IARD Quiz 1
Who were the authors of the main pre-1960s development theories?
Marx and Rustow
What is horizontal inequailty?
Measure of inequality between groups of people
What would a sustainable development expert say about an adaptive challenge?
"We should take a holistic approach to the challenge and consider the opinions of the affected stakeholders"
What is outsider bias?
Bias of people who are interested in a topic but lack a first hand connection. IE: People interested in rural development that do not live in a rural setting.
Adaptive capacity is...
Both A and C
Which of these statement best explain the process of ''re-peasantization"?
Both A and C
Why are the poor in urban areas considered less poor than those in rural areas?
Both A and C.
The limited scope of the green revolution in Sub-saharan Africa was in part due to:
Both and A and B
Human development index (HDI) is a more comprehensive and robust in measuring the development. Which three dimensions does HDI focus on?
Health, education and income.
Brazil had extremely high growth in the 1970's but also
High income inequality
A dynamic region, usually marked by larger farms and consolidation of operations, has:
High levels of commercial farming and low levels of subsistence farming1
What is involved in the "re-peasantization" movement?
Identification and pride of peasants as "people of the land"
According to Barrett and Bevis, which is not true about food fortification?
It has been widely implemented in the least-developed world.
What is true about La Vía Campesina?
It is an international organization for peasants with the purpose of promoting food sovereignty and exchanging knowledge.
What is an operationalization?
It is the process of choosing what indicator(s) to use when measuring the variable.
What is one example of a poverty trap?
Lack of access to education
What is a trend caused by increasing populations on many farms in developing nations?
Land fractioning
Which of these statements is an accurate characterization of a market inefficiency?
Land market inefficiencies; a lack of land tenure can act as a disincentive to land investment.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the high yield variety of wheat that became available in the 1950s?
Less leaf and straw material, leaving more energy for grain production
Ericsson is conducting his master's thesis research in medical anthropology in Senegal. What remedial action can he take to prevent poverty underperception/misperception in his work?
Make use of various games and role-playing exercises to gain perspective beforehand.
According to the article "Time to leave GDP behind", what is the main reason that GDP isn't replaced by another measure?
No alternative measure stands out as a clear successor. "
What is often criticised with Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
That it doesn't reflect reality, for example, people who might not fulfil the "basic needs"( shelter, food, etc) can still value friendships and love , which due to Maslow is higher up in the hierarchy
Which one of these statements reflects "MarketWorld"/philanthrocapitalism ideology?
The market is an incredibly efficient tool that can be used to solve the many dimensions of poverty.
One of the approaches to improving Input/Output Market Inefficiencies is to establish cooperatives, which have a positive and significant impact on farmers' technical efficiency.
True
One way to reduce land market inefficiencies is to incorporate titling systems for farmer's land
True
Poverty traps may offer short time solutions to a problem but in the long run it is a self-reinforcing mechanisms that cause poverty to persist.
True
Sacred crops should be spared from trade deals to protect traditional agriculture in less-developed countries.
True
Seasonality is part of the vulnerability complex.
True
Social and legal processes, such as gender roles on a farm, have implications on land tenure, particularly soil conservation.
True
Supportive cultural family structures can also lead to poverty traps
True
The number of people living on less than $1.90 day has been decreasing since 1980. (World Bank 2015)
True
Transitioning to an agroecological system will most likely increase nutrient cycling
True
While GDP does not take quality of life into account, GNI per capita has proved to be closely correlated with non-monetary measures of the quality of life.
True
What are the three key concepts to understanding systems in action?
Understanding systems, mapping systems, taking action in systems
Children that struggle with stunting are
Underweight and shorter than average for their age
Which of the following is NOT a component of the structural transformation in agriculture?
genetic modification of crops, specifically corn, soybeans, and wheat
When considering micro-nutrient deficiencies, what is considered a downstream reason why micronutrient deficiencies exist?
lack of education about micro nutrient deficiencies
Which of these trends is/are true regarding the current state of agriculture?
All of the above
Why are models effective for systems thinking?
All of the above
What is the difference between wasting and stunting?
All of the above are correct
What is the difference between a developmental index and a developmental indicator?
An indicator is a "sign" or touchstone that can be analyzed to determine how a society is developing, while an index is a combination of standardized indicator values into a single result
What areas were impacted by the early Green Revolution's use of MVs the most (1961-1980)?
Asia and Latin America
_______ is the leading crop in the world and is grown for _______?
Corn; animal feed
Ramon is designing a development project to promote gender equality in Colombia. How can he make his project more successful according to systems thinking?
Encouraging risk-taking through constant adaptive hypothesis testing while maintaining project safety.
What of the followings are not a market inefficiency that might make it difficult to implement a "Good Technology" in the terms of development?
All of the above are market inefficiencies
Which of the following is not taken into account when measuring GDP?
All of the above.
What is an important factor for continued green revolutions, according to Evenson & Gollin?
A strong public sector.
Which type of corn seed naturally requires annual purchase?
Hybrid/Heterosis seeds
The "maize haze" refers to
The exchange of cheap maize to Mexico in return for cheap drugs through NAFTA
Agroecological intensification is defined as improving the performance of agricultural systems through integration of ecological principles into farm management systems.
True
Agroecological practices emphasize the use of perennial crop species.
True
How do the peasants want to redefine agriculture policies?
A movement controlled by those who produce food with unity across organizations, nations, and communities
What is causation?
A process in which a change in an independent variable (x) has an effect on a dependent variable (y).
