IB Design Technology Topic 1-6 (except 4)
Advantages of rapid prototyping
1. Decrease development time 2. Save money 3. Increase variants of products 4. Increase complexity 5. Effective communication 6. Can show proof for funds for the end product
Demographic
Gender, age, income, education
Examples of nominal scales
Gender, hair colour, location
Disadvantages of eco design
More complex, longer time scale, and difficult to do
Disadvantages of perspective
No details, Time consuming
User
No involvement in making or selling, only directly involved in utilisation and disposal
Local
Noise, smell, air, water, soil pollution
Clearance
The physical space between two objects.
Systems design
The process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. - Often done through an over abstract graphical model of the actual system Example: Natural grid system
Product design
The process of generating ideas and then developing them into a final product to be sold to consumers. - The product designers role is to combine art, science, and technology to create new products. Example: Chair, kettle
Product recovery strategy
The processes of separating the component parts of a product to recover the parts and materials.
Example of dematerialization
Toothbrush (with a hole), water bottle, packaging, toothpaste
Advantages of solar energy
1. Sunlight is free 2. Low maintenance
Copyright (C)
A legal right that grants the creator of an original creative work exclusive ownership for its use and distribution. Usually for a limited time and within geographical boundaries, copyright allows the creator to receive compensation for their intellectual effort.
Cradle to cradle
A product renewed into a product
Renewability
A resource that can be replenished overtime or is inexhaustible.
Standarized testing
Allows comparison with other individuals who have taken the same test
Market analysis
An appraisal of economic viability of the proposed design from a market perspective, taking into account fixed and variable costs and pricing, is important. It is typically a summary about potential users and the market.
Human information processing system
An automatic system that a person uses to interpret information and react. It is normally comprised of inputs, processes (which can be sensory, central and motor), and outputs.
Innovation
Build in flexibility for technology changes, biomimicry, multifunctional products
Carbon capture
Capture CO2 waste from large sources and depositing it in area that won't enter the atmosphere. Aim: prevent the release of huge CO2 levels to the atmosphere which is a potential way to reduce fossil fuel emissions
Example of recondition
Car engines, tyres, refurbished phones
Drivers for green design
Consumer pressure and environmental legislation
Duration
Continuous muscle effort whether it is big or small
Quantification of carbon emissions
Defining numerically the carbon emissions generated by a particular product
Optimized End-Of-Life
Design for disassembly and product collection
Parts drawing
Gives information to assemble a product in the same way an assembly drawing does - List of parts (LOP) and bill of materials (BOM) with detailed information on the type of material and quantity Example: Fusion360 parts table
Physical model
Creation of smaller or larger tangible versions that can be physically interacted with Example: clay design, rapid prototype
Example of fatigue
Having a chair that is designed mainly for form rather than function encourages fatigue within the use due it not being comfortable
Medicine
Implants and medicine are smaller and more efficient that send out data via wireless recorders, tracking devices to monitor heart rate, calories
Design objectives for green design: Energy
Increase energy efficiency use
Moving air velocity movement
Increases heat loss
Entrepreneur
Influential individual who can take an invention to market, often by financing the development, production and diffusion into the marketplace. - Business acumen - Self-control - Self-confidence - Rational
Product champion
Influential individual, usually working within an organization, who develops enthusiasm for a particular idea or invention and "champions" it within the organization. - Confident personality with huge influence on the company - May not be the inventor - Team leaders - Knows the customers - Collaborative; communication skills and open-minded
Exploded isometric
Isometric drawing with more than one component that depicts how they fit together - Shows sequence of assembly - Made at the final stage solution, used as working drawing in the realization stage
5th-95th percentile
Majority of the population
Behavioral
Occassion, degree of loyalty
Example of re-engineer
F1 cars to change their shape which impacts their aerodynamics or having lighter materials so it is lightweight
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Uses a high power laser to fuse small particles of plastic, ceramic, or glass. - Usually CO2 laser - Sinter a thin layer of heat-fusible powder that gradually builds up the 3D model
Recycle
Using materials from obsolete products to create new products
Technical obsolescence
When a new technology succeeds an existing technology, the existing technology quickly falls out of use and is no longer incorporated into new products. Consumers instead opt for the newer, more efficient technology in their products. - Main cause of functional obsolescence - Main form of obsolescence
How many environmental objectives do green design focus on?
1 or 2
Innovation strategies for design
Architectural, modular, configurational
Physiological factor data
Available to designers and collected to optimize user's safety, health, comfort, and performance
Telecommunications
Better personal access, information, and entertainment in one platform (smartphone)
Digital humans
Computer simulations of the biomechanics of the human body. - Used to interact with virtual prototypes - Helps develop product quickly (more design iterations in less time) - Cheaper than physical prototypes - Help predict how humans react to various environments and situations - Safer because analyses safety aspects - Optimize workspaces (fire escapes)
3D Virtual modelling
CAD based tools to help designers create realistic 3D rendered visuals - Easy to change or edit - Shows all perspectives Example: TinkerCAD, Fusion 360
Favourable tax concessions
Can be given to industries that integrate pollution controls into the process and reducing waste, instead of end-of-pipe technologies
Examples of interval scales
Celsius temperature
Global
Climate change, sea level rising
Rendering
Create photorealistic 3D visuals Examples: Blender, Maya, Fusion360
Example of 95th percentile
Door height. Target the that percentile, because if the tallest person can reach it, everyone can.
Linear economy
Energy from finite sources.
Haptic technology: entertainment
Games and simulation but price is a problem and understandable dynamic user interface
5 types of biomass
Garbage, crops, alcoholic fuels, landfill gas, and wood.
Air quality
Ideal is thermal comfort (cool dry air)
Example of repetition
In a wheelchair, coasting and going slower, taking less pushes to maintain the speed.
Example of force
In a wheelchair, users snap their arms at the end of a push which puts force on the shoulder joints
Omnipresence
In the context of classic design, a product that is omnipresent has existed and been in circulation for a long time.
Low impact use
Integrate clean energy sources, reduce energy inefficiencies
Haptic technology
Interfaces the user via the sense of touch - Use mechanical actuators to apply forces to the user - By simulating the physics of the user's virtual world, it is possible to compute these forces into real time. - New technology from VR allows users to use their sense of touch to feel virtual objects - Allow user to be part of computer simulation - Used where it's difficult to train in real life - Used for home entertainment consoles
Tape measure
Measures circumference and length
Soft tissue measurements
Muscle, fat, skin
Interval scales
Numeric scales where there is the order and exact value between each unit
Cradle to grave
One life cycle (waste)
Continental
Ozone layers, acidification, smog,
If it isn't comfortable
People don't want to touch or use it
Tinnitus
Permanent ringing ears
Virtual model
Photorealistic CAD based interactive models that use surface and solid modelling. They are digital mock-ups. Example: TinkerCAD, Fusion 360
Psychological comfort
Quality product should feel as if it is made out of good materials. Comfort is found in the feedback.
Survey/Questionnaire
Read and answer questions
Predictability
Rate of technical advancement leads to a short product life cycle. - Expect highly innovative products bought on release date to be replaced within a year Example: Apple has PLC "watchdogs" that track the replacement times to get a heads up on PLC timings
Technology push
Scientific research leads to advances in technology that underpin new ideas. - Products are redesigned because change in materials, technology, or manufacturing methods - Manufacturer's will push their new product to the market hoping consumers will accept new technology Example: Volvo pushed various safety features in cars such as airbags and lane warning systems
Dynamic Data
Taken while in motion (i.e overhead reach)
Digital humans examples
Testing anthropometrics, safety exists
Percentile Range
That proportion of a population with a dimension at or less than a given value. For a given demographic (gender, race, age), the 50th percentile is the average
Fidelity range
The degree to which a prototype is exactly like the final product.
Alertness
The level of vigilance, readiness or caution of an individual. Being aware of the surroundings allows one to understand how information, actions, and events impact the short and long term.
Major environmental considerations in LCA
Water, noise, air, and soil pollution and degradation
Reach
Workspace envelope. 3D space where you carry out physical activities in a fixed area.
