ID 2202 Test 3
Art Deco in America
"Black Tuesday", 1929 Stock Market Crash: GREAT DEPRESSION 1929-39 DUST BOWL (from drought in Breadbasket region) 1930-36--farmers had to move to urban cities and loss of produce paid penny to watch Hollywood optimistic narratives--cinema beginning influenced by Art Deco--parallel features in dance productions or using Art Deco furniture
Jacques-Emil Ruhlmann
"life-style focus" Art Deco designer, *wealthy* lifestyle portrayed as connected in Art Deco style
Gerrit Rietveld
*De Stijl*: "Pure Style" (Dutch) -simplification -Schroder House -Red/Blue chair
Scandinavian design characteristics (2/summary)
*Influences*: -vernacular, regional forms, crafts, ship-building: bentwood forming -concepts: brukskunst, hygge *Materials*: -birch, teak: left unpainted, light-colored, hygienic emphasis *Design Protocols*: -Humanistic Rationalism: human-user focus -Process Design: display process for self assembly, repair
Art Deco Style Characteristics
*influences*: economic optimism following WWI, Hollywood cinema *materials/processes*: veneering, exotic wood, tubular steel, chrome plating (reduce material but keep expensive look) *design protocols*: parallel and concentric patterns-- PLENITUDE, zig-zags + chevrons + sunburts, "transat themes" (references to transportation--moving forward/progressing towards PROSPERITY)
International Style characteristics by Mies
-"assembly house" -"skin and bones architecture" -"less is more" -"god is in the architecture"
Golden Age of Hollywood
-big musical and dance production performances that foster fantasy -wealth, glamour -happiness, optimism leisurely, happy lifestyle "Roaring Twenties" Ziegfield Follies, Busby Berkeley's, Goldiggers (dance groups) showing off wealthy lifestyle
Focuses of International Exposition of Decorative Arts
-displays for promoting fantasy or wealth -travel: exotic countries, leisure, collect artifacts -luxury: prosperity -**influence from entertainment: Hollywood movies
Scandinavian Design characteristics (1)
-water emphasis (long shoreline, fishing industry, ocean going/shipping) i.e. Sweden has hella lakes -long winter months (transportation/sports in snow) -*vernacular*: regions forms, arts, crafts, materials indigenous to that region --> ship building influence: *laminated wood*--thin sheets wood glue/resin together (lightweight, strong, moldable), *bentwood forming*--clamps and molds to curve, GENTLE MOLDED CURVES (usually not much flat) *birch forests wood*: close, smooth grain; unstained/unpainted; *light reflecting wood* bc winters dark and needed for interior *teak forests wood*: lightweight, smooth, hard, WATERPROOF (lot of swedish rainfal), insect repellent, SOLID, STRUCTURAL
corner cabinet 1916
1916, Ruhlmann, Art Deco *veneering* with *exotic woods, materials (ivory laid on Birdseye maple)*: shows abundance and plenitude narrative of prosperity *decorative language*: geometrical, overlapping circles multiplied=plenitude *veneering process*: take thin sheets of exotic wood (already have decorative patterning by nature) and apply to inexpensive (pine/oak) with glue--reduction in material and price but expensive look and easier to make curves
Stockholm Exhibition
1930, Sweden capital, other Nordics in *Scandinavian style* (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark) *Home industries*-efficient in private residential lifestyle Stockholm--14 separate islands connected by waterways, ferries/boats travel around exhibition sites May-Sept 1930 w/4 million visitors SLOGAL: *"Accept! : cultural change"* "*accept focus on functionalism in design..accept standardization...accept mass production*"
Miami Beach Hotels
1930s, Art Deco, FL (Century Hotel in pic): references to ocean linear, port hole windows, smokestack in center (Marlin hotel): spire reference to spire on Chrysler Building, luxurious lifestyle
Art Deco logos
1930s, Art Deco, USA concentricity+parallelsim (multiple flames and bolts in Chevron shape)--symbols represent *energy*, movement, electricity as energy
Art Deco elevators
1930s, USA, Art Deco parallel features for plenitude and upward movement shiny materials: speed (like fast cars), movement upwards, MONEYY
Paimio chair
