IAH 203 Test #2
"Gobernar es poblar"
- "To govern is to populate" - statement by Alberdi, a leader in Argentina during the 1960s who believed that best way to progress is immigration and European influence which led to civilized society, industrialization, modernization, and more wealth for the wealthy - people would migrate seasonally known as Golondrias - massive immmigration
French Intervention in Mexico
- (1861-1867) - Efforts from a group of conservative Mexican politicians who believed that a monarchial rather than a republican system would help Mexico - With the French army occupying Mexico City, the government offered the crown to the Austrian archduke Maximilian of Habsburg - Maximilian accepted the crown by signing the Treaty of Miramar - Faced opposition from Benito Juarez and his republicans, who claimed to Mexico's true government
Ten Years War
- (1867-1957) - Cuba's fight for independence from Spain - not related to slave issue. - causes were political and economic, end colonialism and the suppression of their liberties - many Cuban sugar plantations wanted independence, to end protectionist and monopolistic tendencies
Eva Peron
- (1919-1951) - Eva Duarte (de Peron), known as Evita - Poor upbringing, became star of radio and stage, helped get women the right to vote in 1947, charismatic, fervent supporter of her husband, died of ovarian cancer at age 32
Dirty War
- (1976-1983) - Argentina - in 1977, the Argentine Commission for Human Rights blamed the regime for 2300 political murders. come 10,000 political arrests. and 20,000-30,000 killed and disappeared. - campaign against communist and leftist guerillas and their supporters in Argentina in the 1970s and 80s - Dirty tactics used by the military government
War of Triple Alliance (Paraguayan War)
- 1865-1870 - Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay against Paraguay - Brazil and Argentina gain territory. Uruguay's right to exist acknowledged - Paraguay suffers tragic loss of life and territory - deadliest inter-state war in Latin American history
War of the Pacific
- 1879-1884 - Chile defeats Bolivia and Peru and gains valuable coastal lands and mineral resources (especially sodium nitrate- fertilizer) from both countries. Bolivia loses its 150 miles of Pacific coastline and access to the sea - Bolivian children dress as sailors to demand access to the sea (March 23rd)
Mexican Revolution
- 1910 - widespread dissatisfaction with the elitest and oligarchical policies of Porfirio Diaz that favored wealthy landowners and industrialists - Francisco Madero denied fair election; people began to revolt - Ended dictatorship in Mexico and established constitutional republic - Major figures: Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozoco, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata
Benito Jaurez
- A Mexican Liberal President and lawyer who served from 1858 until his death in office in 1872 - wanted a democratic federal republic
Samuel Morton
- American physician and naturalist - "father of scientific racism" - measured nearly 1000 skulls to compare brain size - said there were five separate races with distinct characteristics. Whites at top. Africans at bottom. and other races are racial mixtures are in between. - however, no explanation of the skulls used in study makes it not as important
Bay of Pigs
- April 1961 - the US backs an abortive invasion by Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs; Castro proclaims Cuba a communist state and begins to ally it with the USSR. the CIA begins to make plans to assassinate Castro as part of Operation Mongoose - prepared by Eisenhower administration and carried out by Kennedy - 1,400 (anti-Castro Cuban exiles trained by CIA in Guatemala were defeated in 3 days - 100 died. 1,200 captured and nearly all ransomed for $52 million paid by US to Cuba
Juan Peron
- Argentine President (1946-55) - came to power in a military coup in 1946 - he organized the "Labor Party" with himself at the helm to appeal to workers and his "descamisados" (the shirtless ones), promising higher wages and retirement/pension plans - after about ten years, he was forced out of office by the Argentine military (4,000 died during the coup) and went into exile in Spain - violent
Mothers of Plaza de Mayo
- Argentine human rights group - three of the 14 mother who founded the group were later disappeared by the military government - an estimated 500 children were born during their mother's captivity (prior to being killed) and adopted by military families. DNA analysis has more recently helped families identify these children and reunite them with birth families.
