ICT Unit 6 Review

Selection

Choosing specific data or actions based on criteria

What is problem solving?

Defining a problem or computational problem

Sequence

executes instruction top down in the order they're placed in the algorithm

Basic Information Processing Model

- Problems are solved using a computer by obtaining some kind of user input (ex. keyboard/mouse information or game ctrl movements), then processing the input and producing some kind of output (ex. images, text & sound) - Sometimes the incoming and outgoing data maybe in the form of secondary memories or network devices

Bottom-up Problem Solving Approach

- This method works exactly opposite of how the top-down approach works - In bottom-up approach, the most fundamental units, modules and sub-modules are designed and solved individually; these units are then integrated together to get a more concrete base to problem solving

4 steps of problem solving

1. Understand the problem 2. Make a plan 3. Execute the plan 4. Review and extend

From the ff, which of them are computational problem?

4. Digital library book learning system

Action or Process

A box can represent a single step (add 2 cups of flour), or an entire sub-process (make bread) within a larger process.

Decision

A decision or branching point. Lines representing different decisions emerge from different points of the diamond.

True or False: Both strategies aren't based on incremental development.

False

True or False: Both strategies don't employ unit testing.

False

True or False: Flowcharts can't be used to represent both computational and non-computational activities.

False

True or False: It's nothing important that we develop and test algorithms before developing a program for a given problem.

False

There are recent developments in learning to program graphically to make programming accessible and faster to do. These two trends are:

Flowchart-based programming Block-based programming

Similar to the 4 steps of problem solving, what are the 4 steps of solving computational problem in Computer Science and IT concepts in general?

I. Understand the problem II. Develop an algorithm III. Write the program IV. Test the program

Subroutine (or module)

Indicates a sequence of actions that perform a specific task embedded within a larger process. This sequence of actions could be described on a separate flowchart in more data

Connector

Indicates that the flow continues where a matching symbol (containing the same letter) has been placed.

Flow Line

Lines indicate the sequence of steps and the direction of flow.

Input/Output

Represents materials or information entering or leaving the system such as customer order (input) or a product (output).

Top-Down Approaches

Starts by implementing the most general modules and works toward implementing those that provide specific functionality. The idea behind top-down approach is that a bigger problem is difficult to manage in its entirety.

Condition

The rule or criteria that evaluates to true or false, guiding the selection

Start/End

The terminator symbol marks the starting or ending point of the system. It usually contains the word Start or End.

True or False: Most programs are developed using a combination of top-down and bottom-up strategies.

True

True or False: Top-down and bottom-up programming refers to 2 different strategies for developing a computer program for complex problems.

True

True or False: We use Flowgorithm for flow-chart based programming and Scratch for block-based programming.

True

True or False: With an increasing complexity of a problem to solve, there is a need to be systematic and applying an appropriate problem solving strategy.

True

True or False: In general, there are 3 types of flow of instruction processing in a computer system.

True, there's 3.

Algorithm

a precise sequence of instructions for saving a projection represented in human-understandable form

Non-Computational activities

a process to be handled by a human or a manual machine

Program

a requirement of instructions written in the programming language and can be executed by a computer to solve a given problem or preform a specific task

Block-based programming

allows learners to reuse pre-developed graphic objects for development of a program through drag and drop manipulations. ex. Scratch

This process of dividing the problem into smaller problem is known as...

modularization

The solution developed for a smaller problem is called a...

module

Decision problem

one where the answer is yes or no

Repetition

repeatedly execute instruction(s) for a fixed number of times or until some condition occurs

Pseudocode

represents algorithm with a simple and concise sequence of English-like instructions - Whereas flowcharts are visually appealing and can be easier to understand, pseudocodes are closer to instructions used in a program

Flowchart

represents an algorithm graphically using boxes of various kinds, ellipses and arrows as connectors

Unit Testing

testing each individual piece before moving onto the next

Counting problem

the answer is a number of solutions to a search problem

Computational problem

the problem that can be solved step by step with a computer. The problem usually has well-defined inputs, constraints & conditions that the output must satisfy

Incremental Development

the process of building your program piece by piece

Search problem

the solution consists of one or more value that satisfy a given condition

Optimization problem

the solution is the "best" possible solution

Computational thinking

the thought process that involves formulating a problem and expressing its solution in such a way that a computer, human or machine can effectively carry out

Flowchart-based programming

uses a software tool to develop algorithm automatically as flowchart. These tools can help learners to learn the step of execution visually ex. Flowgorithm