IHUM 202 - Midterm 1
("In Praise of Folly")
The work of satire, written by Erasmus, that helped to secure Erasmus's reputation as the preeminent humanist in Europe and was his most influential work.
altar
the table in a Christian church at which the bread and wine are consecrated in communion services
the text appearing in a book, newspaper, or other printed publication, especially with reference to its size, form, or style.
predestination
(as a doctrine in Christian theology) the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin
indulgence
(in the Roman Catholic Church) a grant by the pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins after absolution. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages.
Define characteristics of Northern Renaissance art as exhibited in the work of Jan van Eyck, Robert Campin, Hieronymous Bosch, Matthias Grünewald and Albrecht Dürer
*Intimacy *Portability *Realism *Emphasis on physical things
"Ein Feste Burg ist unser Gott"
- A Mighty Fortress Is Our God (the hymn)
(Thomas Muntzer)
-By 1524, peasant leaders across Germany, many of whom were Lutherans, were openly requesting Luther's support in their struggle for political and economic freedom, especially release from serfdom. Luther was hesitant to endorse the aims of the peasants, but Thomas Muntzer, a German cleric who studied at Wittenberg, believed that reform of the Church required the absolute abolition of the vestiges of feudalism (and included Luther in the self-serving scholars and priests that worked for "Godless princes"). -Muntzer believed that God spoke spiritually to every individual with faith, and that God's word came in visions and dreams as well as from scripture. -Muntzer led a peasant rebellion, in which he and nearly 100,000 peasants were killed. The peasants felt Luther had betrayed them.
edition
1. a particular form or version of a published text. "a paperback edition" 2. the total number of copies of a book, newspaper, or other published material issued at one time.
Albrecht Altdorfer, Danube Landscape, Period: Northern Renaissance
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Albrecht Altdorfer, The Battle of Issus, Period: Northern Renaissance
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Albrecht Dürer, Draftsman Drawing a Reclining Nude. Period: Northern Renaissance
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Albrecht Dürer, Four Apostles, Period: Northern Renaissance
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Albrecht Dürer, Last Supper, Period: Northern Renaissance
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Albrecht Dürer, Melancholia I, Period: Northern Renaissance
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Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait, (1500) Period: Northern Renaissance
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Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Period: Northern Renaissance
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Albrecht Dürer, The Large Turf, (1503) Period: Northern Renaissance
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Describe the effect of the Reformation the arts and the turn from religious to secular art
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Discuss the significance of the medium of print for art
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Explain the significance of Albrecht Dürer and Pieter Bruegel as Reformation artists
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Gianlorenzo Bernini, Baldachino, Period: 1600's (17th century), Baroque sculpture
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Hieronymus Bosch, Carrying of the Cross (ca. 1490) Period: Northern Renaissance
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Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights, (ca. 1505-10) Period: Northern Renaissance
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Jan and Hubert van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece (ca. 1425-32) Period: Northern Renaissance
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Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Giovanna Cenami (ca. 1434) Period: Northern Renaissance
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Matthias Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece, (ca. 1510-15) Period: Northern Renaissance
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Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Harvesters, Period: Northern Renaissance
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Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death, Period: Northern Renaissance
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Robert Campin, Mérode Altarpiece (ca. 1426) Period: Northern Renaissance
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predella
: 1. a step or platform on which an altar is placed. 2. a raised shelf above an altar.
revenge play
A play constructed around a murder that must be avenged by the victim's relative, usually at the request of the murdered person's ghost
Explain the causes of Luther's Reformation and its impact on the political, social, and cultural life of sixteenth-century Germany and France
: Causes: selling of indulgences, corruption, immorality in the Catholic church, secularism and materialism evident in lavish decorative programs and the moral laxity of its cardinals in Rome. Power and wealth had corrupted the church. At the heart of his opposition was class division. Only the rich could afford to pay indulgences (for the remission of their sins and those of their families). The impact Luther's Reformation had on the political, social, and cultural life of sixteenth-century in Germany and France: -Luther's defense of the individual conscience against the authority of the pope was understood to free the German princes of the same papal tyranny that plagued them. -To many townspeople and peasants, freedom from the pope's authority seemed to justify their own independence from authoritarian rule, whether of a peasant from his feudal lord, a guild from local government, or a city from its prince. **Muntzer's Peasant War in 1524
oil painting
: Flemish panel painters used oil as the primary vehicle for the paint, and created layers of paint with greater or lesser translucency. Oil dries slower than tempera, allowing artists to blend colors in minute amounts, suggesting a sense of light falling across an object. It can be painted with extremely soft, fine brushes eliminating any hint of brushstrokes (and the smooth finish looks more real).
31 October 1517
: Martin Luther posted his 95 theses to the door of the town's All Saints Churcch in Wittenberg, Germany, marking the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
iconoclasm
: The rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical; the doctrine of iconoclasts. ***Zwingli instituted a program of iconoclasm in Zurich, Switzerland. Churches were purged of all imagery on the ground that images provoked at least the potential for idolatry.
