IHUM 202 Ch. 16-26
Outline the sources and origins of the French Revolution.
"The French Revolution was a revolt against an absolute monarch whose abuse of power has disenfranchised his own people" People looked to Classical antiquity for societal models National debt Cost of maintaining Louis XIV court was enormous, high taxes
drama giocoso
"comic drama", coined by Mozart. The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi Fan Tutte, The Magic Flute. mixes elements of serious and comic opera, utilizing depth of character
philosophes
"philosophers", a movement that emphasized reason and rationality, sought to develop a systematic understanding of divine and natural law most were deists "Men will not be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest" -Denis Diderot
Albrecht Dürer, Melancholia I
(1514) Reformation
Albrecht Dürer, Last Supper
(1523) Reformation
Albrecht Dürer, Four Apostles
(1526) ·Durer painting with the 4 apostles ·4 apostles of New Testament, painted it as Luther would like to it, as Peter in the back (leaned toward the papacy), and John in front (John said word of god is better than the papacy). ·Protestants put more authority through the word of God, rather than the Pope ·John1:1, "the word is God" -Matthew also puts emphasis on word of God, he is on the front right -Formalist painting: John and Matthew put more forward. John is the only one wearing color, makes him stick out. Red is symbolic of Christ. ·Sola Scriptura: the scriptures alone are the sould and infallible rule of faith, of Christian practice.....opposed to catholic rule, you do what the pope says....Protestants and Reformers did not believe this. -This is why Luther put the Bible in the vernacular German.
Albrecht Altdorfer, The Battle of Issus
(1529) Reformation This painting marks shift in western consciousness, no pastoral garden scene, or landscape that insinuates peace of harmony, but more ominous as gathering clouds approach storm.
Hans Holbein the Younger, Henry VIII in Wedding Dress
(1540) Tudor
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death
(c. 1562) Reformation; 40 years before peasant war, in manner of BOSCH (doomish) · Natural world is related to political climate of division between aristocracy and the common people, argues for equality of everyone in face of death.
Albrecht Altdorfer, Danube Landscape
(c.1528) Reformation
Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
(ca. 1497-98) Reformation
Baroque
- Much attention is paid to the way viewers would emotionally experience a work of art. - Very ornate (Barroco is a large, irregularly shaped pearl. Was a derogatory term to imply a style so heavily ornate and strange that it verged on bad taste) - Attention to detail - not shy with the body either, but different. Extravagant, gold, ornate, see in architecture
Rubensiste/Poussiniste Styles
- application of colour. The work is devoid of any hard lines and pulls you in with your heart rather, that your eye. This was the exact point that the Rubenistes were arguing, that colour underlines and enhances our instincts as humans, and we respond to the image with our hearts, not our heads. The Rubenistes promoted the idea that the enjoyment of a work of art was not strictly an intellectual experience to be analyzed, reserved only for the educated elite. Rather, that promoting the instinctive, human response to what the viewer is experiencing in the colour and light of a subject, is the key to an important painting. - Poussinistes believed that very specific adherence to the rules of drawing were more important than the colour that was later applied. Line and form were their indicators of what produced a strong work of art.
Northern Renaissance
- dark, intense colors, tenebrism, deep emotion - attention to detail, smooth blending as a part of oil painting - emphasis on realism and naturalism, less on classical ideals - landscapes, more focus on peasant and middle-class life, pictures of domestic indoors
Neoclassicism
- order, proportion, balance - new classics, centered more on the form of the body, noble looking things, greek/roman statue of David, very proportionate, even, beautified men and women - Death of mara - jaquse louis David - main bath tub with arm draped out
Define characteristics of Baroque keyboard music, in particular that of J.S. Bach.
-"A baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused charged with modulation and dissonances, the melody is harsh and little natural, the intonation difficult, and the movement constrained." -Purposefully dramatic, sought to be new and original -Bach: A master of the keyboard in Baroque tradition. Sought to convey Protestant tradition through his religious music. Composed cantatas (multimovement musical commentary on chosen text, chorus and one or more instruments), Bach used his genius of counterpoint to make cantatas more charcetiriscally Baroque (ornate) Did this by adding one or more independent melodies above or below main melody
Explain the tension in French seventeenth century art between classicism (embodied in the art of Poussin) and the Baroque (embodied in the art of Rubens).
--Poussin- Advocated a CLASSICAL approach to painting. Subject should be drawn from Classical mythology or Christian tradition, not every day life; technique should be controlled and refined; line more important than color. --Rubens: Brought a Northern appreciation for observed nature, realities of human flesh, innovative sense of space and scale, action moved diagonally, not parallel, color is paramount, appeals to the senses (Baroque) -French Court: favored the sensual baroque style in private, but in public matters for political reasons, favored the classical style to showcase moderation as opposed to excess.