Volumetric data
Zone of reach
Design objectives for green design: Materials
1. Ensuring packaging and instructions encourage efficient and environmentally friendly use 2. Minimising the number of different materials 3. Labelling recyclable materials 4. Increase efficiency in materials and processes
Disadvantages of assembly drawings
1. Difficult to produce 2. Time consuming 3. Expensive
Disadvantages of mathematical modelling
1. Doesn't include all information 2. Only works in certain situations 3. Can easily be manipulated to only show certain data
Comfort
A person's sense of physical or psychological ease
Service mark (SM)
A trademark used to identify a service rather than a product.
3D CAD Software
Development of solid or surface to create 3D models within a 3D environment. Examples: Fusion 360, Sketchup, Solidworks
Natural observations
Observing behaviour in real-world settings and cannot manipulate and control the situation
Design specifications
Requirements of a product and detail aspects of: aesthetics, cost, customer, environment, size, safety, performance, materials, and manufacturing
Disadvantages of hydropower
1. Construction leads to many moving away 2. Can causes low oxygen levels in the water 3. Fish population negatively impacted because they can't move past the dams
Disadvantages of wind power
1. Construction of wind facilities is expensive 2. Dangerous for flying animals 3. Makes loud noise 4. Hard for boats to see at night
Advantages of radical solutions
1. Exploration of new technologies 2. High chance for market growth 3. Creation of new industries 4. Fewer competition 5. Benefit from patenting new solutions 6. Improved reputation
Factors of sustaining innovation
1. Features/additions - New features to improve first generation product issues 2. Cost reductions - As the sales grow, cost of purchasing raw materials decline in addition to design enhancements that simplify the product 3. Product line expansions - Most new products don't come with everything to meet user needs so they offer different colors and sizes
Chance
An unexpected discovery leads to a new idea. Examples: Spencer Silver was trying to make a strong adhesive, but he made a weak adhesive instead that could stick to objects and easily be removed which was then stuck on paper (post it notes)
Incremental green design innovation
TTFC is a Vietnamese company in wood product manufacturing that has made serval improvements: 1. 40% made out of leftover wood 2. Use of wood in the product has been reduced 3. New functions added to increase usability and functionality 4. Easily transportable
Motion capture
The recording of human and animal movement by any means (video, magnetic or electro-mechanical devices) - Person wears a set of reflective markers at each joint - Sensors track motion to create digital representation
Converging technologies
The synergistic merging of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information and communication technologies and cognitive science. - Merging of existing technology to create innovative products that are more convenient, efficient, and multifunctional
Architectural innovation
The technology of the components stays the same, but the configuration of the components is changed to produce a new design (radical). - Putting existing components together in new and different ways Example: electric cars, sony walkman
Embodied energy
The total energy required to produce a product in their life cycle.
Circular economy
Energy from renewable sources. An economy model in which resources remain in use for as long as possible, from which maximum value is extracted while in use, and the products and materials are recovered and regenerated at the end of the product life cycle.
Renewable energy
Energy that comes from renewable resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
Multidisciplinary teams
Most products are now extremely complex and rely on expertise from various disciplines. Most designs are developed by multidisciplinary teams such as smartphones and printers. - Unlikely an inventor will have expertise in all disciplines
Digital human types
Motion capture and haptic technology
To improve environmental management for WEEE, contribute to the circular economy, and improve resource efficiency
Must consider treatment and recycling conditions of electronics
Incremental
Products which are improved and developed over time leading to new versions and generations.
Incremental solutions
Products which are improved and developed over time leading to new versions and generations.
Drivers for cleaning up manufacturing
Products, processes, or services that reduce the waste and require minimum amount of non-renewable resources.
Recycling box for batteries
Recycling batteries is encouraged, because the parts will be recovered to make new batteries. If not, they go to a landfill where the resources are lost. Reduces environmental impact.
Re-engineer
Redesigning components or a product to improve their characteristics or performance (speed, energy)
Waste mitigation strategies
Reduce or eliminate the volume of material disposed to the landfill through prevention, monitoring, and handling of waste to deal with pollution and waste.
Efficient distribution
Reduce packaging and product weight (dematerialization), use reusable or recyclable packaging, use efficient local transport
Dematerialization
Reduction of the total material and energy in a product or service by doing more with less through de-weighing, use o recycled materials, design for durability, and reuse and recycle.
Physical ergonomics
Related to posture, repetitive stress, movement, musculoskeletal disorders, and safety
Biomechanics
Relates to the mechanics of living organisms, deals with force, duration, repetition, and posture.
Rogers' 5 characteristics that impact consumer adoption of an innovation
Relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, observability, and trialability
Repair
Renewal of parts in the same product. To fix faulty equipment because the life-cycle of many products are designed for the parts to break overtime which makes the consumer buy more.
Medium fidelity
Representation of aspects of an idea, some user interaction Design context: general for any user in any environment, and partial for final user or environment
Product recovery strategy: Energy Recovery
Waste to energy (WtE) or Energy from waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of heat or electricity from the primary treatment of waste.
Perception
Way something is understood
Precautionary principle example
We know that air pollution can cause respiratory illness but we take necessary precautions to mitigate it such as wearing masks
Wearable haptics
Wearable body sensors and computer networks - Help those with special needs to perform daily tasks
Orthographic projection (working drawing)
- Drawing from different 2D perspectives (front, side, top) - Useful when almost ready to manufacture - Includes dimensions
Utilization
1. All about the product's use and effect on the environment (Diesel generator will pollute air vs. solar panel that won't)
Product recovery strategy: Recycling
1. Aluminium cans contain more than 3x the recycled content of glass or plastic bottles 2. Consumers recycle more aluminium cans than any other drink container
Disadvantages of 2D and 3D freehand sketch
1. Can't manipulate them 2. Rely on viewers interpretations 3. Hard to understand by non-technical audience
Internal drivers for eco design
1. Managers sense of responsibility 2. Increased product quality 3. Need for better company and product 4. Need to reduce costs 5. Need for innovative power 6. Need to increase personnel motivation
Advantages of converging technologies
1. Multifunctional single device 2. Eliminates need to buy multiple devices 3. Portable 4. Deduce need for materials, cost, and environmental impact
Advantages of physical models
1. Physical visualization 2. Designers can improve/develop it 3. Tangible 4. Can show and test ideas 5. Predict behvaiour 6. Communicate with client and manufacturer 7. Non technical audience can easily understand 8. Easier to manipulate than drawings 9. Used in test trials, market research as ergonomic aspects can be assessed
Production
1. Processing of resources to make products 2. Can be damaging (large factory) or small impact (handmade)
Disadvantages of CAD
1. Software can be expensive 2. Special training required 3. Steep learning curve
Advantages of multidisciplinary teams
1. Vast knowledge that others may not have considered 2. Wide range of expertise that foster the cross fertilization of ideas 3. Various perspectives
Methods of extremes
2.5% to 97.5%
Configurational innovation
A change is made in both technology and organization. - Fixed set of predefined parts can be connected in predefined ways Consists of 3 parts: selection, allocation, interfacing (how the parts connect to each other) Exmample: iPod range (shuffle, nano, classic, touch)
Design Classic
A design classic is an industrially manufactured object with timeless appeal.
Cradle to cradle
A design philosophy that aims to eliminate waste from the production, use and disposal of a product. It centres on products which are made to be made again (Circular economy)
Surface modelling
A realistic picture of the final model, offering some machining data. Surface models contain no data about the interior of the part. - Only has wall thickness - More difficult than solid modelling
Local combined heat and power (CHP) (Co-generation)
An efficient and clean approach that simultaneously generates heat and electricity from a single fuel source for a local community as it's close enough to be dispersed efficiently. Used to replace/add to separate heat and power (SHP)
5th percentile
Below 5% of the population represented
Green legislation example
Catalytic converters for cars which reduces car emissions (end-of-pipe)
Example of 5th-95th percentile
Cycle helmets. Target the that percentile, because a majority of people can use it.
Secondary Data
Data collected by someone other than the user. Involves summary, collation, and synthesis of existing information.