Reformation
: a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches.
diptych
: a painting, especially an altarpiece, on two hinged wooden panels that may be closed like a book.
triptych
: a three-part work (example: Merode Altarpiece)
altarpiece
: a work of art, especially a painting on wood, set above and behind an altar.
antependium
: also known as a parament or hanging, or, when speaking specifically of the hanging for the altar, an altar frontal (Latin: pallium altaris), is a decorative piece, usually of textile, but also metalwork, stone or other material that can adorn a Christian altar, lectern, pulpit, or table
polyptych
: an altarpiece constructed from multiple panels
Renaissance
: is a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, used as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age. *The celebration of individual identity marks Renaissance art in both the North and South
Outline the significance of the printing press on the Reformation and the appeal of Reformation ideals to the middle class
: it helped spread ideas of the Reformation rapidly and more easily, since printing was faster and cheaper than handwriting. Also, with the Bible printed in vernacular, more of the common people could read the Bible for themselves. It helped more people believe Luther's idea that scripture alone held sole authority in all matters of faith.
patronage
:the support given by a patron. "the arts could no longer depend on private patronage" synonyms: sponsorship, backing, funding, financing, promotion, assistance, support "art patronage"
chorale
A hymn sung in the vernacular by the entire congregation (rather than in Latin by a chorus of monks separated from the worshipers). Luther did not invent the chorale, but he compiled hymnals to allow all worshipers to sing together in unison. Luther consistently praised music and even embraced polyphonic musical settings, even though later protestants insisted on unison (monophonic) chorals and some even banned music altogether.
Explain the significance of oil as a medium in Northern Renaissance painting
Campin and other contemporary Northern painters were able to blend, shade, and bleed colors so skillfully that textures become nearly palpable. Flemish painters' sensitivity to the light-enhancing qualities of oil medium implies understanding of light suggesting spiritual truth. Glazing, putting thin almost-transparent layer of oil paint on the painting surface, allowing light to emanate from the painting.
Elizabethan theater
English Renaissance theatre, also known as early modern English theatre, or (commonly) as Elizabethan theatre, refers to the theatre of England between 1562 and 1642. This is the style of the plays of William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson.
Differentiate between Grünewald's more Northern Germanic/Gothic style and Albrecht Dürer's work influenced as it is by southern European and Italian Renaissance traditions.
Grünewald: -more obsessed with death, suffering -more realistic, -emotionalism -mysticism Dürer: -based his art on humanism -displayed his Northern interest in the minutest details of nature but also his scientific mind, and his humanist interest in the phenomena of the natural world. -believed that all art derived from God, and only those skilled in art should attempt it.
Describe the concept of patronage and how it differs in the North from that of the South
In the south of Europe, the most important patrons were the politically powerful families (the Medici, the Gonzagas, and the Montefeltros- and the papacy) all used their patronage to further their political prestige. In the North, trade has created a wealthy and relatively large class of merchants, who soon rivaled the French and Burgundian courts as the most important patrons of the day.
intaglio printing
Intaglio printing is the opposite of relief printing, in that the printing is done from ink that is below the surface of the plate. The design is cut, scratched, or etched into the printing surface or plate, which can be copper, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, plastics, or even coated paper.
The Globe
The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men
(John Calvin)
The iconoclasm that marked Zwingli's work in Zurich, Switzerland erupted in the canton (state) of Geneva, Switzerland in the 1530's. The residents successfully revolted against their local prince (who was also their bishop), and bestowed power on a city council. In May 1536, the city voted to adopt the Reformation. Two months later, with the city essentially purged by iconoclasts, John Calvin arrived.
Discuss the rise of a middle class and how the role of commerce affected the art of the time.
The new business class (merchants) represented a new audience for artists, in both the North and South. Motivated by the marketplace, artists sought to please this new class. In turn, members of the business class fostered the careers of several artists who were highly skilled in the use of OIL PAINT. These artists (Campin, van Eyck, van der Weyden, and Bosch) are associated with particular northern centers of culture.
humanism
a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought -an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.
humanism
a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.
cycle
a complete set or series. "the painting is one of a cycle of seven" synonyms: series, sequence, succession, run; set
engraving
a print made from an engraved plate, block, or other surface. -the process or art of cutting or carving a design on a hard surface, especially so as to make a print.
woodcut
a print of a type made from a design cut in a block of wood, formerly widely used for illustrations in books.
groundling
a spectator or reader of inferior taste, such as a member of a theater audience who traditionally stood in the pit below the stage. "Dante is not for groundlings"
linear perspective
a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon
soliloquy
an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.
(Ulrich Zwingli)
by 1519, strongly influenced by Erasmus, Ulrich Zwingli was chosen as the people's priest of the Great Minster Church in Zurich, Switzerland. He openly lived with a woman and had fathered six children with her. He challenged the practice of clerical celibacy, the practices of fasting, the veneration of saints, the value of pilgrimages, and the ideas of purgatory and transubstantiation (Zwingli believed that the sacrament of bread and wine was purely symbolic, while Luther believed that it actually turned into the body and blood of Christ). -in the late 1520's, civil war broke out between Protestant and Catholic cantons (states) in Switzerland. Zwingli was wounded then executed by his Catholic adversaries. The resulting compromise after the war was that each Swiss canton was free to chose its own religion.
Movable type
the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation)
relief printing
printing from raised images, as in letterpress and flexography.
vernacular
the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.