IGCSE PE: Social, Cultural and Ethical Influences

What are the steps to blood doping?

1) Blood is taken 3-4 weeks before a competition, usually at a point when hemoglobin levels are high. 2) The blood is frozen to maintain the high hemoglobin levels that will produce more red blood cells. 3) One or two days before the competition, the blood is thawed and then reintroduced to the performer via a blood transfusion. 4) This will increase the number of red blood cells in the body and the capacity to carry more oxygen. 5) The performer's aerobic capacity is increased and they can perform for longer without fatigue

What is EPO (erythropoietin)?

A hormone produced in the kidney that can also be artificially produced, it helps stimulate the production of red blood cells to carry more oxygen with hemoglobin to the muscles

What is physical recreation?

A physical activity or pastime that promotes health, relaxation and enjoyment

What is a host city/nation?

A place that provides the space and other necessary things for a special event such as the Olympic Games

What is risk assessment?

A process used to evaluate the real risks involved in an activity

What are blisters and how are they caused?

A small pocket of fluid that forms in the upper layers of skin after it has been damaged. Caused by repeated rubbing of the skin or burning

What are the factors affecting participation? (9)

Access, discrimination, education, environment and climate, family, financial considerations, media coverage, role models, and time and work commitment

What are the factors that affect participation in physical activity and sport? (9)

Access, environment/climate, education, family, financial considerations, media coverage, role models, time and work commitments, and discrimination

How can you improve participation using promotion?

Actively encourage and publicize by increasing media coverage of women's sports, ethnic minority sports and disability sports and by having more role models

What are the factors that influence what recreational activities people do during their leisure time? (7)

Age and health, interests, facilities available, peer influences, where you live, social circumstances, and family influences

What are the factors affecting access to physical activity?

Age, gender, disability, and social and cultural influences

What are the factors affecting access to physical activity? (5)

Age, gender, disability, social influences and cultural influences

What are the factors that affect access to sports? (5)

Age, gender, disability, social influences, and cultural influences

What are some characteristics of the participation stage in the sports development pyramid?

All about enjoyment, more structured environment than the Foundation stage, deciding if they want to pursue the sport, making links between schools, clubs, and sports festivals

What is sport?

An activity that involves physical exertion and skill, either as an individual or as part of a team competing against another person or team

What should you do in the ice phase?

Apply an ice pack right away to reduce the pain and minimize swelling. Then keep applying for 15-20 minutes every 2-3 hours. Wrap the ice pack in a towel to avoid it directly touching the skin

What are some advantages of sponsorship to the performer or team? (2)

Athletes can concentrate on training and playing without worrying about money and they receive free clothing, equipment, and payment

What are some disadvantages of media coverage to the sport/event? (3)

Attendances can drop if entry is too expensive or to watch on tv, minority sports don't get as much exposure, and overexposure can lead to loss of interest

Why do facilities influence what recreational activities people do during their leisure time?

Availability and standard of those activities affect what you take part in (eg. no swimming pool, not likely to do swimming)

What are some advantages of sponsorship to the sponsor? (2)

Being linked to success and glamour can raise their profile and status and it increase the sales of their product

What are the types of PEDs? (4)

Beta blockers, anabolic steroids, diuretics, and stimulants

What are potential injuries?

Blisters, bruises winding, and simple cuts or grazes

What are the potential side effects of blood doping? (4)

Blood becoming more viscous, increased chance of heart attacks, strokes, pulmonary embolism (slot in the lungs), risk of infection (when sharing blood) and kidney disease (through EPO)

What are bruises and how are they caused?

Bluish or purple-colored patches that appear on the skin when capillaries break or burst underneath. Blood leaks into the soft tissue under the skin, causing the discoloration. Caused by an impact with a hard object

How is blood doping carried out?

By using the hormone EPO (erythropoietin) and by injecting oxygenated blood into a performer before an event

What are performance-enhancing drugs? (aka PEDs)

Chemical substances that change the chemical balance of the body when taken, affecting the performer's ability and providing an unfair advantage when performing

How is technology used in sports? (3)

Decision making by officials, recording the time and distance and by enhancing performance

What are some advantages of media coverage to the performer? (3)

Easier to attract sponsors, increased money for pay, prizes, equipment and coaching, and they can become role models and personalities, develop their reputation, and promote themselves and products

What are the stages on the sports development pyramid, going from highest to lowest?

Elite, performance, participation, foundation

What is an amateur?

Engaging in a sports pursuit, on an unpaid basis

Why does where you live influence what recreational activities people do during their leisure time?

Factors like geography and climate of your location, and traditions or cultural activities you are exposed to can influence you (eg. living in snowy mountains encourage skiing)

What are the types of sponsorship?

Financial support, clothing/footwear/equipment, provision of specialist facilities

How can you improve participation using access?