Innovation strategies for markets
Diffusion and suppression
Landfilling
Dispose of waste to a landfill
Examples of ordinal scales
Happiness and satisfaction levels
Radical green design innovation
Kamworks is a Cambodian solar company 1. Sustainable alternative to kerosene fuel lamps for low income rural households
Advantages of perspective
Looks like the real thing, it is aesthetically pleasing, Easy to communicate with client
2D Virtual modelling
Mostly diagrams - Conveys reality - Simple and communicates the 'big picture' and often relates to how individual aspects relate to each other Example: Mathematical model, infographic
Lithium Polymer (LiPo)
Non-hazardous battery
Rapid prototyping
Production of a physical model of design using 3D CAD data - STL file - Must be broken up into layers before printing
Designer
Responsible for everything, plan how it will be used and broken down
Categories of innovation
Sustaining, disruptive, process
Relational database
Two or more tables linked, can pull data from different tables and reassembles it
Radical
Where a completely new product is devised by going back to the roots of a problem and thinking about a solution in a different way.
Energy storage
The method with which energy is stored for later use.
Closed loop recycling
Recycling a product into the same product with no waste
Projection drawings
Systems of drawings that are accurately drawn, the two main types are isometric and orthographic
Disadvantages of microgeneration
1. High initial cost
Highly repetitive job
30 seconds or less
95th
Above 95% of the population represented
Example of re-use
Glass jars, clothes, water bottles, plastic bags
Static Data
Human body measurements when the subject is still
Humiditiy
Leads to drowsiness
Fluvial (river)
Pollution of rivers, regional water
Resource recovery
Recover energy from the material and bringing it back to the economy where acceptable
Inexhaustable resources
Wind, solar, tidal, and hydroelectric
Disadvantages of nuclear power
1. Waste is radioactive, safe disposal is hard and expensive 2. Large accidents are dangerous 3. Local thermal pollution from wastewater badly affects marine life
Disadvantages of solar energy
1. Weather dependent 2. Expensive to build 3. Needs a lot of space
Impact of Rogers' characteristics on consumer adoption of an innovation
- Companies can retain consistent revenue flow by introducing new versions and models - Consumer adoption of technological innovation: Process consumers use to determine whether or not to adopt an innovation
WEEE
- Complicated combination of materials that are hazardous and if not properly managed, can lead to huge environmental and health problems - The production of modern technology needs to use limited and expensive resource
Environmental legislation
- Encourages the design of greener products that tackle specific environmental issues, for example, eliminating the use of certain materials or energy efficiency. - Raised awareness of environmental issues is increasing legislation in many countries. Possible financial penalties to those who don't abide. Many people won't behave responsibly unless forced which is why legislation is needed.
Third angle projection
- End view on left side - International standard - Most dominant - Intuitive layout - Represents views as you see it
First angle projection
- End view on the right side - UK standard - Represents views in the opposite direction
Formal drawings
- Fixed rules - Represents a more developed idea that the designer wants to investigate in more detail - Use of instruments (ruler, protractor) - Include all types of perspectives
General green design strategies
1. Choosing recycled materials that don't need much energy to process 2. Manufacture and produce products using less energy 3. Produce long lasting and better functioning so there is less replacement 4. Design using the recycle concept to recycle it when their use is done
Registered Trademark (R)
- Only used when government approves application - Protects company from another that uses similar name/product - More expensive but more has more serious legal protection than Trademark
Concept sketches
- Spontaneous representation of ideas on paper without technical aid - Done very early in the design process - Rough drawings of ideas - Brief annotations to explain thinking - Don't have to show all perspectives
Rapid prototyping process
1. Use CAD to make full scale model 2. Export/convert to STL file 3. Send to RP machine 4. Manufacture 5. Clean up
Influence of social media on diffusion of innovation
- Use social media to rally support to boycott products or services - Crowd funding platforms for products and projects - Social networking to raise awareness, connect, and converse with consumers (influencers)
Physical limitations
1. Body movement 2. Hand/eye coordination 3. Strength 4. Size 5. Stamina 6. Visual sensitivity 7. Tolerance to extreme temperature 8. Frequency of human hearing 9. Body tolerance
SLA process
1. CAD data is sliced into thin layers 2. Data transferred to SLA machine with a vat of UV Photosensitive resin that changes when lit 3. Machine builds one layer at a time (laser hardens resin on contact) 4. Recoated blades add a thin resin layer 5. Completed product carefully removed from platform 6. Chemical bath to remove excess resin 7. Cured in UV oven, supports are removed
Disadvantages of physical models
1. Can be expensive to make 2. Level of skill required 3. Resources may not be available 4. May not work like final product 5. Chance of inaccuracy 6. Material might not be the same as final 7. Time consuming 8. Consumption of energy- bad for the environment 9. Designers can easily make assumptions about how accurately a model represents reality
BMW Process
1. Car drained of all fluids 2. Airbags and belt tensioners are deactivated, battery is neutralised 3. All parts are removed and body of the car is compacted into a cube 4. Cube shredded into small pieces then organised to separate metal from plastics using magnets and currents 5. Pieces can be used as secondary raw material
Advantages of CAD
1. Changes can quickly and easily be made 2. Communicate with client and manufacturer easily 3. Electronically transferred 4. Avoid expensive mistakes 5. Reduce costs as no need to make extra prototypes 6. Save time 7. High accuracy
Advantages of biomass
1. Cheap fuel 2. Lower demand on earth's resources 3. Widely available
Features of planned obsolescence
1. Cheaply repaired 2. Low durability 3. Difficult to assemble 4. Regular introduction of new technology or improved models
Why are patented technologies shelved?
1. Cost effectiveness - Technology available but expensive to use for consumers (i.e 3D printers) 2. Social - Market not ready for change, unsafe (i.e self driving cars) 3. Technological - Science concepts/ideas developed, but no technology available (i.e flexible phones) 4. Timing - Products introduced in a strategic order to improve market viability (i.e Apple products)
Disadvantages of radical solutions
1. Costly because it requires a lot of resources of development 2. High uncertainty of success 3. Possibility of high market resistance 4. Untried methods aren't risk free
3 strands of circular economy
1. Cradle to cradle design thinking 2. Design for disassembly 3. Biomimicry (design inspired by nature that favours diversity with no waste)
How hydropower works
1. Dam built to trap water, normally in a valley 2. Water flows through the tunnels to turn the turbines and drive generators
Radical green design strategies
1. Development of new key design elements 2. Big whole changes to the design of product or service 3. Complete overhaul of the manufacturing process 4. Using radical clean technology
Benefits of IP
1. Differentiating from competitors - In crowded markets, gives an edges as businesses want to protect their different products 2. Selling or licensing to provide revenue streams - Consent to use IP in exchange for money 3. Offering customers something new and different - Preventing others from copying ideas to maximize impact and profit 4. Value as an asset - Brand has valuable reputation and history 5. Marketing and branding - In a crowded market, company's brand helps attract sales
Human factor design considerations
1. Effectiveness (accuracy) 2. Efficiency (speed and error) 3. Engagement (pleasantness) 4. Error tolerance (error prevention) 5. Learnability (consistency)
Benefits of green legislation
1. Encourages incremental change 2. Short timescale 3. Cost effective
How the electric system works
1. Energy is generated through the generating station and transformer 2. Electricity is sent via high-voltage lines 3. Transmission tower carries the lines 4. Substations lower the power voltage and send it to... 5. Residential, industrial, and commercial customers
Design objectives for green design: Pollution and waste
1. Ensuring planned life of a product considers the environment and functions efficiently 2. Analyze and minimise potential safety hazards 3. Reduce long term harm caused by the use of a product 4. Reduce environmental damage from selected materials 5. Reduce noise/smell pollution 6. Consider effects of disposal at end of life
Negatives for using FEA
1. Expensive 2. Needs computer and software 3. Time consumng 4. Method is only done on a model so it is approximated
Concept models
1. Explain thinking of new ideas 2. Abstract ideas that exist in the mind 3. Help us know and understand, design thinking, ideas, casual relationships, principles, data, systems, or processes. 4. Mainly for designers, use ideas as the foundation 5. Illustrate what's in the designers mind to others 6. Help to communicate with others (client, manufacturer, team members) 7. Able to visualise ideas through graphic, physical and virtual models.