1932, Alvar Aalto, Scandinavian design, -laminated wood, natural color (truth to materials/references tree+forests) -*bentwood forming* -birch -curve circles back on itself, singular piece (no hard angles) -lightweight but strong -six machine-manufactured parts, efficiency! (seat suspended in "cage") *Humanistic Rationalism*: "we favor only tech solutions that respect human use..." (functional) i.e. smooth and supportive chair, hygienic+easy to clean++"we oppose geometrical abstraction that forces an idealized structure" *hygge*-"can apply to people, things, surroundings"--natural sense of joy and well being "angle of the back perfect angle for ease of patient breathing" wtf tested by floating in water
Museum of Modern art exhibit (1938)
1938, Alvar Aalto, Scandinavian design 12 city tour, furniture display gains interest in aesthetic of efficient design bentwood forming, laminated birch wood, Paimio chairs, Viipuri stools
ARTEK
Alvar Aalto company, Art and Technology, 1935, Scandinavian design employing people (social reform) for his furniture Viipuri stools used in Apple stores
Paimio Sanatorium
Alvar Aalto, 1933, Scandinavian design, Finland treatment for tuberculosis (function); 1930s Sanatorium Movement (treat with FRESH AIR and SUNSHINE--"building as medical instrument" before 1950s vaccine) *brukskunst* ("useful things")--patients on terraces outdoors to get sun and fresh air interior: beds in center of room (instead against wall) to bathe in sunlight, each patient own sink + minimize splash, off-the-floor closet to mop and *hygienic* waiting room: for family members visiting
Viipuri stools (and chairs and tabes)
Alvar Aalto, 1935 (+1950s), Scandinavian design, Viipuri Finland (now Russia) 3-legged stool, 4 parts, bentwood forming, laminated wood; attach legs to seat but with smooth curves, functional--stackable and easy storage also: 4-legged, larger, table, back support (chair), attaches to sides instead of legs in a way that funnels water down when hosed--simple functionality
cantilever chair (and with upholstery)
Alvar Aalto, 1935, Scandinavian design *smallest number of parts*, *simplified approach*, bentwood forming for comfort, laminated birch, transfers weight down through front legs to back, gradual rocking function (improve circulation) 3 parts only (two sides and thin seat "floating"/upholstered on it) comes up with manufacturing process with slightly woven strips for "little bit of give" and reduce weight
Viipuri Library
Alvar Aalto, 1935, Scandinavian design, Viipuri Finland (now Russia) shipbuilding inspiration, efficient+hygienic design classroom space: efficient for studying/listening to speakers, glass walls: bring in sunlight ceiling: laminated, curved light wood reflects more light and water-motion pattern/waves (Finland shoreline reference--*vernacular*)
woven chair
Alvar Aalto, 1936, Scandinavian design comes up with manufacturing process with slightly woven strips for "little bit of give" and reduce weight--flipped over and used as seating material *linen/cotton strips*--reduce weight with a "little give" for comfort with upholstery !!*Process Design*: to display the "process" of assembling for replacement/self repair by user--you become a part of the "process" for assembly/repair (Humanistic Rationalism)
armchair 39
Alvar Aalto, 1937, Scandinavian design -cantilever chair, woven -birch wood -all curves, floating seat "comfort/cosiness"-hygge Humanistic Rationalism clean and repairable
Savoy glass vase
Alvar Aalto, 1937, Scandinavian design -created for Savoy Hotel, Helsinki (still in production like Aalto's other stuff) -opaque, transparent, translucent colors -curvy shape for shorelines of Finland vase = vessel (ship) transparent = water (also glass starts off as molten liquid sand) curves = waves contains water = shorelines
screen (1947)
Alvar Aalto, 1947, Scandinavian design -birch vertical strips -laminated together in adjacent configuration can open out/stretch/fold--*process design* and interactable following a curved pattern (references shoreline==vernacular) function: room divider, wall, easily fold and rolled up for storage
Baker House dormitory