Closer Look: The Sublime, the Beautiful, and the Picturesque
-Astonishment is the passion caused by the great and sublime in nature -an ocean is sublime (unknowable) -beauty is self-contained
Continuity & Change: From Romanticism to Realism
-Goya, Beethoven, and Goethe believed that the product of an interior world tries to develop itself to the fullest. -Gericault painted portraits of insane people
Describe the ways the reign of Henry VIII transformed England
-He brought England to a position of international prominence -promoted portrait paintings -legitimized English Protestantism; changed the way religion was because the pope denied his annulment with his wife Katharine so he could marry one of her ladies-in-waiting in hopes of having a son as heir to the throne (he had 6 wives total and had two of them beheaded)
Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat, (1793) Classical Perio
-Marat: jacobin hero and fiery editor -assassinated in bath by Charlotte Corday, young royalist that believed was destined to liberate FRance from Jacobin radicalism. -known for turning lowly bathroom into a monumental image (theme of monumentality in these paintings) -marat's pose asserts a Christ-like position at lamentation, traditionally depicted with right arm dropping -Marat pushed to front of picture plane, so viewer seems to be in same room -"a Marat david" inscribed in table, with the artist's name "david" in smaller font, compared to MArat, shows humilty and homange to Marat - Marat's "self imposed poverty" represented by assignat, frnech paper money, meant to be given to widow whose husband died for his country, Marat assignat is sign of faith and conviction in future of the republic Neoclassism
The Modern Devotion and a New Austerity in Art
-Martin Luther using printing press to spread ideas
Continuity & Change: The End of the Rococo
-Rococo era painter was Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun. -painted all famous members of French aristocracy. -painted Marie-Antionette, the queen of France, but the painting was initially rejected when people thought that the queen was in undergarments.
Describe the aesthetic of Romanticism.
-Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical -assigned a high value to the achievements of "heroic" individualists and artists,
Continuity & Change: Excess and Restraint
-Scientific revolution made reason and logic key players in the minds and hearts of many -painters like Rubens and Rembrandt have styles that showcase reason in some way
The growing crisis of the slave trade
-Slavery is at odds with the whole freedom spiel of the enlightenment
Context: Alter and alterpieces
-altars are placed in front of altarpieces -viewed as inseparable -artwork on all panels
Continuity & Change: The Church Strikes Back
-counter-reformation -implemented reforms on art
Explain how landscape painting reflects a Romantic worldview.
-emphasis on nature -nature—with its uncontrollable power, unpredictability, and potential for cataclysmic extremes—offered an alternative to the ordered world of Enlightenment thought. The violent and terrifying images of nature recall the eighteenth-century aesthetic of the Sublime.
Closer Look: Rembrandt's The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
-group portrait to demonstrate great knowledge of doctor and his students -showcases increasing fascination with the sciences
Define the characteristics of the Romantic hero.
-male -suffering from boredom (ennue) -Rejection of Authority -Introversion and Isolation -Feeling of Wanderlust -Haunted by the Past
Materials & Techniques: Printmaking
-print is an impression -different processes such as relief and intaglio -woodcut is a form of relief printing -engraving is similar to intaglio
Continuity & Change: The New Universe
-saw that the Earth revolved around the sun -saw that Earth was round
Jan van Eyck
-used oil paintings as medium -had studio for prints -works consumed by middle class
Hans Holbein the Younger, Thomas More
1527; Tudor
Hans Holbein the Younger, The Ambassadors
1533; Tudor; instrument shows perspective and talents; globes and other objects = achievement (humanistic potential); skull shows perspective and idea of momento muri; many different perspectives and something philosophical about how it affects world views; secularism
Enlightenment Period
18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life. Also known as Age of Reason. Happened in London Rationalist approach began to spread Isaac Newton proved that the universe was an intelligible system and there were universal laws Enlightenment writers wrote moral behaviors Voyages of Captain James Cook to the Pacific supported that human nature and behavior are the same all over the world. Private property, societal stratification
concerto
A Baroque concerto featuring both soloists and a larger ensemble
fête galante
A gallant and, by extension, amorous celebration or party.
ritornello
A musical passage in which an instrument performs episodes that contrast back and forth with the orchestral score
Franciscans
A religious order founded by St. Francis and based on simplicity and poverty
heroic couplets
A rhyming pair of iambic pentameter lines.
oil painting
A technique of painting developed by Netherlandish painters in the first half of the fifteenth century using pigments suspended in oil.
concerto
A three movement secular form of instrumental music. Literally means contrast, it's overwhelming and sensual
Discuss the seventeenth-century as the Age of Absolutism
Absolutism is a political theory and form of government where unlimited, complete power is held by a centralized sovereign individual, with no checks or balances from any other part of the nation or government. In effect, the ruling individual has 'absolute' power, with no legal, electoral or other challenges to that power. In practice, historians argue about whether Europe saw any true absolutist governments, or how far certain governments were absolute, but the term has been applied - rightly or wrongly - to various leaders, from the dictatorship of Hitler, to monarchs like Louis XIV of France, to Julius Caesar. absolutism on culture and the arts in France and Spain. --Monarchs believed that art played a strong role in sustaining their authority. Louis XIV loved splendor, magnificence and profusion in all things. There was a struggle to balance classical art with the decorative exuberance of Italian Baroque. The result in France was classical architecture with baroque dramatic effects.
Louis XIV
Absolutist, commissioned the palace at Versailles. Huge patron of the arts.
Describe the cultural, economic, and religious forces at work in Amsterdam in the seventeenth century.