Advantages of a lone inventor
1. Full control on development 2. Driven 3. New and different ideas 4. Increase financial gain if successful
Exterrnal drivers for eco design
1. Government 2. Market demand 3. Social environment 4. Competitors 5. Trade organisation 6. Suppliers
Examples of environmental legislation
1. Government requires to label plastic products with the plastic type to help the recyclers know the type of plastic 2. Fast food companies (McDonalds) banned using styrofoam that contained CFC
Mitigation of carbon emissions
1. Human intervention in reducing carbon emissions, because it contributes to global warming, resulting in desertification, rising seas, melting polar caps 2. Provide 'Sinks' (forests, soils) that can reabsorb carbon emissions
Disadvantages of converging technologies
1. If one fails, another technology could fail as well 2. Increase functionality can lead to inefficient use 3. Converged technology may not work well indivdually
Advantages of product versioning
1. Improve customer choice: choose version that suits them 2. Maximize profit because of increased sales
Potential of virtual reality
1. Improve education/learning experience 2. Improve training systems (NASA in space) 3. Improve user testing (ergonomics in vehicles) and proportions
Advantage of nuclear power
1. Inexpensive to produce 2. Doesn't contribute to the greenhouse effect 3. Produces lots of energy from small amounts 4. Long lifeline
Disadvantages of a lone inventor
1. Lack business acumen 2. Many don't give a sufficient care to the marketing and sales 3. Different ideas resisted by others 4. Difficulty in pushing their designs forward, because need large investments for success 5. Isolated and have no backing for their design 6. Trouble working in teams, because attached to their invention 7. Requires knowledge in all areas
Disadvantages of conceptual modelling
1. Lacks detail- too simple can leave out important parts 2. Can be misinterpreted 3. Scale models can be misleading when the product is smaller/larger 4. Materials are difficult to emulate- may not reflect final material choice 5. Graphic models such as flow charts can be difficult to understand
Research methods
1. Literature search: usually using authoritative sources (journals and books) 2. User trial: people who use the product are observed are usually in a lab where have to perform set tasks under conditions 3. User research: questioning users on their experience using a product (questionnaire or focus group) 4. Expert appraisal: expert is asked to give their opinion 5. Performance tests: test under conditions it normally would be used in
Advantages of microgeneration
1. Low environmental impact 2. Lower costs for the consumer 3. Sustainable alternative for the traditional centralised grid
Advantages of incremental solutions
1. Use existing trusted technologies 2. No need to invest in huge changes 3. More certainty of success 4. Can quickly respond to legislation
Why do a few inventions become successful innovations
1. Marketability - Low product demand, not ready for sale 2. Financial support - Minimal financial backing from organization or outsider - Invention requires more sponsors for financial aid 3. Marketing - Poor marketing strategy - Wrong target audience 4. Need - If there is a good reason/demand 5. Price - Too expensive to manufacture or purchase - Is it worth the price 6. Resistance to change - Reluctant to change because feel too comfortable in familiarity 7. Risk - Uncertainty in financial investment
Disadvantages of multidisciplinary teams
1. May not want to share ideas for fear of losing ownership 2. Individual may not be a team worker 3. Different working styles and speeds 4. Chance of miscommunication
How does motion capture contribute to the development of digital humans?
1. Motion capture session records movements and not visual appearance 2. Captured movements are mapped to 3D model made by computer artist to move in the same way
Disadvantages of CHP
1. Needs to be situated close to the place of use/city because heat is hard to transport
Disadvantages of biomass
1. Not as effective as fossil fuels 2. Not entirely good for the environment (bc burning wood) 3. Requires a lot of space
Pre-production
1. Obtaining natural sources 2. Can be very polluting (strip mining) or small environmental impact (shaft mining) 3. Transportation of raw materials to processing industries
Advantages of hydropower
1. Once the dam is built, energy is free 2. Produced no waste 3. More reliable than solar or wind
Systems approach to the end-of-pipe
1. Passive: ignore 2. Reactive: dilution and dispersion 3. Constructive: end-of-pipe treatment 4. Proactive: cleaner production
3 levels of situation awareness
1. Perception: Awareness of relevant objects 2. Comprehension: Understand the meaning of whats perceived. Interpreting significance. 3. Projection: Predict the situation in the near future based on the environment.
3 methods of collecting physiological factor data
1. Performance testing 2. User trials and observations 3. Collection of anthropometric data
Reasons for cleaning up manufacturing
1. Promote positive impacts 2. Ensure neutral impact or minimize negative impacts through conserving natural resources 3. Reduce pollution and energy use 4. Reduce energy waste and resources
Advantages of mathematical modelling
1. Quick and easy to make 2. Simplify complex situation 3. Help understand the real world 4. Enable predictions 5. Give 'big picture'
Advantages of 2D and 3D freehand sketch
1. Quick visual image to generate ideas 2. Convey ideas 3. Explain thinking behind visual image 4. Promotes creativity
Strategies to reduce waste
1. Raise awareness and passing acts to ban/reduce pollutants 2. Building products from recyclable materials and with a cradle to cradle life cycle 3. Follow ISO 14000 to address environmental issues
6 waste mitigation strategies
1. Re-use 2. Repair 3. Re-engineer 4. Recycle 5. Recondition 6. Dematerialisation
Process of the quantification of carbon emissions
1. Record carbon emissions 2. Find out who/where/how much is produced 3. Track carbon footprint
4 product recovery strategies
1. Recycling 2. Raw material 3. WEEE 4. Energy
Aim of human factors
1. Reduce stress and fatigue 2. Increase safety 3. Increase ease of use 4. Enhance operational comfort 5. Improve system performance, reliability, and maintenance
Advantages of CHP
1. Reduces energy costs because it is combined 2. Industries may benefit financially through distributed generation 3. Reduces negative environmental impact
Incremental green design strategies
1. Using recyclable materials as composite materials are hard, costly, or can't be recycled. 2. Material optimization 3. Limit the number of materials (Tetra Pak has many layers which makes it difficult to recycle) 4. Implement clean technology (End-of-pipe) 5. Introduce design for disassembly
Benefits of using motion capture
1. Save time 2. Reduce animation cost 3. Makes more natural movements than manual animation (limited to anatomical only) 4. Understand physiological requirements (anthropometrics) of user
Scale model examples
1. Scaled down version of a car or architectural building to gain better understanding of the environment to visualize the structure and form 2. Scaled up version of a molecule because too small to normally see it
6 types of ergonomic relationships
1. Shape, colour, form, texture 2. Ease in use 3. Comfort in use 4. Mapping and user interfaces 5. Affordance and logic user 6. User experience
Advantages of conceptual modelling
1. Shares the big picture 2. Allows non-designers and non-technical people to understand a complex idea 3. Able to communicate with team members, clients, and users 4. Manipulate ideas better than with drawings alone 5. Establish proportion 6. Gauge people's reaction to a concept or idea
Advantages of assembly drawings
1. Show how it is assembled and how it functions
Advantages of formal drawings
1. Shows details of the size and concept 2. Can be used to construct 3. Accurate 4. Shows many views that can't be seen in freehand sketches
FDM process
1. Slicing 3D data in layers 2. Data transferred to machine that makes layer per layer on a build platform 3. Thin thermoplastic spools and support material make cross section of the part 4. Uncoiled material extruded through nozzle 5. Remove support
Disadvantages of rapid prototyping
1. Some think it isn't effective, because it fails in replicating the real product 2. Might skip tests to get a cheap working model 3. Problems are overlooked which leads to constant revision 4. May not be suitable for large sized applications 5. High expectations that the designer can't meet 6. Expensive equipment
Timescale to implement green design
1. Specific time frame 2. Short term goal: less than 10 years; Long term goal: more than 10 years 3. Governments pursuing green growth strategies aim to improve their triple bottom line
How wind power works
1. Sun heats the atmosphere unevenly which changes the air pressure 2. Air moves from high to low pressure 3. Wind moves the propeller
Disadvantages of incremental solutions
1. Takes too long 2. Small changes may not meet overall legislation needs 3. Need to make small changes often 4. Saturated market with low chances of market growth
Distribution (packaging)
1. Taking the product from the factory to the warehouse, from the warehouse to the store, and the package itself 2. Can have a large impact (styrofoam) or small impact (made locally with biodegradable packaging)
Why do inventors take on multiple roles?
