federal aid for internal improvements ◦ Giving women the right to vote ‣ They didn't care about women's suffrage

What was the Aroostick War?

◦ The Canadian and American lumberjacks were fighting over the trees on the border ◦ Canadian and American governments decided who gets what lands ◦ Small-scale war

What was the biggest argument against annexing Texas to the United States?

◦ The abolitionists didn't want it to be a slave state ◦ They didn't want to start a war with Mexico over Texas ◦ They wanted to keep the balance between the south and north

Popular sovereignty means that the question of slavery will be determined by _________.

◦ The people in that given territory

When Polk becomes president, he deals with southern expansionism What were the reasons why Britain was interested in an independent Texas?

◦ They wanted to check the growth of America ◦ Didn't want slavery to spread ◦ Considered with the expansionist nature of America ◦ Liked cotton, got it from India too ◦ Anti-slavery

Ostend Manifesto

◦ Wanted to buy Cuba and make them slaves states ◦ If Spain would accept selling Cuba, the US would fight for this land ◦ There was a leak - people in the North went crazy over this ◦ This attempt to expand southern slavery to the Caribbean upset many northerners

What were some of the legacies with the war with Mexico?

◦ We got two presidents from it - war heroes ◦ 13,000 Mexicans died ◦ Northern abolitionists thought it was a waste of money and time ◦ Mexico always resented that land being torn away from it ◦ Latin American relations during this time were not good