IB Human Anatomy Chapter 24

Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall, the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which vertebra? A. L4 B. T11 or T12 C. L1 or L2 D. T8

C. L1 or L2

The external urethral sphincter is located A. at the external urethral orifice. B. at the ureteral orifice. C. at the urogenital diaphragm. D. at the junction of the bladder wall and urethra.

C. at the urogenital diaphragm.

The most superficial layer of the kidney is the A. renal papilla. B. renal pyramids. C. cortex. D. medulla.

C. cortex.

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney. A. sinusoidal B. trabecular C. cortical D. extrinsic E. medullary

C. cortical

The function of the collecting duct is to A. transport resorbed water back into the cardiovascular system. B. drain blood from the kidney and deliver it to the renal vein. C. determine the final volume and concentration of urine. D. contract its muscular walls to expel urine from the cortex.

C. determine the final volume and concentration of urine.

The ureters A. contain only an inner circular layer in their muscularis. B. do not have an adventitia layer. C. have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them. D. are lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

C. have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them.

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney. A. cortex B. renal capsule C. hilum D. renal corpuscle E. sinus

C. hilum

The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the A. urachus opening. B. detrusor. C. internal urethral orifice. D. ureteric orifice.

C. internal urethral orifice.

Which of the following is found exclusively in the renal medulla? A. cortical radiate arteries B. peritubular capillaries C. nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons D. proximal convoluted tubules

C. nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons

The micturition center is located in the A. cerebellum. B. sacral spinal cord. C. pons of the brain stem. D. detrusor muscle layer of the bladder wall.

C. pons of the brain stem.

Which of the following structures are most numerous within a kidney? A. minor calyces B. cortical radiate arteries C. renal corpuscles D. renal papillae

C. renal corpuscles

Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle? A. podocytes B. the glomerulus C. the nephron loop D. glomerular capsule

C. the nephron loop

An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that A. only the vasa recta are supplied by efferent arterioles. B. the vasa recta drain into arterioles, whereas the peritubular capillaries drain into venules. C. the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex. D. the vasa recta are involved in filtration, whereas the peritubular capillaries are involved in resorption.

C. the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false? A. Two ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice bound the trigone of the bladder. B. When empty, the bladder lies inferior to the abdominal cavity. C. The ureters attach to the bladder through oblique posterolateral orifices. D. In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.

D. In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.

Which gland sits atop each kidney? A. interlobar gland B. pancreas C. pituitary D. adrenal

D. adrenal

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation. A. extraglomerular mesangial B. efferent arteriole C. segmental artery D. afferent arteriole E. macula densa

D. afferent arteriole

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water will be due to A. a decrease in the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma. B. the presence of a salty urine in the bladder. C. a decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone. D. an increase in the production and secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

D. an increase in the production and secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla? A. distal convoluted tubule B. proximal convoluted tubule C. glomerulus D. collecting duct

D. collecting duct

Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney? A. secretion B. filtration C. resorption D. evaporation

D. evaporation

Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids. A. renal pelvis B. major calyx C. renal sinus D. minor calyx E. cortical columns

D. minor calyx

The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the A. membranous. B. neck. C. prostatic. D. spongy urethra.

D. spongy urethra.

The neck, or inferior angle, of the bladder drains into the A. ureters. B. trigone. C. urachus. D. urethra

D. urethra

The layer of podocytes is the same as the A. parietal layer. B. capsular space. C. glomerulus. D. visceral layer of glomerular capsule.

D. visceral layer of glomerular capsule.

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity. A. extra abdominal B. supraperitoneal C. subcapsular D. intraperitoneal E. retroperitoneal

E. retroperitoneal

The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae) A. have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the bladder fills. B. thicken the bladder wall so that it does not burst. C. act to increase the surface area for absorption. D. are not present in life, only in cadavers.

A. have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.

The region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate is called the A. macula densa B. collecting duct C. extraglomerular D. mesangial E. vasa recta

A. macula densa

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by A. parasympathetic fibers. B. visceral sensory fibers from the vagus. C. sphincter neurons from the brain. D. sympathetic fibers.

A. parasympathetic fibers.

Which structure(s) is (are) most important for holding the kidney in place in the abdomen? A. perirenal and pararenal fat layers and renal fascia B. renal vessels C. renal ligaments D. the diaphragm, through its muscle tone

A. perirenal and pararenal fat layers and renal fascia

Which of the following would not inhibit micturition? A. relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter B. stimulation of the somatic motor neurons to the external urethral sphincter C. activation of the sympathetic pathways D. relaxation of the detrusor muscles

A. relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

Urine passes through the A. renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra. B. kidney hilum to the bladder to the ureter. C. glomerulus to the ureter to the nephron. D. hilum to the urethra to the bladder

A. renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the A. renal pelvis. B. renal pyramids. C. renal sinus. D. renal cortex.

A. renal pelvis.

Which off the following puts the flow of blood through the kidney in the correct order? A. segmental artery — interlobar artery — arcuate artery — cortical radiate artery B. interlobar artery — arcuate artery — segmental artery — cortical radiate artery C. interlobar artery — segmental artery — cortical radiate artery — arcuate artery D. segmental artery — arcuate artery — interlobar artery — cortical radiate artery

A. segmental artery — interlobar artery — arcuate artery — cortical radiate artery

Renin is produced in A. the granular cells. B. glomerular capsules. C. the glomerulus. D. the renal medulla.

A. the granular cells.

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is A. transitional. B. stratified squamous. C. pseudostratified columnar. D. simple squamous.

A. transitional.

How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine? A. 99% B. 1% C. 10% D. 50%

B. 1%

What anatomical difference makes urinary tract infections more common in females than in males? A. In females the urethra is attached to the anterior vaginal wall by connective tissue. B. In females the urethra is shorter than in males. C. In males the urethra is made up of three regions, whereas in females it is made of only one. D. In males the urethra is shared by the both the reproductive and the urinary systems, whereas in females it is part of the urinary system only.

B. In females the urethra is shorter than in males.

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa is part of the A. efferent arteriole. B. Terminal nephron loop. C. visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (podocytes). D. glomerulus.

B. Terminal nephron loop.

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder. A. diaphragm B. detrusor C. cremaster D. vesicular E. dartos

B. detrusor

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole. A. cortical radiate arteries B. glomerulus C. afferent arterioles D. peritubular capillaries E. arcuate arteries

B. glomerulus

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the A. glomerular capsule (podocytes). B. proximal tubule. C. distal tubule. D. thin segment.

B. proximal tubule.

A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels, and nerves. A. renal pyramids B. sinus C. renal corpuscle D. cortical columns E. convoluted tubules

B. sinus

All of the following changes to the anatomy of the kidneys occur with advanced age except A. the proximal and distal convoluted tubules become less efficient at secretion and reabsorption. B. the renal arteries supply a greater amount of blood to the kidneys, increasing the rate of filtration. C. the number of nephrons in the kidneys decreases. D. the kidneys atrophy.

B. the renal arteries supply a greater amount of blood to the kidneys, increasing the rate of filtration.

Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that A. they produce urine, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons do not. B. their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment. C. they do not have a proximal convoluted tubule. D. they are much less abundant.

B. their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.

Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla. A. cortical radiate B. vasa recta C. interlobular D. vasa vasorum E. peritubular capillaries

B. vasa recta