Jose Vasconcelos
- Mexican philosopher, author, and Secretary of Education (1920s) - Mestizo pride - Problematic... his writings haven't always aged well. Only one generation removed from racist thought, he believed that the different "races" had different qualities, and he did not think highly of blacks and Asians - nonetheless, considerable racial progress
Fulgencio Batista
- Military dictator in Cuba (1940-44, 1952-59) - estimated 20,000 killed by police force - suppressed constitution - no elections, no free press, opponents jailed - ties to US mafia in Havana that controlled gambling, drugs, and prostitution on the island - embezzlement of funds - few educational and employment opportunities for Afro-Cuba
Catholic Church post-independence
- Pope Pius VII (1800-23) and his successor Pope Leo XII (1823-29) encouraged Spanish priests to support King Ferdinand VII and the royalists - (Royalist) Catholic bishops and archbishops in Spanish America excommunicated priests who joined the insurgency - The Catholic Church after Independence generally supported conservative politicians, favored monarchy or strong man rule (caudillaje). It feared liberalism and anticlericalism
Arbenz
- President of Guatemala (1951-54) whose nationalistic economic and social reforms alienated conservative landowners - Arbenz redistributed unused lands greater than 224 acres to peasants (benefitting 500,000 families) by enacting Decree 900 - lands expropriated from United Fruit Company - The US sponsored coup in 1954: New leader, Carlos Castillo Armas, repealed Decree 900
United Provinces of Central America
- Separates from Mexico in 1821/23 and becomes "United Provinces of Central America" - Individual Provinces dissolve their own union in 1839, and the countries of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (not Panama, not Belize) are created
Gran Colombia
- Short-lived republic (1819-30), formerly the viceroyalty of New Granada, including roughly the modern nations of Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador - Ruled by Simon Bolivar
Somoza
- Somoza family ruled Nicaragua from 1934-1979 - owned most of the land in the country. once remarked "Nicaragua es mi finca" - upper and middle classes in Managua live well; grinding poverty and few resources outside of Managua - Electoral fraud and corruption -US paid about 15% operating costs of Nicaraguan military - All Nicaraguan military officers were trained at US "School of the Americas" in Panama
"Civilization vs. Barbarism"
- Wrote by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (Argentina) - European civilization (in cities/city folk) vs. Indian and mixed-blood barbarism in rural areas - "Strong races exterminate weak ones, civilized peoples supplant savages in possession of the land...The savages of America... are our enemies of race, color, tendencies, civilization...they are nothing more than disgusting Indians"
International Monetary Fund
- a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies - Washington Consensus - Believed the operation of the free market and the reduction of state involvement were crucial to development in the global South
Emiliano Zapa
- accomplished guerilla leader during the Mexican Revolution, strongly opposed the hacienda system that characterized much of Mexico rural life - "The Plan of Alaya" which declared Madero incapable of fulfilling the goals of the revolution - "Tierra y Libertad" = Land and Liberty
Sandinistas
- began in 1967, named movement after hero Sandino - When Somoza pocket relief money from the US, the middle class began to mobilize. - 1978 Sandinistas seize National Legislative Place, kidnapping Somoza's congress Somoza retaliates by bombing towns, massacring thousands - Somoza fled country in 1979 and Sandinistas triumph -40-50,000 died fighting Somoza, country in ruins and Daniel Ortega becomes President - Sandinistas praise Castro, expand trade with Soviets, and condemn US role in El Salvador's Civil War - "Contras" were the opposition to the Sandinistas and were supplied with money, weapons, and training by the US - Sandinistas voted out of office in 1990
Last names in Spanish America
- double names are common (but not obligatory) in Hispanic culture - an individual is known by both the paternal and maternal surnames IN THAT ORDER!!! - the newly-married woman usually keeps her original full legal name. However, might decide to add "de [husband's last name]" to the end of her name
Alliance for Progress
- established by the US and 22 Latin American countries in 1961 - objectives include: maintenance of democratic government, achievement of social and political development, development in industries and agriculture - program was dissolved in 1973 by the Organization of American States - mostly a fail
Khrushchev
- former general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union - ordered Soviet nuclear missiles out of Cuba to end the Cuban Missile Crisis
Populism
- promised to nationalize the railroads and other key industries, to increase electoral participation, to allow female suffrage, to industrialize the nation (rather than be a supplier of primary goods to already-developed nations), and to provide subsidies for essential foods and services - political approach that strives to appeal ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups
Social Darwinism
- term coined in the last 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest" - general belief that some people are more fit to survive/succeed/govern than others governments should not interfere with human competition by regulating the economy or curing social ills such as poverty. Progress depends on struggle and competition
Liberation Theology
- the idea that the Catholic Church should promote a "Preferential Option" on behalf of the poor and strive to eradicate injustices - proponents believed that existing power structures against the poor and must be changed - some adherents of Liberation Theology meet in "Christian Base Communities" to reflect on how major episodes in the Bible (such as the exodus of Jews from Egyptian slavery) applied to their own reality - Critics (inside and outside the Church, then and now) see Liberation Theology as too political and its discourse grounded in Marxism- that scripture was being interpreted or manipulated in ways that fostered class conflict and supported socialist regimes.