1. Their product is new/novel 2. Too new for a company to risk it 3. No backer or company to help produce 4. Has to "champion" to different companies
Disadvantages of formal drawings
1. Time consuming 2. Requires high level of skills 3. Special equipment needed
Why is it challenging to collect static accurate anthropometric data?
1. Tools used 2. Personnel training 3. Time of day 4. Person's body shape 5. Users don't carry tasks the same way 6. Obtaining static data is straightforward
Advantages of wind power
1. Wind is free 2. Produces no waste 3. Land beneath can be used for farming
Innovators
1st group to adopt an innovation when launched. Willing to takes risks (2.5%)
Early adopters
2nd fastest group to adopt an innovation. (13.5%)
Design objectives for green design
3 categories: materials, energy, and pollution/waste.
Early majority
3rd group that tends to take more time to consider adopting an innovation. Ask for feedback from early adopters before taking the risk of purchasing. (34%)
Late majority
4th group that adopts the innovation after it has been established in the market place. Seldom willing to take risks with an innovation. (34%)
Ambient environment
50-75 decibels leads to more creativity
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
A 3D printing technique that places melted layers of material on a bed to build up a 3D model. - Uses thermoplastic (ABS, PLA) to make prototype - Accurately makes details
Product versioning
A business practice in which a company produces different models of the same product, and then charges different prices for each model. - Gives consumer an option to choose which model to purchase - Business attempts to attract higher prices based on the value a customer perceives
Cradle to grave
A design philosophy that considers the environmental effects of a product all of the way from manufacture to disposal (Linear economy)
Retro-styling
A design that uses the form and decoration from a particular period of time and/or style.
Bottom up modelling
A designer creates part geometry independent of the assembly or any modelling other component. Once all parts are completed, they are brought together for the first time in the assembly. - Make parts individually and then assemble together - Allow parts to be used elsewhere - Adding components to existing models
Assembly drawing
A diagram that shows how components fit together to make a whole drawings. - Often used to show how to assemble parts of model kits and flat pack furniture (Ikea)
Non-renewable resources
A finite resource that does not replenish itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction.
Example of psychological comfort
A lightweight and flimsy pair of glasses is not comfortable to use.
User need
A marketing specification should identify the essential requirements that the product must satisfy in relation to market and user
Aesthetic models
A model developed to look and feel like the final product. - Used for ergonomic testing and evaluating visual appeal - Little to no functionality - Only concerned with aesthetics and how the product fits in its visual environment - Can be simple (foam) or sophisticated (simulating material properties) - Allows non-designer to see and feel how the real product will be - Production engineers collect data that will help them assess the feasibility for matching manufacturing systems - Expensive because need to have a good surface finish and life sized
Scale model
A model that is either a smaller or larger physical copy of an object. - Accurate physical representation of objects and features - Allow team members, manufacturers, or clients to visualize and/or manipulate the object - Visualisation of the structure, interior, and exterior - Ratios - Fast method to ideate something more sophisticated to convey design ideas
Stereolithography (SLA)
A modelling technique that creates 3D models layer-by-layer by hardening molecules of a liquid polymer using a laser beam. - Starts off with an excess of plastic that is cured to form a solid object - Objects made have a smooth surface - Highly accurate - Used for producing models and prototypes, and production parts
Eco design
A more comprehensive approach than green design because it focusses on three broad environmental categories: materials, energy, and pollution/waste.
Renewable resources
A natural resource that can replenish with the passage of time or does not abate at all.
Reserves
A natural resource that has been identified in terms of quantity and quality. Part of a reserve base that can be economically and technically extracted.
Maket pull
A new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace. - Market influence: competitor releases a new product that impacts market share Example: consumer demand for larger phone screens exhibited with the iPhone plus
Comfort
A person's sense of physical or psychological ease. How pleasing it feels to use a product. Determines how effective a design is and how well a human can interact.
Fatigue
A person's sense of physical or psychological tiredness.
Planned obsolescence
A product becomes outdated as a conscious act either to ensure a continuing market or that safety factors and new technologies can be incorporated into later versions of the product. - Forces consumers to purchase a product many times - BUT need to be mindful on the damage to the environment Examples: lightbulb, computers, phones
Disruptive innovation
A product or type of technology that challenges existing companies to ignore or embrace technical change - Big changes that disrupt the current market that make previous solutions obsolete - Aims to make it simpler and more efficient Example: MP3 player to an iPod (more convenient, simple, customizable, cheaper) and landline to mobile phones
Prototype
A sample or model built to test a concept or process, or to act as an object to be replicated or learned from. Prototypes can be developed at a range of fidelity and for different contexts. - Test and evaluate ideas - Has functionality unlike mockups and aesthetic models - Real working product made to real specifications that can be used throughout the design development - Useful before production - Help team discover issues related to the manufacturing of the product - Allows development team to learn from the user through feedback and trials
Mockups
A scale or full-size representation of a product used to gain feedback from users. - Commonly used by product designers, architects, engineers - Inexpensive material - Some functionality - No aesthetic appeal - Used to determine proportions
Perspective drawing
A set of formal drawing techniques that depicts an object as getting smaller and closer together the further away they are. The techniques are one-point perspective, two-point perspective, and three-point perspective.
Environmental factors
A set of psychological factors that can affect the performance of an individual that come from the environment that the individual is situated.
Adaptation
A solution to a problem in one field is adapted for solving a problem in another field. - Adapting and changing the application is common in design Examples: Principle of how a hovercraft works was applied to create the lawnmower, Cyclonic technologies scaled down to create vacuum cleaners
Target audience
A specific group of people within the target market at which a product is aimed at.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
A technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product or system's life: pre-production, production, distribution (including packaging, utilisation, and disposal).
Competition
A thorough analysis of competing designs is required to establish the market need. 1. Measure against an existing product to evaluate competitiveness: often evaluate using an existing benchmark 2. Check compliance with national/international standards: consumers expect products to meet standards, ones that don't are unlikely to gain success
Adjustability
Ability of a product to be changed in size. Increases the range of percentiles that a product is appropriate for.
Systems of individual energy generation (Microgeneration)
Ability of an individual to use devices to create small amounts of energy to run low-energy products. Term mainly used for environmentally conscious approaches that aim to have zero/low carbon footprint
Patent pending
An agreement from the government to give the right to make or sell a new invention for a certain number of years. - Has to be new Example: blueprints
Service design
Act of planning, organising people, infrastructure, communication, and material components of a service to improve the quality and interaction between service provider and customers. - Design according to the needs of customers, so the service is user friendly and relevant Example: Starbucks experience, feedback forms
Economic viability
Activity that financially supports themselves
Copenhagen Accord 2009
Aim: global warming must be limited to below 2' Celsius
Kyoto Protocol 1997
Aim: reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, especially in industrialised countries (except for USA, Canada, and Australia) Actions: renewable energy support, improve energy efficiency, and reducing deforestations
Earth Summit Rio 1992
Aim: was to stop the destruction of irreplaceable natural resources and pollution Results: made eco-efficiency a guiding principle for businesses and governments; alternative energy sources to replace fossil fuels, reliance on public transportation; increased awareness of water shortage
Factors that contribute to thermal comfort
Air temperature (heat from the sun) Radiant temperature (heat from humans) Air velocity (air movement)
Application of physical models
Allows visualization Obtains important information (test and simulation measurements) Allows user to understand the problem and observations of internal relationships (structure) and external relationships (environment)
Form
Also considered as the three-dimensional space that a product takes up, in the context of classic design, form relates to the shape of a product and the aesthetic qualities that the shape gives.