Alvar Aalto, 1949, Scandinavian design -Aalto became MIT professor and design dorm for American campus in Boston, MA -next to Charles River--curves reference it -each floor+individual room flows within irregular curves (references cabins on board a ship) -*bunkbeds like ship + foldable shelves + unadorned surfaces (hygiene)* and Aalto furniture
Finnish Pavilion
Alvar Aalto, Sweden, Scandinavian design, 1930; *Brukskunst*--"useful art/design": efficient/functional not decorative (anti-Art Deco) *hygge*-Danish word that implies comfortable feeling, "cosiness" references to ocean liners (connected decks, ship-board living) BUT HATED Art Deco (fake shit)--shipboard living is efficient instead: joyful/spontaneous everyday life and *efficient design* and based on economic realities (not pretentious) wrote "The housing Question as Social Planning Problem"--middle class, affordable, hygienic(flat surfaces, no decorative features to collect debris--efficient and functional and simple)
cigarette holder 1924
Art Deco looks like gold BUT made of brass, parallel lines in decorative language: prosperity, abundance
toaster 1925
Art Deco out of *aluminum BUT* polished to be shiny like silver decorative language: geometrical, parallel sequences of lines, concentric circles = prosperity, abundance
coffee service 1928
Art Deco out of *aluminum BUT* polished to be shiny like silver/money so still cheap decorative language: geometrical, parallel sequences of lines, concentric circles = prosperity, abundance
clock 1930
Art Deco thin sheets veneered exotic wood, stainless steel looks like silver parallel lines = prosperity and abundance
Salon of an art collector
Art Deco, 1925, Int Expo of Art Deco; Pavilion of the Collector travel, leisure, wealth, *vicarious/surrogate experience of being wealth*--encourage people/give something to look forward to shows all art wealthy person had collected and traveled
Pavilion of Galeries Lafayette
Art Deco, 1925, Intnatl Expo fo Art Deco a department store; geometrical structure, symmetry, applied ornament *sunburst*=energy, prosperity, hope, glowing with multiple ray (parallel pattern) see new lifestyle focus on wealth to influence people's minds with optimism
Pavilion of the Collector
Art Deco, 1925; Intnatl Expo of Art Deco represent private house with wealthy lifestyle=progress, wealth is right around the corner! similar to austrian nouvea/jugendstil: geometrical structure, symmetrical, applied ornament: dancing figures=happiness; nature: plenitude=prosperity
Eileen Gray
Art Deco, Irish woman moved to France
cabinet 1917
Art Deco, Ruhlmann, 1917 *ebony*-fine, dark grain that appears black in laid with *ivory* veneered thin sheets inlays parallel lines=plenitude mirror stand, not much function but for wealthy person getting dressed idea, lifestyle implied by *reduced function*
Entrance to the International Exposition of Decorative Arts
Art Deco; Paris 1925; similar architecture to Vienna/Austrian Nouvea: geometrical structure, symmetry, applied ornmanet symbols: *plenitude*:products, tools (carrying in decorations) forward movement= into the future/progress *parallel patterns*: of curves/linear patterns--- *multiplying abundance expansion*=wealth/happiness (optimistic narrative)
Exposition Internationale des Arts Decora Tifs
Art Deco; Paris,1925 International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts; 57 acres: both sides of Seine River, 21 countries (no Germany bc WWI and no USA bc Great Depression) stimulate economic recovery post-WWI (1918) with French designers new style
cocktail tray
Art deco, 1930s, painted with lacquer to appear shiny and expensive $$$ like jewels decorative language: geometrical, concentric circles = motion, speed, travel narrative
grasshopper chair
Bruno Mathsson, Scandinavian (Swedish Modernism), 1937 *Process Design* inspiration for Aalto's woven chair -*linen webbing* -bentwood form looks like legs of grasshopper, kinda organic -all connections repairable and accessable
Miranda armchair
Bruno Mathsson, Scandinavian (Swedish Modernism), 1940 -woven chair -bentwood birch forming, curves -woven panels -very comfortable and lightweight + Process Design -interactable: can attach backrest cushion with beltlike leather connector
posters 1920s-1930s