Policies of Nationalists
- took off in the 1900s - promoted national identities that glorified mestizos, blacks, and indigenous peoples - rejected social darwinism - foreign investment considered economic imperialism - expropriate large land holdings (haciendas) - benefitted industrialists - increase use of Marxist terminology
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
-Argentine Liberal President - Famous politician who fought against the Rosas dictatorship. President from 1868-74 -Civilization vs. Barbarism (1845) - European civilization (in cities/city folk) vs. Indian and mixed-blood barbarism in rural areas
Gilberto Freyre
-Brazilian author of The Masters and the Slaves (1933) - "Every Brazilian, even the light skinned fair haired one carries about him on his soul, when not on soul and body alike, the shadow or at least the birthmark of the aborigine or the negro, in our affections, our excessive mimicry, our Catholicism which so delights the senses, our music, our gait, our speech, our cradle songs, in everything that is a sincere expression of our lives, we almost all of us bear the mark of that influence"
Francisco Bilbao
-Chilean Anti-Clerical Liberal -1844 "Spain is the Middle Ages. The soul and body of the Middle Ages are composed of Catholicism and feudalism" - "Under Catholicism women are subordinate to their husbands. The result is slavery of the women"
Classic Liberalism
-Not anti-clerical at first, but became more popular as liberals continued to become more and more frustrated - Post-independence movement inspired by the Enlightenment in Europe - Wanted to hinder the power of the Catholic Church and Spain
19th-century beliefs of liberals
-Separate church and state -End fueros -Seize church lands and properties -Create civil registry (rather than use Church to record baptisms) - Create secular schools - Eliminate superstition and ritual - Allow freedom of religion (Jews and Protestant)
Cuba finally got its independence in the 1870s from Spain, much later than other Latin American countries, in which war?
10 Years War
Before the Reforma in Mexico, the Church retained how much of its land in independent Mexico.
50%
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.
Cientificos
Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization.
Bolivia and Peru fought which country over a tax on nitrates in the Atacama Desert Region
Chile
Who wrote the Master and the Slave, praising the Brazilians with African descent?
Freyre
Most common surname in Mexico
Hernandez
Which organization provided loans for unpaid debts in Latin America?
IMF
Big Stick Policy
President Theodore Roosevelt's strong-arm approach to foreign affairs, emphasizing diplomacy backed by force - Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine - The US, he claimed, had the right to not only oppose European intervention in the western hemisphere, but also intervene in the domestic affairs of its neighbors if they proved unable to safeguard US property and lives
Who advocated for Europeanization and modernization of Argentina and wrote Facundo?
Sarmiento
This President had a "big stick policy" and invaded Cuba, making it a protectorate and ushering the American superpower
Teddy Roosevelt
Arevalo
- Guatemalan President (1945-1951) - took part in revolution that overthrew the military dictatorship of Ubico - 85% of popular vote - gave up power after his first presidential term
Kennedy:
- US President (1961-1963) - Bay of Pigs defeat - served at the height of the Cold War
Mexican-American War
-(1846-1848) - Manifest Destiny: spoke of a "manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by providence..." Control of the west is part of God's divine plan. God had given the US the mission to spread republican democracy. -Mexico loses half of its territory to the US - Border dispute - President Polk (1845-49) ran on expansionist platform
Monroe Doctrine
-1823 - policy of non-colonization of the Americas (mostly aimed at France and Great Britain at the time); the US will eliminate problems "dangerous to our peace and security" - the implication: the US considered itself protector of the Americas
Spanish-American War
-1898 - Caused by bombing of the USS Maine in Cuba - US intervened in Cuba's stride for independence due to political pressure, the USS Maine incident, and Spanish treatment of Cuba - America demolished Spanish forces - Treaty of Paris: Speain ceded Puerto Rice, Guam, and the Philippines to the US and gave Cuba its independence
This charming woman aided her husband in running Argentina as a populist.