Capacity
Amount of electric charge it can deliver
Triple bottom line (TBL)
An accounting framework that includes 3 dimensions: environmental, social, and economic outcomes. TBL dimensions are caused by the 3 P's: People, planet, and profits.
Grid systems
An electrical supply distribution network that can be national or international. International grids allow electricity generated in one country to be used in another.
Analogy
An idea from one context is used to stimulate ideas for solving a problem in another context. Usually found in nature. Examples: Sonar is used to check fish depth, that idea was used for modelling how bats navigate and communicate
Process innovation
An improvement in the organization and/or manufacture method that often leads to reduced costs or benefits to consumers. - Changing techniques, software, equipment, logistics, and distribution
Lone inventor
An individual working outside or inside an organization who is committed to the invention of a novel product and often becomes isolated because he or she is engrossed with ideas that imply change and are resisted by others. - Lack business acumen - Have new and different ideas - May not give sufficient care about think about marketing and sales - Ideas resisted by others - Often isolated, have no backing towards the design
Lone inventor
An individual working outside or inside an organization who is committed to the invention of a novel product and often becomes isolated because they are engrossed with ideas that imply change and are resisted by others. - Creative champion who makes it from start to end Example: James Dyson and Nikola Tesla
3D Physical modelling
Architectural model or prototype - Looks into internal relationships of the structure or external relationships of the environment - Tactile and hands on representation -Example: Scale models, clay models, cardboard building, prototype
Interviews
Asking questions about their experiences and attitudes
50th percentile
Average or most common anthropometric measurements from a sample
Source reduction
Avoid and reduce waste
Prevention principle
Avoidance/minimization of producing waste in relation to the production, use and disposal of a product. - Knowledge based - Actions taken before damage occurs - Risk assessments to assess their operations for risk and introduce systems to protect health and safety - Definition of acceptable risk is mainly science based
Product recovery strategy: Raw Material Recovery
BMW specialists lay out the foundations for the end of a vehicles life during the product development process. They work closely with the recycling specialists to analyse the environmental impact of the car's components. It includes material labelling and all components are in accordance with ISO standards. Every product designed to be recycled and dismantled at the end of a life with 90% recyclable.
Haptic technology: touchscreens
Beyond a touchscreen experience where we can interact with the screen
Renewable resources that need careful management
Biomass and timber
Example of embodied energy
Building where the embodied energy is broken in 1. Materials - Energy is used to extract raw materials and process them into usable building products at the factory gate (cradle to gate) 2. Transport - Energy is used to transport building materials from the factory to the building site 3. Assembly - Energy is used to create the building 4. Recurring - Energy is used to maintain and replace parts of the building 5. Demolition and Recycling - Energy is used to demolish and recycle the building and bring back the resultant materials into building material.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
Calculation and simulation of unknown factors in products using CAD systems. - Computer model of material that is stressed and analyzed for specific data - Analyze stress, strain, or heat transfer in irregular shaped solid model designs - Red (high stress/heat) to blue (low stress/heat) - Detects unknown stresses within- can redesign areas of weakness
Resources that depend on regrowth...
Can be depleted beyond renewability such as deforestation of land that leads to desertification and the harvestation of valuable species to extinction.
Why do many modern industrial societies use non-renewable energy?
Cheap
Circles in perspectives
Circles change their shape in the form of ellipses which posses a major and minor axis
Aesthetic model example
Clay car
Materials used to construct physical models
Clay, foam, rubber, plastic, wood, paper
Solid modeling
Clear representations of the final part. They provide a complete set of data for the product to be realized. - Internal dimensions and volume - Mainly used for large part assemblies, digital testing, and rapid prototyping - More information for the designer
Primary data
Data collected by a user for a specific purpose. Collecting data that doesn't exist.
Human factors
Combination of ergonomics and anthropometrics. It is also known as comfort design, functional design and user-friendly systems.
Design thinking
Combining empathy for the problem, creativity to create solutions, and rationality to fitting solutions to the problem context - Matching people's needs with what is technologically feasible and viable as a business strategy
Drivers for cleaning up manufacturing: Social
Communities can influence change through protest and media. Negative publicity on current harmful industries can lead to force legislation and use of clean technologies.
The role of conceptual modelling in design
Concept models are used to communicate ideas that might be hard to imagine otherwise
Low fidelity
Conceptual representation analogous to the idea, not that tangible, user can offer input into the design Design context: restricted in a controlled environment Example: paper prototype
Optimized lifetime
Design for easy repair, longevity, and timeless design
Trialability
Degree the innovation may be experimented. How easily the innovation can be explored. - If they can test it, more likely to adopt
Complexity
Degree to which innovation is perceived as difficult to understand or use (must be simple). - If it is, the consumer won't adopt it
Observability
Degree to which the innovation are visible to others. - Chances of adoption increases if can easily see the relative advantages of new technology - Can improve diffusion
Compatibility
Degree to which the innovation is consistent with existing values, past experience, and consumer need. - Must be socially acceptable - Innovation has to fit into the consumer's life
Disposal
Depends on the product and method of disposal 1. Recycling is preferred 2. Biodegradable objects can be reused, recycled, or left to be broken down in soil
UNEP Eco Design Manual
Design for sustainability (D4S): aims to improve triple bottom line - Increase recyclability - Reduce energy requirements - Maximize use of renewable resources - Reduce use and creation of toxic materials - Reduce goods and service requirements - Increase longevity
2D Graphical Models
Designers use models as a representation of reality and showing features in a design.
Green design
Designing in a way that takes account of the environmental impact of the product throughout its life. Refers to the development of products to have a reduced environmental impact.
Advantages of orthogonal
Detailed, contains all necessary information, can construct from it, accurate, easy to communicate with manufacturer
Data modelling
Determines the structure of data. - Based on data requirements for an application - Databased models: flat file, relational, hierarchical
Light
Determines visual sharpness of an object Alertness, productivity, and performance affected At night, red and blue = increase. in alertness In the day, bright > dim = increase in alertness
Scale drawings
Drawings that are bigger or smaller than the real product, but exactly in proportion with product. - Usually done with a product that is too large or small to create - Need to know ratios
Capacitor
Electronic component that temporarily stores electrical energy
Open office plan
Encourages communication
Dematerialization impacts...
Every stage of LCA (eco-design, recycling of waste, cleaner production, smaller and lighter packaging, digital products)
Force
Excessive impact jolts the user's joints and causes the muscles to tense in response
Noise
Excessive noise can lead to people losing their hearing Additional noise = decrease in alertness Higher levels of noise = increase in fatigue
Variable costs
Expenses that change often - Volume-related, paid per quantity produced
Fixed costs
Expenses that remain constant for a period of time - Tend to be time-related such salaries and rents
Relative advantage
Extent the innovation is more productive, efficient, affordable, or is improved over the previous generation
Horizon line
Eye level - Anything below is lower than eye level and anything above is higher than eye level - Object can cut through the line
Style/fashion obsolescence
Fashions trends change over time, which leads to products no longer being desirable and customers purchasing more frequently. However, as seen with retro styling and the cyclic nature of fashion, products can become desirable again.
Example end-of-pipe technologies
Filtering factory pipes and wastewater treatment plants that contain emissions and pollutants
Example of process innovation
Ford: Assembly line Toyota: Lean production Dell: barcodes, scanners for customers to track delivery Premade packs/kits
Waste to Energy (WtE)
Form of energy recovery that produces energy through combustion or creates a combustible fuel commodity
Grid systems consists of...
Generating stations that produce electrical power, high-voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to demanding/busy areas and distribution lines to connect individual consumers
Repetition
High task repetition when other risk factors such as high force and/or awkward posture can lead to a musculoskeletal disease
Example of recycle
Glass, paper, aluminium
Example of reserve
Gold in seawater, because it exists but it might not be viable at the moment.