When talking about different biases in IARD, Outsider biases are used as an umbrella term for different kinds of biases. Who are those outsiders?
1) People who have interests in rural development but aren't rural nor poor
Which of the following is an example of proper utilization of agroecological intensification
A catfish farm in which pond lilies use fecal matter as fertilizer
Which of the following options is NOT a defining process of structural transformation?
A demographic transition from high birth and death rates to lower ones.
Which of these is true regarding the role of the microcredit program in addressing the credit market inefficiencies?
All of the above
Which of the following options is an example of an input/output market inefficiency?
A rural farmer can't get into the nearest city to sell her produce because the road is so bad. Since she only can sell on the local market, she does not maximize production.
Which particular force fueled the transition from pre-modern to modern agriculture?
Access to abundant and cheap oil.
In "Agriculture and development: A brief review of the literature", the authors look into earlier research about the impacts of agricultural growth. What do they find?
Agricultural growth seems to reduce poverty more than growth in the service sector.
What is sunk cost bias?
Continuing to commit funds for a failing project
What is the general trend for employment in agriculture?
Decreasing
On what account would la via campensia most likely disagree with Rostow's model of development?
Development is not about moving away from agriculture, but towards creating thriving local communities.
Which defines Secondary Malnutrition?
Diseases/parasites/toxins/lack of appetite
Which of these is not among the root causes of labor market inefficiencies in the rural farming community?
Easy access to education which helps driven many away from traditional agriculture
How could one use systems thinking to address the multidimensional phenomena of poverty?
Facilitating projects that encourage input from a diverse set of stakeholders.
According to MDG Status (2015), (MDG 1), the proportion of undernourished people has increased from 1990-92 to 2014-16.
False
According to the example of World Bank staff, as the sunk cost of a dying project increases, the staff will not commit the remaining fund to the project in prevention of heavier loss.
False
Good technology is profitable and just in the real world regardless of individual adoption constraints and macroeconomic conditions.
False
In contrast to primary data, secondary data saves time and money and are of better quality.
False
In recent years, many states have changed their way of calculating GDP to also include unpaid domestic work.
False
One upside in addressing malnutrition on micro a scale is that it can be easily observable if a child/person is malnourished, whereafter appropriate aid can be provided.
False
Stunting is defined for low weight for height.
False
The majority of corn in the U.S is used for what?
Feed for livestock
What is NOT an example of why gross domestic product is a misleading measure of national economic success?
GDP does not account for the market transactions of those below the poverty line.
Why did development falter during the 1980s?
Global oil crisis
Which of the following characters distinguishes agroecological intensification from sustainable intensification?
Taking social and cultural perspectives into account.
In the terms of agriculture, what does is mean that some regions are "dynamic" and other "lagging"?
In dynamic regions farms are getting bigger where in lagging regions farms are getting smaller.
Which of the following is NOT true about agricultural technology?
In the world we live in, if a technology is deemed "good" it is thus automatically universally good for all people in all circumstances
Which is not a potential benefit to input intensive agriculture?
Increased biodiversity within the farm
Which of these principles does not* underlie the concept of food security?
Inefficiencies in value chains are primarily responsible for food insecurity.
What was the most basic/fundamental level of need in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological
Which of the following is NOT included when discussing the 3 simultaneous crisis?
Political crisis
Which of the following practitioner biases is matched with the correct description?
Professional - what you are predisposed to talk about
An example of spatial and project bias that deals with what one is predisposed to ask or notice is:
Professional bias
A poor farmer would prefer lower average returns with more reliability than higher average returns with less reliability. This is an example of:
Risk market inefficiencies
"Tolerance for ambiguity" is defined as the ability to hold conflicting ideas in your mind simultaneously without denying or dismissing any of them.
True
Stunting (characterized by extremely low-height-for age) appear much less responsive to growt in global national income than wasting (characterized by extremely low-weight-for height), what is the reason for that according to the article The fight against hunger and malnutrition?
Stunning is more related to micronutrient deprivation and therefore harder to compact, even though the economy is growing.
Which is a kind of malnutrition caused by micronutrient defencies?
Stunted
Which of the following statements about system thinking is NOT true?
System thinking means breaking system down to understand the functions of each part in a system.
Aflatoxin is a byproduct of fungi that can infect crops
True
What is bioavailability?
The ability of the body to absorb nutrients from certain sources. For example, absorbing iron from meat.
What is one of the bottlenecks in keeping an organization like La Via Campesina together and valuable on international scale?
The international scale of the organization that weakens communication and coordination, resulting in non-transparent centralized decision-making;"
For all developing countries, which of the following statements about the early Green Revolution period and the late Green Revolution period is true?
The late Green Revolution period gained from the early Green Revolution period so MV contributions to the yield growth were greater in the late period.
Which is a typical characteristic of an adaptive challenge, rather than a technical problem, as put forth by Oxfam (2015)?
The solution is context-specific and requires involvement of stakeholders.
Which of the following characteristics of development can be accounted for by measuring a country's GDP?
The total change in the value of goods and services exchanged in a country relative to the previous year
What is similar with Rostovs' and Marx perspectives of development?
They both consider development as economic growth"
Co-ops are a solution to input/output market inefficiencies because:
They increase enable farmers to negotiate better prices with input suppliers
How is maize production differ in Malawi than in the US?
They produce nearly all of it for human consumption
According to the reading, Assessing the Impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000, what accounted for almost all the increases in food production in developing countries during the Green Revolution?
Yield Increases