Cassandre, Art Deco, 1920s-1930s *luxurious travels* references: by train, by ocean linear--got hella monies locomotive in motion implied; ocean liners smoke emerging implies motion--parallel lines along ship *parallelism*=motion: speed, energy
International Style kit houses
Citrohan house and Domino house Traits: -pilotis adjust to any topography -modular units provide for variety of configurations -modular units provide for adjustments of functions -similar Early Modernism: geometrical struct+lack of ornament
Radio City Music Hall theater
Donald Deskey, NYC, 1932, Art Deco renovated but still stage with *radiating parallel curves* opening up; stage-like drama exotic wood veneering on walls and curves
Chrysler Building mural (in lobby)
Edward Trumbull, NYC, 1930, Art Deco canvas: cemented onto ceiling 110' x 76', renovated 1999 different references to machines in motion in air, water, ground(ship and locomotive, planes, running figure, Zeppelin) with parallel lines *modes of transportation*
Starstruck and Symphony in Black
Erte (also made costumes and sets featured in Ziefeld Follies of 1923), Art Deco 1925; Louis Mayer brought Erte to make costumes/set Hollywood for films (Ben-Hur, Mystic, Time, the Comedian, Dance Madness, La boheme) *outfits*-lifestyle connected *Starstruck*-*radiating*, multiplied stars=plenitude; gold and tiarra=prospertiy *Symphony in Black*-multiple furs: plenitude and prosperity, abundance and wealth posters--advertised movies in Hollywood Golden Age AND conveyed posters as not expensive to portray optimistic, prosperous future
Symphony in Black
Erte , Art Deco 1925; *Symphony in Black*-multiple furs: plenitude and prosperity, abundance and wealth
Red/Blue Chair
Gerrit Rietveld, De Stijl style, 1918 -*space boxes*: a form that encloses space; space surrounded by a form -*intersections* of verticals and horizontals (only diagonal kinda on seat for comfort) -cantilever armrests and back Color Symbolism by MHJ Schoenmaekers: "Yellow is vertical movement of sun's rays: blue, the horizontal line of power around the sun"
Schroder House
Gerrit Rietveld, De Stijl style, Utrecht Dutch, 1924 -*"simplifcation"*: verticals, horizontals to flat planes that intersect, *primary colors* and/or black white and grey (no curves or diagonals)--pure -flat roof, angular intersections with cantilevers -structural AND decorative *intersections* for purity -"Mrs. S. asked for house...preferably design without walls"--used pieces of paper to design interior planes for inner space (not rlly enclosed rooms) -"we don't do buildings, we do space" -- *space boxes*
screen 1923
Gray, 1923, France, Art Deco transat theme: folds up and adjustable like luggage living nomadic existence like traveler; "making your space" along cabin of ocean linear/train *lacquer* jewel-like shine decorative language: geometrical parallel squares = abundance
table for Villa E. 1027
Gray, 1927, France, Art Deco narrative of luxurious, prosperous travel *"transat theme"*--transportation as part of theme furniture design implies transporting it or references to luggage/baggage used in travel polished hollow *tubular steel; chrome plating* (reduce material): plating references fast cars = MONEYY *"smokestack" or "piston reference* to ocean liner/machine ACTUALLY MOVES UP/DOWN
Villa E. 1027
Gray, 1927-29, France, Art Deco looks like decks aboard first-class ocean linear--"always having vacation", wealthy and prosperous, luxurious travel
Talbot apartment (with Bibendum chair)
Gray, 1933, Paris, Art Deco references to wealth and travels (exotic animal skins and artifacts--collector status) chair: stacks of parallel 3 cushions on tubular steel base and shiny
Bibendum Chair
Gray, 1933, Paris, Art Deco transat theme: car tires...Michelin man (in EU called Sir Bibendum bc tires stacked--reference for chair and transporaton) chair: stacks of parallel 3 cushions on tubular steel base and shiny (fast cars and MONEYY) decorative language: parallel curves = motion, abundance
folding hammock chair
Gray, 1938, Art Deco "transat theme": folds up to baggage for easy to transport/nomadic lifestyle parallel cushions: abundance
Danish Modernism designer
Hans Wegner (his chair designs, over 500 chairs, expert woodworker, indigenous woods and efficient)