Consumer pressure
Group of individuals who have a similar viewpoint on a particular topic (environment) and take action to promote positive change to meet their goals. - Public has become more aware of environmental issues through the media - Increased public awareness puts pressure on the government and corporations - Consumer seeks for energy efficient products
Unpredictability
Hard to predict how long the product cycle will be especially during a new product development phase - Consumer demand is unpredictable so they don't always get it right
Example of renewability
Hardwood trees take longer to mature where it can be usable as a resource, so it is considered non-renewable, but it could be renewed if the extraction stopped so it can regrow. Softwood trees mature quickly and are renewable.
Ratio scale
Has the order, exact value in between units, and absolute zero
Examples of ratio scale
Height, weight
Stationery physical measurements
Height, weight
Haptic technology: robots
Help those with motor control issues or elderly with lack of function
Cognitive Ergonomics
How mental processes, (memory, reasoning, and perception), affect the interactions between users and other components of a system.
Psychological factors
Human factor data related to physical characteristics used to optimise the user's safety, health, comfort and performance.
Ubiquitous
In the context of classic design, a product that is ubiquitous is one that can be found almost everywhere. For example, a mobile phone.
Culture
In the context of classic design, culture plays an important part. They often reflect cultural influences and mark transition points within a particular culture. The culture of concern may be national, religious or a sub-culture, such as a particular youth culture or movement.
Case studies
In-depth examination on one person where the results are not generalised
Organizational ergonomics
Include subjects i.e communication, teamwork, and work system design
Sustaining innovation
Incremental value gain over existing solutions available to users. - Developing generations - Normally large companies do this because they have many resources and customers to allow sustaining efforts - Protection to give time to develop disruptive innovation - Profit is maximized - Aim is to extend the product life cycle for as much as possible
Example of repair
Inner tube of a bicycle, shoe soles, light bulb, iPhone
Strategies for designing green products
Innovation, low-impact materials, optimized manufacturing, efficient distribution, low impact use, optimized lifetime, and optimized end of life
Categories of consumers
Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards
Example of the inventor as a product champion and/or entrepreneur
James Dyson invented cyclone technology suction. No one was interested initially so he became a product champion and led it until he found a Japanese company willing to take it on. He used his understandings and profits for improvements and new products which led to the development of entrepreneurial skills to lead him to success.
Nominal scales
Labelling variables without quantitative value
Laggards
Last to adopt innovation. Prefer traditional products, unwilling to take risks. (16%)
Green legislation
Laws and regulations that are based on conservation and sustainability principles, followed by designers and manufacturers when creating green products.
Legislation
Laws considered to collectively address a particular topic
Defensible office plan
Leads to focused thinking
Intellectual Property (IP)
Legal term for protecting intangible property of "creations of the mind" such as inventions and designs that are used commercially. Legally exclusive rights protected by law.
Drivers for cleaning up manufacturing: Political
Legislation is a driving force that pushes towards clean manufacturing processes. It sets conditions, penalties, and timetables for compliance on laws.
Skeletal dimensions
Length of bones between joints
Manufacturer
Less involvement with the life cycle, mainly responsible for the pre-production, production, and distribution
Result of fatigue
Less productivity, loss in quality of outcome, and perception it has been poorly designed
Quiet environments
Less than 50 decibels leads to easier concentration
Psychographic
Lifestyle, value, attitude, activity
Social roots of consumerism
Lifestyle, value, identity
4 Environmental factors
Light, noise, spatial issues, air quality
Two point perspective
Lines converge to two vanishing points that sit on a horizon line
One point perspective
Lines converge towards a single vanishing point. All other lines are either vertical or horizontal. - Used for roads and buildings
Three point perspective
Lines converge towards three vanishing points - Creates an extra element of reality to communicate the impact of an object
Geographic
Location, climate, region, country, city
Rapid prototyping and machines
Machine that makes complete product quickly - Reduce product development time as can quickly be made and tested - Additive manufacturing technique
Lack of alertness
Main factor in accidents attributed to human error
Still air velocity movement
Makes people feel stuffy
Physical comfort
Making a product intuitive and comfortable to use will ensure its success. This increases the utility.
Market specifications
Market and user characteristics of proposed design and details
Decline
Market saturation is reached and sales start to reduce as well as profit. - Discounting maybe necessary - New features can be added to recover the product and prevent it from discontinuing Example: black and white television
How the smart grid system works
Measures a home's electricity consumption through a smart meter to manage bills
Stadiometer
Measures height
Skinfold calipers
Measures skinfold thickness
Optimized Manufacturing
Minimize waste, energy use, and number of operations and materials, design for ease of production
High fidelity
Mock up of the idea, as close to the final product as possible, tangible and testable, full user interaction Design context: Total for the final user and environment Example: full scale working prototype
Loud noise
More than 85 decibels
Drivers for cleaning up manufacturing: Economic
Most decisions in the end are based on the economic considerations of profitability. Must take into account: government incentives and impact in the market.
Disadvantages of isometric
Not all details included, May not look like the real product because the dimensions are all true, Need specialised skills and equipment needed
Act of insight
Often referred to as the "eureka moment", a sudden image of a potential solution is formed in the mind, usually after thinking of the problem. - Dependent on the inventor and circumstances Examples: Newton watching an apple fall and gaining insight on gravity
Non-renewable energy sources
Oil, coal, gas, and nuclear
Example of posture
Optimal posture is more upright, allowing the spine to act as the main support. Seat depth cannot be too short for the legs as this will lead to a loss in stability.
Functional obsolescence
Over time, products break down. If parts are no longer available, the product can no longer work in the way it originally did. Also, if a service vital to its functioning is no longer available, it can become obsolete. Example: home entertainment systems were originally designed for bulky TVs that now no longer work with flat screen TVs
Virtual prototyping
Photorealistic CAD-based interactive models that use surface and solid modelling. They can be considered 'digital mock-ups'. - Can simulate design visually and/or mathematically - Reduce lead times and development costs - Reduce errors - Improve quality - Easily scalable - Done before making physical prototype because many aspects are testable
Ordinal scales
Places an importance on the order, but the exact values in between each unit is unknown
Posture
Position you hold yourself upright while standing, sitting, or laying down
Status
Products considered as classic designs often increase in value and can project a certain status as they become more desirable. The ownership of a classic design can increase the perceived status of an individual.
Invention
Process of discovering a principle which allows a technical advance in a particular field that results in a novel/new product.
Quantification and mitigation of carbon emissions
Process of establishes how much carbon is produced globally
Diffusion
Process where a market will accept a new idea or product. The rate it accepts the new idea or product can be increased by several factors. - Rogers: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation - Only occurs when the product is adopted Examples: lightbulb, ATM cards
Suppression
Process where a new idea or adoption of a product by the market is actively slowed. - Might be due to: 1. Difficulties competing with a dominant design 2. Ambiguity over patent ownership 3. Competing companies actively petitioning against a new product 4. Natural resistance to an unfamiliar concept
2D CAD Software
Produce shapes, curves, lines, text, figures in vector based programs in a 2D environment. Examples: Autodesk CAD and Adobe Illustrator
Top down modelling
Product development process obtained through 3D CAD systems. The main feature of this new method is that the design originates as a concept and gradually evolves into a complete product consisting of components and sub-assemblies. - More difficult to do - Changing one part changes all other parts that are connected to it
Function
Products can be considered classic designs based on how well they fulfil the task that they have been designed for.
Instrumented physical model
Prototypes that are equipped with the ability to take measurements to provide accurate quantitative feedback. - Used to investigate many phenomena - Simulate dimensions, weights, and articulation of an object - Records dynamic behaviour - Scaled in terms of both geometry and important forces Example: crash test dummy
Affordance and usability
Provide chance to interact with objects, environment, and systems - Visual cues to show how it functions
Laboratory observations
Psychologists have control over the factors but the results maybe unnatural due to people knowing they are observed
Recondition
Rebuilding an entire product so it is in new condition or good as new. Commonly used in car engines and tyres by repairing, cleaning and/or replacing parts.