Amsterdam: no city was more heavily invested in commerce. More austere Baroque style that dominated N Europe in 17th C. Still conservative Calvinist though. · "the geographer", painting by Johannes Vermeer (dutch), celebrates Amsterdam's geo self-esteem. leads into why most Dutch painting was landscape, genre scene etc. Due to Dutch reformed church's iconoclastic ideas, secular baroque focus. Embodies intellectual fervor of age, but also many of themes and strategies of Dutch vernacular painting in 17th -THE GREAT TULIP MADNESS. tulips originally came from the Ottoman Empire (their name literally means turban). then tulips gained popularity in Holland after a head botanist from the Netherlands came and started planting the tulips. the fame of these flowers spread. competition increased and tulips in vivid or multicolour were especially popular. people saw tulips as a quick and easy route to making their fortune. now, "tulip mania" or "tulips madness" refers to any large economic bubble that cannot last because the market crashed in 1637, leaving most traders with not much more than a bunch of flowers.
tenebrism
An exaggerated form of chiaroscuro(the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting)
Diego Velázquez, Las Meninas
As a baroque painter, Velazquez, uses tenebrism and addition of self at far left to invite viewer into workspace competing focal points, contrasting colors and lighting, draw attention to center menina (maid) features complex viewing game loose brushstrokes; FCB
Outline the developments in philosophy and science in the North (Bacon, Descartes, Galileo, Leuweenho
Bacon: Bacon is known for advocating the inductive approach to science. He argued that there had been limited progress over the ages due to the fact that scholastic philosophers altered their findings on nature to meet the requirements of scripture. Also felt like reliance merely on the senses (as Aristotle believed) frequently led to errors. Bacon's insistence on the scientific observation of natural phenomena led to the formation in England of a group of men who met regularly to discuss his new philosophy.
Nature of the Enlightenment
Birth of the modern world Rational thinking became the way to create a system of ethics, aesthetics, and knowledge New era of progress/age of light and reason: left irrationality, superstition and tyranny behind The expanding publishing industry gave Enlightenment writers greater opportunities to share their philosophies Society becomes radically secularist → God may hold a place, but is moved into the periphery The middle/lower class is raised up politically and socially Goal: educate the masses/promote social progress
Council of Trent (1545)
Catholic Church's first significant reply to the growing Protestants Reformation. The primary purpose of the council was to condemn and refute the ideas of the Protestants. The council also took away the practice of indulgence (remission of temporal punishment due to sin). First time bishops were told to maintain straight celibacy. Believed in use of religious imagery, unlike protestant sects (refer back to iconoclasm) Against luxury and called for focus on art and music that increased individual piety or religiosity. Music in liturgy was to be intelligible and clear, to better emphasize the text rather than sound
Continuity & Change: The Frenzy of Inspiration
Change: The Frenzy of Inspiration -Fontana civil celebrity. Painting in a frenzy. La pittura = picture. Inspiration is important to painting
Matthias Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece
Composed of one set of fixed wings and two movable sets, one set of sliding panels to cover the predella so the altarpiece could be exhibited in different configurations. It reminded the patients at the Abbey that they were not alone and that Christ had suffered like them. (ca. 1510-15) N.R.; commissioned for hospice; hope to be healed in the the afterlife; grotesque and emotional; Predella- ascension of Christ, skin of Christ has disease; Crucifixion - contorted body, Christ is enormous; symbols - chalice and lamb (also dripping blood from wound); black background pushes characters toward us, everything important is in the foreground
Nicolas Poussin, The Shepherds of Arcadia (Et in Arcadia Ego). 1638-39.
Depicts three shepherds and a monumental, statue-like woman grouped around a large stone tomb. The idyllic natural setting, the antique robes and sandals of the figures, and, of course, the painting's title all situate this in the mythical realm of Arcadia. -more parallel lines, -arcadia: greek idyllic setting, heaven. "I too once dwelled in Arcadia" literal translation (et in arcadia ego), but idea is "Even in heaven, death is here". The woman reacts to this idea, is calm and reflection (in ruben's style, they may "freak out", in poussin they react by reflecting) FC Baroque
Denis Diderot
Diderot Co-editor and translator of Encyclopedie, thought art should be moral and realistic
Differentiate between Grünewald's more Northern Germanic/Gothic style and Albrecht Dürer's work influenced as it is by southern European and Italian Renaissance traditions.
Durer has more classical proportions and humanistic elements of optimism and idealistic while Grunewald has strange and distorted proportions. Grunewald had more religious subject matter, dramatic intense expression. Always consisted of intense color and agitated line.
Explain the significance of Albrecht Dürer and Pieter Bruegel as Reformation artists.
Durer treated prints as an art form, made many single-sheet engravings. -fully humanist, Melancholia I print, showed Durer's skill as engraver, and reflected his own suffering of melancholy. -Durer's Adam and Eve print, also showed humanist side as they are depicted as muscular and beautiful: focus on the human potential -Bruegel: secular artists, painted more landscape and secular themes (everyday life)
Outline how Queen Elizabeth shaped the arts of England.
Elizabeth encouraged the literary life as an admirable and worthy pursuit, so many people wrote poems for her to try and gain her praise -She was also an accomplished musician and encouraged music
Charles I
English King during Baroque period, believed in monarchy absolutism, married a catholic, executed for treason
Joseph Haydn
Enlightenment era artist, contributed to development of symphonic form and string quartets
Outline the rise of Romanticism in music with particular emphasis on Beethoven.