teak chair
Hans Wegner, Scandinavian (Danish Modernism), 1949 Interiors Magazine 1950: "most beautiful chair in the world": comfortable, simple, undisguised design of *teak wood* used in Kenney/Nixon presidential debate in 1960 and saw by public -wooden joinery: dovetail back/connection
wishbone chair
Hans Wegner, Scandinavian (Danish Modernism), 1950 -probably 2nd most famous -reference to back shape, a wishbone from poultry breast (structurally sound reference)
"heart" chair and table
Hans Wegner, Scandinavian (Danish Modernism), 1950 function of chair in a table more efficient with *3 legs* to draw in/out more; *stackable*; undisguised look
valet chair
Hans Wegner, Scandinavian (Danish Modernism), 1951 -many functions: sit in, hang coat on back, flip seat open for storage, additional hanging service
Le Corbusier
International Style Swiss born 1887-1965 Birthname: Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (changed name 1920--based on grandpa name Lecorbesier: "the crow-like one") 1908 studied with Josef Hoffman in Vienna (Purkersdorf Sanatorium 1906 maker)--geometrical structure and ornament
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies)
International Style, German designer
Pavilion of German Republic
International Style, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies) collab with Lilly Reich (interior furniture), International Expo Barcelona, 1929 (note like Corbusier and Perriand--architect collab with furniture designer) -*Mies's opaque cube* -post-WWI; no "trade exhibits"--Mies wanted the building become* "ideal zone of tranquility"* instead or promote German economy/sell furniture -disassembled 1930 and stored for later, reassembled 1986 (modular) -designed like private house--pavilion, bench, water feature -International Style: assembled on *foundation that adjusts to site*; concrete (horizontal) slabs *cantilevers*; non-weight bearing walls + long expanses of *glass curtain walls*; -open floor plan, removable partitions, foldable stationary walls -*"floating plan"*: cantilever roofs "float" over; removeable *glass partitions* -*continuity of materials*: exterior to interior flow -!!!*"less is more"*-do away with extraneous; simplify to essentials (materials are decorative; granite, marble, etc and functional struct) -!!!*"god is in the details"*: Golden Means proportions, details make perfect--picking materials
hanging lamps
Kaare Klint and Esben Klint, Scandinavian (Danish Modernism), 1947 -*laminated paper* -sturdier, folding in configuration as bigger, smaller, amount light to radiate, etc -Process Design, interactable -came in tube and worked with it, DIY -folding process: patented and simple from singular piece of paper
teak deck chair
Kaare Klint, Scandinavian (Danish Modernism), 1933 *reworking design*: redesign to improve function, improve Process Design capabilities i.e. take existing design and improve function --took pre-existing deck chair from passenger ocean linear to watch water flow by->make more comfortable and completely folding now (reduce weight, easier storage) -comfortable, woven panels, lighter weight, more flexibility, *foldable*
safari chair
Kaare Klint, Scandinavian (Danish Modernism), 1933 *reworking design*: redesign to improve function, improve Process Design capabilities i.e. take existing design and improve function and simplify -worked with original design to reduce wood and remove pinching from hinges -instead, *connected leather strips/belts* to reduce weight, more comfort/soft, sturdy with strips, folds and easier to transport
Modular man
Le Corbusier (in his studio), international style important to design thought process; looking at proportions (i.e. snake coils, tree level) body as tool object!--hands, feet and in motion and their proportions "tool objects are objects used by man" *Golden Section/Ratio/Mean*- 1 to 1.618 proportions "Phi" by Mark Barr American mathematician and found in nature (i.e. ants, bird coloration/feathers, human face, teeth, arms)--measured with Phi calipers navel, heart, knee section proportions *"Open Hand"* motif means "peace and reconciliation" or "open to give and to receive"--hand as a "tool object" models of modular man configured his building designs (i.e. ceiling height as two modular men)---get to the "rhythms at the very root of human activity"