Eva Peron
The United Provinces of Central America are Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica. T/F
False
Most common surname in Spain
Garcia
This president carried out the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba the Alliance for Progress, and the Cuban Missile Crisis
JFK
Who was the "Apostle of Cuban Independence" that equated the US imperialism with Spanish imperialism?
Jose Marti
Politicians of Nationalism
Jose Vasconelos: (Mestizo Pride) - Mexican philosopher Ciro Alegria: Proud of Indigeous Virtues and Contributions Gilberto Freyre: Proud of African Virtues and Contributions - The Masters and the Slaves (1933) Jose Marti: "Our America" - known as "the apostle of Cuban independence" Diego Rivera: Mexican Muralism - glorifies Mexican Revolution, Indians, workers, and the national project; vilifies the conquest and colonialism Augusto Sandino: Nicaraguan rebellion against the US occupation from 27'-33' - Nationalist not a Marxist
What were classical liberals in favor of?
Laissez faire economies and civil liberty for individuals
This man was the first president after the Mexican Revolution in 1910, however he assassinated
Madero
This group of women lost children during the Dirty War in Argentina
Mothers of Plaza de Mayo
Gran Colombia included which modern state.
Panama
This man became dictator of Chile, a country with a long-standing democracy, on September 11, 1973
Pinochet
United Fruit Company
The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded tropical fruit, they also grew on Central and South American plantations, and sold in Europe and the United States. - prominent in Guatemala - enacted favorable policies to gain advantages with the US - Power and influence led them to put Guatemala through economic exploitation - Monopolized Latin American countries and only produced the cash crop bananas - Caused stratified social classes with the wealthy landowning elite exploiting an impoverished working class - Worked with the dictatorial government
What does "Gobernar es poblar" mean?
To govern is to populate
A Latin American may add her husband's surname at the end of her name, but doesn't have to. T/F
True
Fidel Castro accepted Afro-Cubans, instituted widespread literacy, and suppressed nearly any dissent in Cuba. T/F
True
Traditionally in Latin America, the first surname is the father's first surname, and the second is the mother's first surname
True
Who was the radical Oaxacan who inspired the Mexican Revolution in 1910?
Vasconcelos
After the Mexican Revolution, the US took this much territory?
about 50%
Exports from Latin America in the 19th century
bananas
What philosophy guided the imperialist wars by the US and France against Latin America independence?
civilization vs. barbarism
This theory was used to justify the separation of the races and laissez faire economies
social darwinism
What was Gustavo Guiterrez and liberation theology advocating?
support for the poor
Lazaro Cardenas
- Mexican President (1934-40) - joined the Mexican Revolution - distributed land, made loans available to peasants, organized workers' and peasants' confederations, and expropriated and nationalized foreign-owned industries
Charles Darwin
- Became a "naturalist" (biologist) - Took 5 year (1831-1836) voyage aboard "HMS Beagle" and went to Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Andes, Galapagos Islands, among other places - Darwin's five theories: - Evolution: species come and go through time; while they exist, they change - Common descent: organisms are descended from one or several common ancestors and have diversified from this original stock - Species Multiply: the diversification of life involves populations of one species diverging until they become two separate species; this has probably occurred billions of times on earth - Gradualism: evolutionary change occurs through incremental small changes within populations; new species are not created suddenly - Natural selection: evolutionary change occurs through variation between individuals; some variants give the individual an extra survival probability - Darwin wasn't a political scientist or a politician. He intended his theories to be used to better understand biology and evolution
Che Guevara
- Born in Argentina - led Nicaraguan rebellion against US occupation from '27-'33 - A nationalist (admired Mexican Revolution) but not a Marxist - Argentine-Cuban Revolutionary - Prominent communist figure in the Cuban Revolution
Getulio Vargas
- Brazilian President (1930-45, 1951-54) - Nationalist - Promoted ideas of racial democracy - expanded the State's presence in the cultural arena populist program in 1950 that relied on working-class and urban middle-class support as he nationalized oil production and other industries and carried out social programs that benefitted the lower class