Eroica. Pieces look within and display intense emotions. Evokes autobiographical feel
Medici Family
Family ncluded 2 popes in Florence during the Renaissance
Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii (1784-85)
Formal balance and simple showcases devotion to state and country brushstrokes visible to show clarity and to highlight details painting depicts moment before three sons of haritus swear oath to father to fight to death in honor men are in neoclassical pose, rigid and balance women are in more baroque grouping and position
Enlightenment
Fundamental principle of Enlightenment thought is that social change and political reform are desirable and possible
Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
Galileo role of science and religion
Describe the influence of the Enlightenment ideals on music as evident in the compositions of Georg Friedrich Handel.
Handel's music reflects the prosperity and promised created by Industrial Revolution and enlightenment
Emergence of the middle class
Happened over time, but look at the places where kings are losing power to the merchant class - Italy, northern states/renaissance, idea of patronage Consequences - artests are no longer painting what religion or kings want - they are painting what people are paying to have painted
Explain the emergence of Napoleon in the aftermath of the French Revolution.
He sought to overthrow the existing constitution that the Directory had approved He formed a new constitution with strong executive called Consulate Became First Consul with the power to amend his constitution Sought to establish stability across Europe by strong force
Explain the influence of the Enlightenment on the painting and literature as evident in the work of William Hogarth and Alexander Pope.
Hogarth Comments on society (Gin Lane) Calls attention to social ills to promote change Calls attention to the super-elite (Marriage a la Mode) Rich, wealthy, and corrupt with no sense of reality Pope Essay on Man Theodicy: attempts to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil There is an order, purpose, structure to the world... even if it seems confusing Great chain of being: strict, religious, hierarchical structure to life (decreed by God) Everyone has their place The problem with man is lack of content for that place Enlightenment
Candide by Voltaire
Icon of enlightenment ideas Bildungsroman Satire. Candide:Means white or black Symbol of naive happiness Capable of thought
Descartes
In "Discourse on the Method," Descartes takes the foundation base of architectural structures such as buildings and cities to more closely look at the foundational base of individual logic and knowledge. He uses those metaphors to argue that the foundation built by a single person using an algorithmic method is often found more beautiful and more easily rebuilt and strengthened than that put together by a group, whose opinions and methods vary.Through the rules of mathematics and the foundations of science, an individual need not be swayed by the varying opinions of society or the uncertainty of observations. In using Descartes' method, the individual by be rebuilt much stronger than the group before him.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Italian sculptor and architect - baroque
Jean-Antoine Watteau
JEAN-ANTOINE WATTEAU The Rococo found its most eloquent expression in France in the paintings of Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684-1721). This is ironic because he did not have aristocratic patrons and was little known during his lifetime beyond a small group of bourgeois buyers, such as bankers and dealers. One of his most famous paintings in fact served as a signboard for the shop of a Paris art dealer (Closer Look). In a very short time, however, Watteau's work became a favorite of the Prussian ruler Frederick the Great (discussed in the next section of this chapter), and a great many of his paintings entered Frederick's collection.
Explain the Counter-Reformation in Spain.
JESUITS (Think Ecstasy of Saint Teresa) Believed their purpose was to gather and bring back the Protestants to the Catholic church Main force of the counter-reformation/call to reclaim those that had turned away
Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors)
Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun
Peter Paul Rubens
Leading court painter of Baroque Amsterdam. - Exuberant style - lavish, sensual, lifestyle of the royal courts - subjects are engaged in the scene - color and sensually curing line
Closer Look: Watteau's The Signboard of Gersaint
Literally a signboard. -shows life after death of Louis the XIV. -shows hints of upcoming revolution. -dog symbolizes worldly appetites
sonata
Literally, "that which is sounded," referring in the broadest sense to a work for an instrument or instruments in any combination
Frans Hals, Portrait of René Descartes (1649)
Loose gestural brushstrokes in this lively portrait avoided flattering his sitters by softening or altering their features sought to convey their vitality and personality Hals was also famous for group portraits; Northern Baroque
31 October 1517
Luther posted 95 theses on door of Wittenberg's All Saints church, feelings of the church many ways inspired by Erasmus (In praise of Human folly, satire, attack on human folly itself and indulgences, Luther took it more seriously though)
Discuss the artistic movement known as Mannerism as a reaction to Renaissance art, spearheaded by Michelangelo.
Mannerism:exaggeration and distortion of proportion that tests the boundaries of the beautiful and ideal; turn away from idealism of the Classical/Renaissance · OPPOSITE art of what the Council of Trent believed in · Michelangelo did not follow the example of the catholic and direct art/music that Catholic Reformation pushed for, though before he did (very High renaissance, transition to pro-Mannerist) · Michelangelo followed new pro-Mannerist style, reflected virtuosity and sophistication of its practitioners (manifest in architecture in Michelangelo's stairway) to emphasize solid and spatial relationships. (He was so involved in church though, that even when Michelangelo painted manneristically, no one questioned him) · MANNERISM BETTER DEFINITION: compositions can have no focal point, space can be ambiguous, figures can be characterized by an athletic bending and twisting with distortions, exaggerations, an elastic elongation of the limbs, bizarre posturing on one hand, graceful posturing on the other hand, and a rendering of the heads as uniformly small and oval. The composition is jammed by clashing colors, which is unlike what we've seen in the balanced, natural, and dramatic colors of the High Renaissance. Mannerist artwork seeks instability and restlessness. There is also a fondness for allegories that have lascivious undertones. (artists wanting to engage more at the heart of viewer, to see new things) · Mannerism rejected classical tendencies of high renaissance and by artists display of virtuosity through manipulations of conventual figure. DIRECT REJECTION OF RENAISSANCE STYLE Artists essentially became tired of classical style and with Michelangelo's lead, mannerism came to be to a challenge to push the emotional components of art to experiment, but not a set motive as Baroque art, which was specifically to engage viewer to feel something.