Having sports and facilities being local, available, and affordable and by allowing alternative dress codes to reduce religious/cultural discrinmination

What are some disadvantages of taking PEDs? (5)

Health implications, financial penalty, public humiliation, disqualification or being banned, and the effect on other competitors

What are some reasons for banning drugs? (3)

Health risks, unfair advantage, and morality

What are 2 positive impacts of technology on officials?

Helps to make the correct decisions and improved communication with colleagues

What are 2 positive impacts of technology on performers?

Improvements in training leading to improved performance and they are able to review decisions in competition that may go against them unfairly

What are the factors that influence growth in leisure activities? (8)

Increase leisure time, advances in technology, improvements in healthcare, better health awareness, more leisure facilities, reduced cost of equipment, improvements in travel methods, wider media coverage

What do anabolic steroids do and a sport they could be used for?

Increase muscle mass (eg. rugby)

How can you improve participation using provision?

Increase opportunities for women's sports, minority sports, and disability sports and by running sessions for specific groups (eg. women over 50)

What are some effects of blood doping on performance? (2)

Increased aerobic capacity and the performer will be able to perform longer without fatigue

What do stimulants do and a sport they could be used for?

Increased alertness (eg. American football)

What are some disadvantages of media coverage to the performer? (2)

Increased exposure can lead to a loss of privacy and even attacks on performers and family and performers can abuse their status

What are some characteristics of the elite stage in the sports development pyramid?

Involves performers at the highest level, narrowest point of the pyramid as very few people reach this level

What are 2 negative impacts of technology on the sport?

It can disrupt and slow down play if used too often and investors such as media companies may demand more influence in return for investment

What are some advantages of media coverage to the sport/event? (3)

It can increase attendance levels to watch sports, can increase participation levels and interest in sports and can influenced rule changes to the benefit of the sport

What should you do in the elevation phase?

Keep the injured body part raised above the level of the heart whenever possible to help reduce swelling

What is a ligament injury?

Ligaments are twisted or pulled past their range of movement (sprain)

How do you treat winding?

Loosen the clothing. Sit in a crouched position, as this helps the muscles to relax. Try to stay calm and take slow deep breathes

What is a muscular injury?

Muscles are overstretched or torn (strain), caused when muscles are overused

What are 2 negative impacts of technology on performers?

Not all performers have access to the best technology and it can interrupt or slow down the game

Why does age and health influence what recreational activities people do during their leisure time?

Older people may choose less demanding activities, like walking, than younger people who may choose exciting activities, like football

What are some disadvantages of media coverage to the audience/spectators? (2)

Pay-to-view television channels mean many people can't access certain events and sensationalization by the media to promote events can affect people's view of sports and individual

What are some characteristics of the foundation stage in the sports development pyramid?

People come into contact with sports, base of the pyramid, mass participation, beginners and younger people learning basic skills, a strong foundation is vital

Why do peer influences influence what recreational activities people do during their leisure time?

People in peer groups will often have similar interests and backgrounds to each other. You are likely to take part in something your peer group approves of and encourages

What are some disadvantages of sponsorship to the audience/spectators? (2)

Performers are often required to spend time at a sponsor's event instead of resting or training for their next game/competition. Spectators are not actually watching them play

What are some strategies to increase participation and overcome barriers? (3)

Promotion, provision, and access

What are the types of drug testing? (5)

Random selection, blood testing, urine sampling, sample testing, and sanctions

What is the difference between real risk and perceived risk?

Real risk is the amount of danger that actually exists in the activity while perceived risk is an individual's subjective or personal judgement about the dangers of an activity

What do beta blockers do and a sport they could be used for?

Reduces anxiety (eg. archery)

What are some characteristics of the performance stage in the sports development pyramid?

Regular competition that becomes more important, focusing on developing the level and specific skills within the sport, opportunities to develop their performance, additional coaching available

What does RICE stand for?

Rest, ice, compression, elevation

What are 2 negative impacts of technology on officials?

Reversed decisions may lead to officials being undermined and it may become too reliant on the system to make decisions

Why do social circumstances influence what recreational activities people do during their leisure time?

Some activities are expensive and if you cannot afford to do these activities you are unlikely to do them (eg. horse riding)

What is a disadvantage of sponsorship to the performer or team?

Sponsors can withdraw support if a performer's image is damaged

What is a disadvantage of sponsorship to the sport/event?

Sponsors tend to prefer high-profile, televised sports with charismatic stars. Minority sports find it much more difficult to attract sponsors

What is an advantage of sponsorship to the sport/event?

Sport receives additional funding on top of admission and competition entries, which allows them to develop coaching and community schemes

What are ring-fenced sports events?

Sports events that the government prevent the television companies from charging to watch, so that everyone can watch for free

What is the difference between sportsmanship and gamesmanship?