B306 chaise
Le Corbusier and Perriand, 1929, International Style *confrontation*: lamb skin/cow hide confronts metal (diff materials surface, color, textures) -*modular kit-like* with adjustable angle -upholstery and all attaches to it
Grand Confort chair
Le Corbusier and Perriand, 1929, International Style still in production and French "Big Comfort" translation -*confrontations*: foam slabs made of lamb skin surrounded by metal cage -*cushion baskets*, sort of modular kit since constructed like slabs -used by Steve Jobs and Maxwell ad extended to sofa using *golden section* proportions
B301 chair
Le Corbusier and Perriand, 1929, International Style still in production; *material confrontation*: cowhide (organic) and tubular steel (inorganic) and diff textures (skin vs shiny)
Domino House
Le Corbusier, 1914, International Style Dom-ino "domus innovation"--name significance *modular kit* (buy kit and put together house): -concrete slabs (floor+ceiling) and columns -foundation blocks (*adjust to site*) -no weight-bearing walls (glass walls) -can be stacked or multiplied, added to or subtracted from, open spaces allows for variety uses -came with instructions
Citrohan House
Le Corbusier, 1919-1922, International Style another modular kit house, "tool object": kit name from Citroen (1919) automobile: transfer appreciation from car to modular kit house "a city made for speed is a city made for success...houses, as efficient as a car" *piloti* (replace foundational blocks): freestanding support that lifts building above ground/foundation -concrete slabs and columns -no weight-bearing walls -pilotis
City of Tomorrow
Le Corbusier, 1922-25, International Style "high density...high rise...modular city" idea -3 million population but *expandable*: "plug-in modules" -*cellular system* for high rise buildings and modular side note: Corbusier met Einstein and Pablo Picasso
Decorative Art of Today
Le Corbusier, 1925, L'Art Decoratif d'aujourd'hul translation, International Style, book furniture: -human-limb objects...tool objects -furniture that is "extensions of our limbs and adapter to human interactions" 1929: furniture is equipment for the home
Five Points Toward a New Architecture
Le Corbusier, 1926, published piece ("Vers une Architecture" translation), International Style *1. Pilotis* *2. Stack verticals* *3. Free Floor Plan* *4. strip windows* *5. Roof patio*
Villa Savoye
Le Corbusier, International Style, Poissy, France, 1930 -similar to modular kit (pilotis, stack verticals, horizontal strip windows, open free floor plan) -open spiral staircase or ramp (car/parking lot ref) to go up + golden ratio -glass windows, matching in and out -roof patio w/open space and ramp -bottom car port/parking based on automobiles -built-ins furniture that "equip a house" not decorate--cantilever tables -*Urbanism*-"house is machine for living in. baths, sun, hot-water, warmth at will, hygiene, beauty in sense of good proportion; armchair machine for sitting" -*geometric structs, volumes (including voids), unadorned* *-use of rectilinear forms* *-flat surfaces without ornament* *-weightless, cantilever* -golden means/ratio progression in proportions; solids to voids i.e. inside room 12 ft x 19 ft
tool object
Le Corbusier, L'esprit Nouveau journal entry "a _________ is attuned to our movements and quick to respond to them" -furniture as tool objects that *responds to our needs*: comfortable and functional, operable and modifiable -building as tool object: *machines for living* (esp. automobile and city)
The Pavilion of the New Spirit
Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret (cousin) International Expo of Decorative Arts, Paris 1925, International Style revolted against Art Deco style despite being in this expo (*anti-Art Deco* materials--NO veneers, ivory etc--or ornamental language--NO parallel lines) -geometrical structure (circular, square, cubic) -*lack of ornament* -- Early Modernism *L'esprit Nouveau* Journal "The New Spirit" 1920-24--move forward from Art Deco to more progressive forms "advocated use of modern industrial techniques to transform society to more efficient environment w/ higher standard of living for all socioeconomic levels" --not create illusions of luxury and face reality--similar to Scandinavian design -visited NA factories, especially Ford motors, and grain elevators for efficiency