Michelangelo, Last Judgment (1534-41)
Mannerist; Christ in the middle; Mary to His right -- this painting almost immediately provoked controversy because of its presentation of religious figures nude. Caused Aretino to write a letter which underscored the growing tension between the developing Mannerist style and the aims of the Counter-Reformation. Volterra painted draperies over the genital areas and earned the name braghettoni or "breeches-painters"
The Reformation
Martin Luther had a goal to reform the Catholic Church which began the Protestant Reformation beginning in 1529 Luther permanently transformed the nature of learning by translating the Latin Bible into vernacular German and writing Hymns that could be sung by all New humanist writers could publish more rapidly and printmaking made it more available for all Artists began concentrating on nonreligious subject matters
Artemisia Gentileschi, Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (1630)
Mimesis: imitation of faithful representation, pendant of Gentileschi shows imitating or reproduction of Fontana, as in order to represent her own character. depicts moment of inspiration and shows the audacity and sense of self-worth that allowed her to depict herself; would later serve as inspiration for women struggling for recognition in the modern world
Jacques-Louis David, The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons (1789)
More complex response of the issues of sacrifice for state and country shows how austerity of neoclassical style is somewhat of a mask for emotional turbulence within, with which this kind of art style keeps such turbulence in check
Explain who the philosophers were and how they related to the ideals of the Enlightenment.
Most philosophers were deists (God created the world, but doesn't meddle with it), and preferred natural law to govern human society Bible = mythology Kings ≠ divine ruling rights → "men will not be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest" Enlightenment: promoted rational thinking, secularist views overpowered religious ones, left irrationality and superstition behind
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Mozart Enlightenment era prodigy, wrote symphonies and operas that were sometimes too complicated for the public to understand
Antoine Jean Gros, Napoleon at Eylau (1808)
Neoclassical propaganda for Napoleon
Johann Sebastian Bach
Northern Baroque artist, composed for Protestant services, known for counterpoint, also did oratorios and passions
Frans Hals
Northern Baroque, painted "lively" group portraits
Robert Campin, Mérode Altarpiece
Northern Renaissance It was a private devotional object. Everyday appearance of the scene
Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Giovanna Cenami
Northern Renaissance traditionally thought to symbolize Christ's presence?The chandelier with one burning candle.
Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights
Northern Renaissance (ca. 1505-10) Triptych Northern Pessimism Garden of Eden, Earth, Hell (left to right):
Matthias Grunewald
Northern Renaissance painter, emphasis on emotions
Explain the significance of oil as a medium in Northern Renaissance painting.
Oil was inexpensive, enabled artists to add detail and subtle color and value gradations to paintings, made it very realistic.
Discuss the changing role of women.
Olympe De Gouges-A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas. Mary Wollenscraft feminist philosophy responds to those who believed women shouldn't have an education women are essential to the nation
An Essay on Man - Alexander Pope
Pope Philosophic optimism poem great chain of being, what it means to be man, role of god
Alexander Pope
Pope did not mean to excuse men of their evils and vices, but rather sought to explain that men are a part of God's natural creations and the evil that exists among them are shortcomings due to their natural imperfections and the pride that may arise in their reasoning. It is all created in the hands of God so that "whatever is, is right" because God has made it so. wrote essay on man during the Enlightenment, philosophical optimist
Thomas Muntzer
Protestant reformer who believed that there also needed to be an overturning of society, started a peasant war
Describe the effect of the Reformation the arts and the turn from religious to secular art.
Reformation art movement rejected existing tradition of Catholic art, destroyed as much as it could (iconoclasms); Durer had to discover ways of painting or art that seemed compatible with Protestant restraint and PROPRIETY. -Others turned to more secular imagery: landscape and portraiture. -producing smaller quantities of art that followed Protestant views helped (turn from sensual to rather a reminder of the divine) -Printmaking was preferred, allowed widespread availability of visually persuasive imagery. Portraits of the leading reformers were popular, and scenes of apostles/ other biblical scenes to remind of religious education and moral purity was emphasized, many last supper scenes
Continuity & Change: The Art of the People and the Tastes of the Court
Rembrandt for the lay folk and Rubens for the court. Rembrandt is more protestant and austere than Rubens colorful and organized depictions
Jean-Antoine Watteau
Rococo painter famous for fete galantes
Describe the Counter-Reformation and its initial focus
Roman Catholicism's response to the Protestant Reformation: Spanish King Charles and King Francis, and Pope Alexander VI, work together and "compromise" to fight Protestantism. Charles owns most of Americas because pope Alexander decreed it was property of church, but chose to rent it entirely to Spain (he was Spanish); Late 15th and early 16th centuries, Christians began to openly criticize the Roman Catholic Church for teaching things contrary to the Bible. The Reformers objected to the veneration (worship) of Mary, the selling of indulgences, the insistence that rituals and sacraments were necessary for salvation, and so forth. ·As the Reformation took hold culturally and theologically, Catholicism responded with its own efforts. Some of these were intended to change the Catholic Church itself, but most were designed to resist the claims of the Reformers. Collectively, these Catholic efforts became known as the Counter-Reformation.