Salvador Allende
- Chilean President (1970-1973) - popular politician who espoused peaceful and democratic transition to socialism - elected president of Chile in 1970 with only 36.5% of the vote - the CIA helps overthrow the democratic government of Salvador Allende in favor of a bloody dictatorship led by Augusto Pinchot Ugarte
Pinochet, Augusto
- Chilean dictator who was given aid by the CIA to overthrow Allende - eradicate leftists - creation of a secret police force (DINA) - tens of thousands of Allende supporters fled the country - political freedoms and civil rights suspended - universities closed, then carefully monitored - strikes outlawed - martial law - 'un-socialized' the economy - adopted orthodox, free-market system -Plebiscite vote in 1988 removed him from power
Jose Marti
- Cuban Nationalist - Marti was killed in 1895 while participating in the movement that eventually led to the Spanish-American War of 1898 - "it is my duty to prevent, through the independence of Cuba, the USA from spreading over the West Indies and falling with added weight upon other lands of Our America. All I have done up to now and shall do hereafter is to that end... I know the Monster because I have lived in its lair - and my weapon is only the slingshot of David"
Cuban Missile Crisis
- Cuban missile crisis ignites when, fearing a US invasion, Castro agrees to allow the USST to deploy nuclear missiles on the island. The US releases photos of Soviet nuclear missile silos in Cuba - triggering a crisis which takes the 2 superpowers to the brink of nuclear war - missiles withdrawn from Cuba when US agrees to withdraw missiles in Turkey - ends when Khrushchev orders Soviet nuclear missiles out of Cuba
Fidel Castro
- Cuban socialist leader (1959-2008) - participated in 1953 failed attack on Batista government, captured and jailed for a year - traveled to Mexico where he met Ernest "Che" Guevara - Batista flees to the US and Castro assumes power
Good Neighbor Policy
- Franklin D Roosevelt - The United States shifted to other methods, such as directing, training, and equipping security forces. - - The US would provide loans, military aid and equipment, and private investment to assist in nation building. The result often was dictatorships and repression
Maximiliano
- Given power over Mexico by Napoleon Bonaparte - Maximilian was a liberal who believed in a secular society, clashed with both the clergy and his conservative supporters. - Reign was disrupted by finances, military opposition, and the emperor's inability to form an effective army - Executed in 1867 - Promoted nationalism, Liberal reforms Modernization of Mexico
Platt Amendment
- Gives the US the right to establish a naval base (Guantanamo Bay) - US given right to intervene in Cuba to protect Cuba's independence - Article III: "The government of Cuba consents that the US may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty"
Isabel Peron
- Isabel (Peron's new wife) was elected Vice President when he was elected President. - Juan died a few months into office and Isabel became President - political and economic conditions deteriorated - strikes, demonstrations - military took over in 1976 and Jorge Videla became "president" Isabel went into exile in Spain
Sandino
- Led Nicaraguan rebellion against US occupation from '27-'33 - a nationalist (admired Mexican Revolution) but not a Marxist - US had trained and established an internal police force: The National Guard (1927) under the command of Anastasio Somoza Garcia - Sandino killed by Somoza in 1934, becomes immortalized
Diego Rivera
- Mexican Muralism - Glorifies Mexican Revolution, Indians, workers, and the national project. Vilifies the conquest and colonialism. Art to build the nation and instruct (illiterate) masses - Married to famous painter Frida Khalo - Nationalist
Porfirio Diaz
- Mexican President (1877-80, 1884-1911) and soldier who established a strong centralized state that he held under firm control for more than 3 decades - Mestizo - Fought against the French and in La Reforma
Francisco Madero
- Mexican President (1911-1913) - ousted dictator Profirio Diaz by temporarily unifying various democratic and anti-Diaz forces - apostle of democracy - inspiration to democratic forces of the Mexican Revolution - some felt he was incapable of ruling
Huerta
- Mexican President (1913-1914) and general who came to office after heading the coupe that overthrew Francisco Madero in 1913. - Went into in exile in 1914 after growing revolutionary surge around him - inefficient and very repressive
Venustiano Carranza
- Mexican President (1917-1920) - First President of new Mexican republic - opposed sweeping changes that followed the revolution - favored political, but not social reform - social unrest from civilians