Re-use
Reusing the same product in either the same or different context
Maturity
Sales peak but remain steady, so maximum profit is achieved. - Competition may appear and pace of sales slow down - Price reductions are necessary to remain competitive - Market penetration: focus on current products to increase market share Example: refrigerator, microwave
Supercapicitator
Same as an ordinary capacitor but has a higher capacity, energy, and power density
Range of sizes
Selection of sizes a product is made in that caters for the majority of a market
Waste hierarchy for product recovery strategy energy
Set of priorities for the efficient use of resources during waste disposal
End-of-pipe vs. Clean manufacturing
Shift from pollution control (end-of-pipe mentality) to pollution prevention. Pollution control is adopted within all sectors as a last minute effort while pollution prevention (clean production) tackles all aspects and is mainly for the manufacturing sector.
Advantages of isometric
Shows all views at once, easy to communicate with manufacturer and client
Isometric projection
Shows solution in 3D form - Drawn on 30/90/30 degree axis
Fitted assembly drawing
Shows the parts put together and can be drawn in 2D or 3D
Exploded assembly drawing
Shows the parts separated but together, mainly drawn in 3D
Good user-product interface factors
Simplicity, ease of use, visibility, low memory burden
Virtual reality
Simulate real situation on screen and interact in a near-natural way - Use real humans to immerse them in a simulated reality - Interact with data that gives appearance of 3D environment using a headset and wearable technology - Equipment depends on haptic technology
Flat file
Single table, no structural interrelationship
Launch (introduction)
Slow sales and little profit as the product has just been introduced to the market - Important to launch with the right impact and price - Poor distribution can lead to disaster - Requires significant investment to launch Example: VR, digital cameras
SLA development time
Small: 6-12 hours Large: Days
Consumerism
Social and economic ideology that encourages acquisition of goods and services in greater amounts - Attempting to satisfy the customer needs: lifestyle value, identity Example: Department stores (Macys) has a variety of goods/services in one place
3 groups of drivers for cleaning up manufacturing
Social, political, economic
Example of physical comfort
Soft blanket encourages the user to continually use it in contrast to a scratchy and rough blanket
Design for environment software (DfE)
Software that allows designers to perform Life cycle analysis (LCA) on a product and assess its environmental impact. - Autodesk inventer, Eco-designer, solidworks - Select materials and manufacturing techniques that reduce environmental effects - Run scenarios that can minimize materials - Optimise designs to be cost effective that are environmentally friendly
Regional
Soil and water over fertilization, drought, waste disposal
System level solutions
Solutions that are implemented to deal with the whole system, rather than just components.
The inventor as a product champion and/or entrepreneur
Sometimes an inventor may have developed skills or profiles of a product champion and/or entrepreneur. - Require a specific skill set - Take on multiple roles
Waste hierarchy order
Source reduction, reuse, recycle, resource recovery, incineration, landfilling
Spatial issues
Space, colour, and smell impact productivity and performance Neutral spaces are preferrable
Disadvantages of orthogonal
Specialised skills and equipment needed, time consuming, not easily understood by non technical person
Trademark (TM)
Symbol, word, or words established by use as representing a company or product. - Doesn't have that much legal meaning - Alerts competitors that you plan to use it in a business
Mathematical model
System using mathematical concepts and langue to explain a concept through numbers
Laminated object manufacturing (LOM)
Takes sliced CAD data from 3D model and cuts each layer from a roll of material with laser - Slices are glued together to make model - Built on a movable platform below the machine
Wearable technology
Technology that can be integrated into fashion to give a vast range of user experience, multifunctional
Shelved technologies
Technology that is shelved for various reasons. Sometimes shelved technologies will be rediscovered or taken off the shelf. - Usually patent technologies
End-of-pipe technologies
Technology that is used to reduce pollutants and waste at the end of a process. Usually is the initial response to reduce pollution. It is expensive and only effective when damage occurred.
Technology transfer
Technology, manufacturing process, or material is transferred to another field to provide the basis of invention. Example: laser technology is transferred to many applications such as surgery, welding, CAD, read information in CDs
Animation
The ability to link graphic screens together in such a way as to simulate motion or a process. - Simulate design contexts through digital humans to allow scenario testing - Needs specialized equipment and training Example: Manufacturing companies test safety of production by seeing how it is made through animation
Precautionary principle
The anticipation of potential problems in relation to the environmental impact of the production, use and disposal of a product. - Uncertainty (Scientific evidence isn't conclusive) - Actions should be taken so that the risk of damage is avoided - Occurrence of damage is uncertain and can't be predicted clearly - Social acceptance of risk should be considered - Regulation through procedural requirements
Ergonomics
The application of scientific information concerning the relationship between human beings and the design of products, systems and environments
Anthropometrics
The aspect of ergonomics that deals with body measurements, particularly those of size, strength and physical capacity.
Life cycle analysis (LCA)
The assessment of the effect a product has on the environment through five stages of its life: pre-production; production; distribution (including packaging; utilization; and disposal). - Not possible for a lone designer to conduct - Use LCA to assess and balance environmental throughout a product's life - Highlights areas to reduce environmental impact - Influence change to sustainable product design
Modular innovation
The basic configuration stays the same, but one or more key components are changed (incremental). - Making an existing component better - Adding more features Examples: Changing the seats of the bike, but nothing else about the bike
Innovation
The business of putting an invention in the marketplace and making it a success.
Dominant design
The design contains those implicit features of a product that are recognized as essential by a majority of manufacturers and purchasers.
Conflict and compromise
The development of new products often require a multidisciplinary team including designers, engineers, and manufacturers. These different actors often have different priorities when developing a product and this can often lead to conflict. In order to achieve the goals of creating the new product, the different team members must often compromise.
Growth
The market gradually accepts the product, so diffusion starts and sales expand. - Can introduce complementary products/services to stimulate the market Example: CD player, home computer
Energy distribution
The method with which energy is transported from a source to where it is used.
Energy utilization
The method with which energy is used.
Drivers for invention
These include personal motivation to express creativity/for personal interest, scientific or technical curiosity, constructive discontent, desire to make money, desire to help others, necessity because a new material is made so a new tool is needed.
Obsolescence
This is the stage in a product life cycle where the product is no longer needed even though it functions as well as it did when first manufactured. Classic designs tend to transcend obsolescence and become desired objects long after they have ceased to be manufactured.
Product life cycle
Tool for mapping out the four stages of a product's commercial life: Launch; Growth; Maturity; Decline. - Used to determine their life span
Incineration
Treatment of waste by burning
Battery
Two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy to electrical energy
Smart grid system
Two way dialogue that allows electricity and information to be exchanged between utility and consumer. - Enables renewable technologies to be integrated - Replaces ageing electric system - More sustainable, unified, and integrated energy system
Computer-aided design (CAD)
Use of computers to aid the design process (creating and modifying designs, graphic design, data processing, analysis or simulations).
Low-impact materials
Use renewable resources and non toxic materials that don't need much energy to prpduce, avoid materials that damages humans, use standard components, minimize the number of components (dematerialization)
Environmental impact assessment matrix
Useful tool for designers of eco-products and systems - Targeted at particular product categories—products with high environmental impacts (washing machines, refrigerators) - Identifies conflicts that have to be resolved through priority - Not widely in practice because: complex, costly, time consuming, team is required
2D Physical modelling
Uses sheet materials (card, paper) - Creates different perspectives of an idea - Extension of sketching as it gives designers some solutions - Enables them to proceed with an idea knowing certain parts will work Example: Orthographic, concept sketches
Graphical model
Visualization of an idea created on paper or software (2D or 3D) Example: flow charts, drawing, diagrams
Product Recovery Strategy: WEEE Recovery
WEEE is the European community directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment
Example of 5th percentile
When designing the airplane cockpit, everyone needs to reach the control. Target the that percentile arm length, because if the shortest can reach it, everyone can.
Target market
When determining the target market, market sectors and segments need to be identified. - Can be separated into: geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral
Radical solutions
Where a completely new product is devised by going back to the roots of a problem and thinking about a solution in a different way. New and often untried approach.
Image
Within the context of classic design, image relates to the instantly recognizable aesthetics of a particular product. For example, the shape of a Coca-Cola bottle, or the shape of a Volkswagen Beetle motor car.