Peter Paul Rubens, The Arrival and Reception of Marie de Medici at Marseilles (1621-25)
Ruben's stylistic trademark is the fleshy bodies of the nymphs at bottom fleshing out of the bodies, known to startle viewers. Beauty rests in how the flesh folds, in some measures is to showcase sensuality, self-indulgence and excess point of view is very low, as if viewer were below or floating above FC Baroque
Science of observation
Scientific discoveries during the Baroque Period challenged the authority of both the Catholic and Protestant churches. Some philosophers and scientists questioned religious ideals, while others continued to incorporate aspects of religion into their theories and views of the physical world.
Hamlet, Shakespeare
Shakespeare poem psychological language
Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait
Southern influence but part of the Northern Renaissance; portrays himself Christlike, alluding to the divine potential for creation within man; shoved into the foreground He self-consciously paints himself as an icon. His pose, frontal pose, bearded, and intense glace recalls tradition images of Christ. "Art,"he wrote, "derives from God." He was a master of oil paint.
Describe the nature of the Rococo style.
Started as style of architecture Pastel, sensual, soft/fluffy, playful, flowery motifs, ornate, overdone Captures the playful life of the upper class → style of the French court (flaunt their wealth & lifestyles) While they're living like this, the world is falling apart around them Shows how much they've lost touch Becomes a call for revolution
Martin Luther
Started the reformation by posting his 95 theses, preached salvation by faith instead of works -Angered by sale of indulgences
Characteristics of Dutch vernacular paintings
Still life Landscapes Genre scenes Domestic scenes
Inquisition
The Catholic Church could not tolerate religious beliefs that did not strictly follow church doctrine. Muslims and Jews living in Catholic countries had to be converted or expelled. (Sayre - An official inquiry into possible heresy.)
1517-1648
The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church.
deism
The brand of faith that argues that the basis of belief in God is reason and logic rather than revelation or tradition.
Great Chain of Being
The chain of being is composed of a great number of hierarchical links, from the most basic and foundational elements up through the very highest perfection, in other words, God. God sits at the top of the chain, and beneath him sit the angels, both existing wholly in spirit form.
How did the rise of the middle class and commerce affect the art of the Renaissance?
The middle class became more wealthy and were able to control more. Lots of art was focused on common daily items and activities.
tonality
The organization of a composition around a home key (the tonal center).
Industrial Revolution
The term used to describe a change in practices of production and consumption that occurred in the nineteenth century.
The printing press
This helped the Reformation happen 1435- 1455 in the German City of Mainz by Johannes Gutenberg it was created Made it possible for identical copies of written works could be reproduced First major work was the Gutenberg Bible (forty-two line bible)
: Andrea Pozzo's Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius
Trompe L'oeil is a kind of mind trick that artists use to fool our eyes. In Andrea Pozzo's "Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius," he made the ceiling above the clerestory appear to open up so that the viewer gazes "through" the roof into the heavens that receive the levitating body of the saint.
4) Materials & Techniques: The Facade from Renaissance to Baroque
Typically the facade of a building carries architectural embellish-ment that announces its style. One of the most influential facades in Renaissance architecture is Leon Battista Alberti's for Santa Maria Novella in Florence. Limited only by the existing portal, doors, and rose window, Alberti designed the facade independently of the structure behind it. He composed it of three squares, two flanking the portal at the bottom and a third set centrally above them. A mezzanine, or low intermediate story, separates them, at once seemingly supported by four large engaged Corinthian col-umns and serving as the base of the top square. The pediment at the top actually floats free of the structure behind it. Perhaps Alberti's most innovative and influential additions are the two scrolled volutes, or counter-curves. They hide the clerestory struc-ture of the church behind, masking the difference in height of the nave and the much lower side-aisle roofs.
Discuss the significance of the medium of print for art.
WERE MORE EASILY REPRODUCED AND COULD BE SHARED BETTER;
Louis XV
XV Banned encyclopedie, only 5 years old when he became king
new self
a character that changes throughout the course of a work
Chiaroscuro
a lighting technique often used in painting to illuminate parts or areas of a scene in an otherwise dark picture by way of light and dark contrasts to give spatial depth
empirical method
a manner of inquiry that combines inductive reasoning and scientific experimentation. leading advocate of the empirical method in the 17th century was francis bacon, english scientist...he felt like reliance on the senses frequently led to fundamental errors.
landscape
a painting that shows natural scenery, derives from a Dutch word meaning "land form"
linear perspective
a perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objections are determined by a drawn or imaginary line of convergence on the horizon
John Calvin
a reformer who preached predestination and living a saintly life. preached predestination, started an iconoclasm and strict religious community in Geneva
Methodological doubt
a systematic process of withholding assent regarding the truth or falsehood of all one's beliefs until they have been demonstrated or rationally proven to be true or false
absolutism
a term applied to strong, centralized monarchies that exert royal power over their dominions, usually on the grounds of divine right.
diptych
a two-paneled, hinged painting
inductive reasoning
a type of reasoning that moves from specific instances to general principles and from particular truths to universal ones. with it, scientists believed they could predict the workings of nature as a whole.
triptych
a work made of three parts, usually three painted panels hinged together
altarpiece
a work of art, especially a painting on wood, set above or behind an altar
Hamlet
about different perspectives, included how we are divided within ourselves; we lived in a world of conflict and people are complex; all the action takes place in Hamlet's mind
polyptych
an altarpiece constructed of multiple panels
St. Peter's Square
an example of baroque style, diagonal, and round, and very large, and draws an emotional response.