Barcelona chair
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies) and Lilly Reich; International Style, 1929, Int Expo Barcelona 1929 -modern day equivalent of "throne" since King Alonze XIII of Spain opened it--original in white pigskin (went missing tho) and still in production -structure with *floating* cushions (floating plan idea) -"god is in the details"--curves of leg make curvature circles mathematically -"a chair is a very difficult object. A skyscraper is almost easier"
Seagram Building
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies) and Phillips Johnson, NYC, 1958, International Style -*skin and bones architecture* (lots of transparency with glass expanses) -built around *central elevators* -"floating" with *recessed ground* but lot of unused space (criticized but claimed necessary for give vantage point of building) -matching materials exterior/interior
Farnsworth House
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies), Illinoise, 1951, International Style -similar look to German Pavilion -stacked concrete slabs, pilotis built on top of any topography -non-weight bearing glass walls -*"assembly house"* sort of modular like Corbusier: assemble anywhere -*floating plan*: open, interior to exterior with glass transparency, steps without handrail/structure--cantilever; "float up levels" -*skin and bones architecture*: bones=concrete slabs and steel posts (structural elements); skin=non-weight bearing glass curtain walls -----reduction to essentials-----
Glass skyscraper
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies), International Style, 1921 -"skyscrapers easier than chairs"-Mies -model (Wasn't actualized bc limited tech -*skin and bones architecture*: glass partition walls, *steel superstructure* for full transparency ("floating") -
MR chair
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies), International Style, 1927 MR = Mies van der Rohe -cantilever chair but *one piece structure* tubular steel (makes it simplified) -leather "floating over" steel
Brno chair
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies), International Style, 1930 -cantilever chair but upholstery (vs MRchair) -cushion floating over -Brno ref Brno City in Czech -BBC production selected world treasures, only furniture picked as #72 (#71 was Volkswagen Beetle)
day bed
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies), International Style, 1940 -open sofa without back to it for sitting--living room furniture -"floating plan" structure with upholstery floating on top i.e. pilotis and "bed slab"
German National Gallery
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies), International Style, Berlin 1968 -flat cantilever roof, recessed ground floor, hella glass -floating plan with cantilever steps -match materials exterior/interior and transparecny -*removeable partitions* give open space and float (space below and above)
Lakeshore Drive Apartment
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies), International Style, Chicago, 1951 -defined Int Style Skyscraper--very simplified (vs.Art Deco) -"bones"-*steel superstructure* with "skin"-*glass partition walls*--glass added at end and inserted -"floating quality"--*recessed ground floor* to look floating and tethered like balloon instead--golden ratio terrace at bottom; *matching interior/exterior materials*
Crown Hall
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Mies), International Style, Chicago, 1956, I.I.T (vs GaTech) -Director of Arch at IIT -floating steps up to building, transparent building w/partition glass walls -handrails later added for safety -"skin and bones architecture" -"floating plan" -*"less is more"*: steel and glass IS the decorative aspects
International Exposition, Barcelona
May 1929-Jan 1930, -25 million attended, 20 European countries, private orgs from USA and Japan
International Style (why called this?)