Sportsmanship is upholding the spirit of the game by being honest and respecting the rules and the opponent while gamesmanship is seeking to gain an advantage in any way you can that is not against the rules

What are some advantages of being a host nation? (7)

Stadia and training facilities, home advantage, increase in national pride, improved tourism, increased employment, legacy implications, and infrastructure

How do you treat cuts and grazes?

Stop any bleeding by applying pressure to the area using a clean, dry absorbent material. When the bleeding stops, clean the wound and cover it with a dressing

What should you do in the rest phase?

Stop the activity. Rest and protect the injured/sore area

What are the types of media?

Television, internet and social media, print, and radio

What is a tendon injury?

Tendons are overstretched or torn (strain), caused after repeated overuse, or activities involving sudden, sharp, movements

What is winding and how is it caused?

The difficulty in breathing caused by the exertion or a blow to the abdomen making the diaphragm go into a spasm

What is media?

The means or variety of forms of communicating to an audience

What is blood doping?

The misuse of techniques and/or substances to increase a performer's red blood cell count

Who benefits from sponsorships?

The performer or team, sponsor, sport/event, and the audience/spectators

What is sensationalisation?

The reporting of something in a way that intentionally arouses curiosity by exaggerating a story or situation or focusing on certain details

What is sponsorship?

The support given to a sport, sports event, or organization by an outside body or person for the mutual benefit for both parties

What is doping?

The use of illegal substances (PEDs) by athletes or sports performers in order to improve their performance

What is coverage?

The ways in which the media presents information

What are 2 positive impacts of technology on the sport?

There is fairer and more consistent decision making and it brings in more investment

What are 2 positive impacts of technology on the audience/spectators?

They are better informed from expert analysis, replays, different camera angles and they can see how decisions are made and trust that they are fair

What are some advantages of sponsorship to the audience/spectators? (2)

They benefit when sponsors' money is used to improve spectator facilities. There may also be direct benefits in terms of more access to watching sport

What is a disadvantage of sponsorship to the sponsor?

They can exert a strong influence on a sport (eg. by dictating rile changes, clothing requirements, and timings of events)

What are 2 negative impacts of technology on the audience/spectators?

They may see errors or poor decisions if viewing on platforms with technology that the officials don't have and to keep play fast, only a few reviews are allowed, so mistakes are still made if the team/player has no reviews left

What is leisure time?

Time spent away from work and free from obligations

What are some reasons why some performers use prohibited performance-enhancing drugs?

To enhance performance, to keep up with the competition, and for fame and increased wealth

Why do some performers use blood doping?

To increase a performers' red blood cell count which allows more oxygen to be delivered to muscles, improving endurance and recovery

What is play?

To take part in a sport or activity for enjoyment

What is the difference between professional and amateur? (3)

Traditional differences, increased blurring between professional and amateur status and both amateurs and professionals competing at the Olympic Games

How do you treat blisters?

Unbroken blisters: don't pierce the bubble. Cover with a plaster or a gauze pad or dressing. Burst blisters: don't peel off the dead skin on top of the blister. All the fluid inside to drain and wash it with mild soap and water. Cover the area with a dry, sterile dressing, to protect it from infection until it heals

How do you treat bruises?

Using cold compressions to help reduce swelling and internal bleeding

How do you treat a muscular injury?

Using the RICE method and have limited training

How do you treat a tendon injury?

Using the RICE method, having reduced and limited training, and with rest and painkillers, if needed

How do you treat a ligament injury?

Using the RICE treatment in the first instance, severe pain or a lack of movement could indicate a more serious injury, which might require an operation

What are some advantages of media coverage to the audience/spectators? (2)

Viewers get a better view of the actions and supporters gain more knowledge from media experts/analysis

What are some strategies to reduce the risk and severity of injury in physical activites?

Wearing protective clothing and equipment, appropriate clothing and footwear, lifting and carrying equipment safely, maintaining hydration, doing a warm up and cool down, following the rules and being in a suitable level of competition

What do diuretics do and a sport they could be used for?

Weight loss (eg. boxing)

What are cuts and how are they caused?

Where the skin is broken, causing damage to blood vessels beneath, caused by contact with a sharp object

What are grazes and how are they caused?

Where the skin is rubbed off, causing damage to blood vessels, caused by scaping or rubbing against a rough surface

What is WADA?

World Anti-Doping Agency

What should you do in the compression phase?

Wrap the area in an elastic bandage to decrease swelling

Why do family influences influence what recreational activities people do during their leisure time?

You are more likely to partake in an activity if your family encourages it, can transport you there or if it is part of your culture or traditions

Why do interests influence what recreational activities people do during their leisure time?

You are more likely to take part in activities that spark your interest than things you care less about (eg. like the outdoors, do hiking)

What is a professional?

performing a sports activity as one's main paid occupation, rather than a pastime