Manichean pessimism
an old religion that breaks everything down into good or evil
humanism
an outlook or thought system attaching prime importance to the human rather than the divine or supernatural matters
Describe the Neoclassical style as expressed mainly in France.
calls for balance and order; what the French people needed after the chaos and disorder of the Revolution
Classicism
classical art is renowned for its harmony, balance and sense of proportion. In its painting and sculpture, it employs idealized figures and shapes, and treats its subjects in a non-anecdotal and emotionally neutral manner. Colour is always subordinated to line and composition
Caravaggio, Conversion of Saint Paul (ca. 1601)
clear instance of tenebrism to dramatize moments of conversion -theme of religiosity and sexuality portrays moment when roman legionary (saul, later to become Saint Paul), falls off horse and hears "saul why persecutest thou me?" Light is the visible manifestation of Christ's words, falls on Saul, to which he reaches into air in both a shock of recognition and gesture of embrace.
Discuss the rise of the Elizabethan stage and the significance of William Shakespeare.
coincided with the growth of middle and upper classes because there was now leisure time to enjoy a play -government banned performances of religious plays, but the court was extremely supportive of theater -theater was affordable (one penny) -Shakespeare was considered as the master of his medium, writing 37 plays with dramatic plot lines
Gnetti Family
commissioned a Mannerist piece, Consecration of the Virgin, which included their children worshiping Mary
Classical music (enlightenment/rococo)
delicate and light sound. Total rejection of values associated with Baroque and Rococo. "classical" because it shares features of symmetry, proportion, balance, formal unity, and clarity with Greek and Roman art (Mozart is the classical artist of interest in this era) accessible and recognizable musical language for the middle class
A Closer Look: Dürer's Adam and Eve
depicts couple before the fall -perfect nudes symbolize inspiration -sacred act in engraving
Define characteristics of Northern Renaissance art as exhibited in the work of Jan van Eyck, Robert Campin, Hieronymous Bosch, Matthias Grünewald and Albrecht Dürer.
detailed naturalism (most distinctive), love of detail (does not show brushstroke- most distinctive feature from the South), obsession with death (momento mori), mostly prints and engravings, lots of genre scenes, portraits, landscapes, and altar pieces.
oil painting
discovered by Jan Van Eyck, helped at detail, relatively inexpensive
Dissolution Act of 1536
dissolving the monasteries and selling of Church holdings (Tudor)
the Encyclopédie
edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert a 35-volume text, 180 writers, "to change the general way of thinking" was meant to change the general way of thinking. Emphasized human liberty and fueled revolutions in America and France. Rational humanism
altar
elevated, table-like structure before which religious services were offered
Christopher Wren. St. Paul's Cathedral, 1675-1710.
enlightenment A statue of Saint Paul stands on top of the central portico, flanked by statues of Saint John (right) and Saint Peter (left). The sculptural detail in the portico pediment depicts the conversion of Paul following his vision on the road to Damascus.
Ulrich Zwingli
established an iconoclasm in Zurich, challenged clerical celibacy, practices of fasting purgatory, and transubstantiation (thought it to be purely symbolic) Luther thought it was literal, if they had been able to agree, a single unified protestant church may have resulted.
Jan Vermeer, Woman with a Pearl Necklace (ca. 1664)
example of domestic painting, focus on women's role no intention for materialistic message, woman's pearls suggest vanity, but nothing of pride because she gazes at them in a humble manner, pearls symbolize truth, purity, even virginity white wall suggests the young woman is a tabula rasa, blank slate, whose moral history is not written yet; N Baroque
William Hogarth
exposed worst of London during the Enlightenment through mass-produced prints, used caricatures
Artemisia Gentileschi
female Baroque painter, followed Carvaggio's style, painted lots of women-featuring religious subjects
Wren's St. Paul's Cathedral
first Anglican Church cathedral. -Made with gothic, classical, renaissance and baroque
Humanism
focus on the actions and potential on man not diety
Renaissance
humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in 14th Century Italy and later spread throughout Europe
Iconoclasm
idea or practice or doctrine of iconoclast to destroy or ban religious images and veneration (Calvinist movement)
Frans Hals
leading portrait painter of early 17th century holland - loose and gestural brushstrokes apparent in lively portrait of Descartes - didn't make sitters look more flattering - sought to convey their vitality and personality. - particularly successful at the group portrait
Outline the significance of the printing press on the Reformation and the appeal of Reformation ideals to the middle class.