Museum of Modern Art, NYC, 1932 exhibit: "Modern Architecture: International Exhibition" w/published book and lot of Le Corbusier's works *"Early Modernism"* characteristics: -use of rectilinear forms -flat surfaces without ornament -open interior spaces *OTHER characteristics*: -visually weightless quality i.e. cantilever: open spaces, use of glass -materials: concrete, steel, glass historians Johnson, Hitchcock, 1932 book with shortened title "The International Style"
Chrysler Building
NYC, Art Deco, William van Alen 1,047 ft. tall, 77 floors (once tallest building in world) almost 30 tons of steel (employed people), 400000 rivets, 5100 windows, approx 3.826 million bricks laid manually *7 radiating arches*: climbing, stainless steel cladding, ASCENDING to sky, radiating shine outward *spire*: 197 feet upward and filmed for a Hollywood movie, 4 sections, 90 minutes to do Showroom (for cars)windows: -*Chevron*-like shape for rising motion -12 stories with glass-wrapped corners -creating an impression that the tower "appeared physically and visually light as if floating midair" -corners of 61st floors decorated with *eagles*, stylized and parallel features w/clad stainless seal -corners of 31st floors of 1920 (Chrysler radiator caps(, Art Deco style wings
Glass House
Phillip Johnson, International Style, New Canaan, Connecticut, 1949 -sort of origin of "living in glass house" joke -steel superstruct, glass expanse, transparency -Mies furniture inside -similar to Mies Farnsworth House -strict geometry
glass sculpture (car hood ornament)
Rene Lalique, Art Deco, 1920s symbols: youthful dance, young woman *parallel patterns* = plenitude (from parallel lines for freedom in hair), movement = progress; speed
crystal fountain
Rene Lalique, Art Deco, Paris (1925?) @Expo of Art Deco *jewel-like and plenitude of water jets*--many water jets make jewel appearance--"we will have plenty, it'll be okay" 45 feet tall
Poster for International Expo 1925
Robert Bonfils, Art Deco *symbolic language*: dancer=youthful,energetic;freedom fruit/flowers=prosperity (esp recovery after WWI) leaping gazella=forward movement: future female dancer shows optimism in body language and trusting in abundance
chest 1920
Ruhlmann, 1920, Art Deco materials: exotic wood veneers inlays of ivory, Birdseye maple decorative language: geometrical, repetitive squares, parallel sequences=prosperity, abundance
desk 1920
Ruhlmann, 1920, Art deco materials: zebrawood veneers (naturally has parallel lines in texture) inlays of ivory decorative language: geometrical parallel wood grain=prosperity, abundance
desk 1919
Ruhlmann, Art Deco *Shagreen* (skin from dogfish--almost completely used up): pebbly texture and greenish color (reference to MONEY$$ but also natural world iguess) multiplied bubbles/pebbles in texture following curves with vineer; ivory
Hans Wegner
Scandinavian (Danish Modernism) "Danish style..continuous process of purification, simplification, cut down to simplest elements of 4 legs, seat, and combined top rail+armrest"
lobby of Chrysler Building
William van Alen, NYC, Art Deco, 1930 luxurious looking *marble and granite* in THIN sheets to make look expensive *elevator doors*--exotic wood veneers, radiating shapes upwards (parallelism) *canvas*: cemented onto ceiling
Charlotte Perriand
collaborated with Le Corbusier for furniture design 1928, International Style "confrontations": choice of -materials -surfaces -colors -textures to be juxtaposing
Art deco materials
exotic, foreign found ivory (white, elephant), ebony (dark, fine grain wood), shagreen (pebbly/bubbly texture of dogfish skin), parchment(thin, skins of lambs and sheeps applied to sruface), lacquer (resin of lacquer tree, applied as paint--very shiny and jewel like--moneYY)
Art deco patterns
patterns: straight lines, curved lines in concentrive and parallel sequences *zig-zags* = motion chevrons=upward movement (>>) sunbursts, lightning bolts movement, dance, energy, freedom