made Bible a best seller; allowed for expansion of Reformation movement
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola. led the counter-reformation, thought art should teach, & inspire, be an emotional stimulus to piety, and be intelligible and reasonable
Southern Renaissance Patronage
most important patrons were politically powerful families (medici, Gonzaga etc and the papacy) (more humanistic and optimistic than North)
Describe how the Baroque style manifests itself in music
not to simply give pleasure to the ear, but to be clearly understood -- all music that is impure or lascivious should be banished (banished by the Council) Specifically in Venice, division between secular and religious music less pronounced. Council of Trent did not have a sufficient influence here. Composers free to experiment, city became center of Baroque music Creation of ensembles (geared towards religious use first by Gabrieli), were later adapted from secular ceremonies to religious ones. Gabrieli first composer to specify dynamics in music Opera developed the best in this period: Menteverdi's creation of "Orfeo", first opera to successfully integrate music and drama. this achieved a work that was both musically and dramatically satisfying, one that could explore full range of sound and full range of psychological complexity. Music overlaps with countering melodies and creates an overwhelming feeling to the audience (same result as the paintings and sculptures of the period)
indulgence
paying money to the church to be forgiven of your sins faster (stay less time in purgatory)
Describe how the Baroque manifests itself in painting
places itself on a diagonal and seems to swirl and flow into one another; producing a sense of action, excitement and sensuality Manipulated light and dark to intensify viewers experience of painting (tenebrism) Space of drama is larger than the space of the frame Art is direct, obvious, and dramatic, opposes Renaissance art. dramatic use of color, ornamentation, extravagant settings. Has continuous overlapping of figures and elements
Features of the Baroque Era
plays on emotions a reaction to teach people who God is through arts furthered agenda of counter-Reformationists
Explain the significance of portrait painting in Tudor and Elizabethan England, in particular the portraiture of Hans Holbein the Younger.
portrait painting expressed the humanist emphasis on individualism -Hans conveys the sitter's status in each painting and their identity; rich detail
Cartesian Dualism (Descartes)
separated out mind (not physical) from body (physical) - They communicate through the Pineal Gland the distinction between mind and matter, the soul and the body
Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and Maidservant with Head of Holofernes (ca. 1625)
suggesting in this series she transforms her personal tragedy (rape and legal injustice) in painting (Hebrew bible's book of judith) two women kill Holofernes (his head is carried back in a bag, jews go on to defeat the leaderless Assyrians · In painting, she accentuates Caravaggesque tenebrism -focused on major women in bible.
Michelangelo, Victory (1520s)
symbolizes man's struggle and suffering shows victory overlooking the defeated, or a vigorous young man overlooking an old sagging and wrinkled man
predella
the base of an altarpiece
Philosophical Optimism
the belief that everything that takes place occurs for good. Looking at all things in a positive manner, no matter how bad it may be. claims that the universe was created by a good and orderly God, if he is fully good then he wouldn't allow evil to exist without some greater future purpose, concluding that we live in the best of all possible worlds and it seems imperfect to us because we have limited capabilities of understanding God's logic
Rococo
the culmination of developments in art and architecture that began with Michelangelo and the Baroque into the 18th century often frivolous, emphasizing the pursuit of pleasure and love erotic underpinnings generally asymmetrical light colors, gold, silver, pastels
sonata form
the first and last pieces of a symphony has three phases: exposition, development, recapitulation. often a short coda is added to bring it to a definitive endsa two themes or subjects are explored according to set key relationships
antependium
the front of an altar
patronage
the power to control appointments to office or the right to priviledges
Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture
the premier art institution in France in the eighteenth century
stipe
the side support of an altar
satire
the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.
ornamentation
things added to something to provide decoration
Cult of Feeling
this movement derives from an outdated form of psychotherapy based on the superficial doctrine that how you feel is who you are; we live in a world where what you feel has become as least as important as what you do. What you feel is as important as what you do
revenge play
type of play consisting of a murder that must be avenged by the victim's relative, usually at the request of the murdered person's ghost (Hamlet - today we call this an action movie)
Rembrandt van Rijn, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp (1632)
used symbolic light for ironic effect, as most lit figure is the corpse or death, ironic because most of rembrandt's paintings depict light illuminating lively acts and situations light shines across room, lighting faces of thee most inquisitive students (suggests light of revelation and learning) stops at Tulp's face, as if he is the source of light Dutch believed that by studying the human body, one could understand God; N Baroque
Explain the causes of Luther's Reformation and its impact on the political, social, and cultural life of sixteenth-century Germany and France.
vernacular scripture for sola scriptura, hated indulgences, faith only can bring salvation, influenced by Erasmus, gave rise to Protestant church, to peasants in Germany Luther's views justified their own independence from feudal lords, princes, or tyrannical rulers, reformation had greater impact in the North, Ulrich Zwingli (Zurich)and John Calvin (Geneva) followed Luther's example and thought that their cities could become models of moral rectitude; reform church liturgy: church services. ESPECIALLY USE OF MUSIC (where chorale, or singing in vernacular comes in)
Northern Renaissance Patronage
wealthy large class of merchants were most powerful patrons. (also most pessimistic and doomsday-ish as far as art style). Mostly takes place in Bruges (Netherlands).
Handel
• Handel Enlightenment composer, especially associated with oratorios
Michelangelo
• Michelangelo Souther Renaissance painter/sculptor, experimented with Mannerism