IHUM 202 Test review

Realism

2nd half of 19th century Everyday events to express view of life. Stress the ordinary and uneventful. Small minute details. Not heroic or glamorous. Social Realism—criticizes evils of society to elicit change. Satire and wit.

Hudson River School 1830's-40's

Art as a moralizing force.Landscapes. Hudson River School, a group of American romantic painters. They want art to be a moralizing force. They are going to show this through nature. We started to see this with neoclassicism (virtue, no vices, etc). This is now applied through nature. Use landscape and nature to show this virtue, moral, religious effect. Not art for art's sake. Know Thomas Cole! American romanticism. Shows divine presence through lighting.

Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony, 4th Movement Cd 1:41

The final fall of the axe is illustrated vividly by the sound of a guillotine chop and a snare-drum roll, right after two bars of the idee fixe (fixed theme of his beloved). The two main themes are a simple theme consisting of a long downward scale--gloomy & wild, & a blaring, ominous military march--brilliant & grand. Fourth movement and example of program music. Drums and descending scale in the cello section. Idee fixe, the solo oboe is the theme of his beloved, guillotine chop ends the solo, and the snare drum is the head rolling down. Dream of a witches sabbath: Dies irae, famous Gregorian chant from the Middle Ages known as the "Day of Wrath". Used in the Shining. Also used in Ready, Player One.

Age of Enlightenment/Reason--characteristics;

•Optimism in a new scientific age & self-confidence •Belief in progress and the perfectability of society through education and reform •Political activism with strong attacks on injustice and corruption •Tools of satire and wit

Roccoco

1715—style originates in Paris with Louis XV Barocco and rocailles—pebbles and shells •Delicate, more intimate than baroque grand scale •Excessively ornamental with shell asymmetry •Soft lines and hazy brushstrokes Rococo for the aristocracy: Superficial grace •Pastel colors •Love, pleasure, frivolity, lightness, and sense of nostalgia

Aristocracy vs Middle Class Rococo

A: •Superficial •Pastel colors •Fetes galantes •Love, pleasure, frivolity, lightness, and sense of nostalgia MC: •Natural •Earth tones •Every day activities •Commoner dignity •Vigee-Lebrun •Chardin—still lifes

Angelica Kauffman

Angelica Kauffman, member of the Royal Academy of Art. Great women artists. American artists are good. (Think pointing of her children, her treasures)

Benjamin West

Benjamin West, American, 2nd President of RA. He creates a new style of heroic contemporary history painting. The French-Indian war.

Voltaire's Candide 1759

Candide: Young and naïve. Clueless, taken advantage, openness, easily influenced, etc. His name is candid (honest person), and he expects everyone else to be candid as well (unknowingly). Gullible, misled, and immature. Willing to listen and fall for whatever is presented. Typical human nature. Voltaire. Open-minded. Naïve. Locke. Tabula rasa Pangloss: He is representing optimism. He also represents Leibniz. Guiding character . Mentor. Idealistic philosopher, extremism, philosophical optimism - Leibnitz. All tongue. Glossing over and simplification. Distorted cause and effects Martin: foil to Pangloss. Pessimism. Pierre Bayle. Martin Luther. Cunegund: Idealized. Reality of dreams. Unrealized expectations. Desire for the unattainable. She is desirable in the beginning and then she isn't at the end. The grass isn't always greener. Reality is tough. She is worried about her ugliness, even though worse things have already happened to her (this is irony). Voltaire basically agrees that keeping yourself busy and not bored, natural familial relationship, is the virtue of society. Agrees with Rousseau. Natural setting resolves idleness, vice, and want. The philosophers sit and debate all the time instead of actually doing something. Actually apply what you teach. Exert something with your abilities, talents (103). The garden shows cause and effect, a natural outcome. Which is a response to Leibniz's cause and effect. Expresses a revolutionary mindset, equality for races, etc. Beginning of Ch.3, its some sort of the performance. Then later talk about the barbaric and disgusting nature of war. Noble venetian, page 81, beautiful garden and will have another one tomorrow. Nothing was good enough. Too critical. There Is pleasure in having no pleasure.

Delacroix vs Ingress

D: Romanticism •Uses color to create forms •Broad paint strokes •Blended colors and forms •Gradual tones I: Elements of Classicism •Creates forms and fills in with color •Strong lines •Clearly defined forms •Solid areas of color

Age of Revolution

Declaration of Independence 1776—Jefferson. •Philosophical statement justifying principles for separation •Natural rights of Locke and Rousseau •Federalists (Hamilton)—government exists to restrain humans (Hobbes' influence) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen 1789—French version •Louis XV and XVI ignore pressure for change, favor aristocracy over other •Collapse of French economy and bad harvest 1788 •Reign of Terror with Robespierre (1792-95). •Ruthless establishment of a "republic of virtue"—Rousseau •Principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Republic until 1799 and Napoleon's dictatorship. Declared himself Emperor in 1804. We begin with enlightenment humanism. Desire to change. The outcome is revolution. We have the Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Man and Citizen, Reign of Terror, etc. Know this slide for the test. These social advances were for men only. Ugh

Romantic Music Characteristics

Desire to create emotions: Expansive, singing melodies: bel canto Diverse rhythms, tempo rubato--robbed time Wide ranging dynamics for emotions Larger symphony w/ new instruments: tuba, saxophone, English horn Intimate settings--piano dominates as solo. Lieder. Piano virtuosos Nature—program music: tell a story or describe nature Expansion of forms, ie. scherzo Middle-class secular audience Nationalistic, social revolution Bel Canto: expansive, singing melodies Tempo rubato: speed up, slow down. Wide ranging dynamics. Contrasts with solos. Program music: tell a story or describe nature. Listen for this to understand that. Middle-class secular audience. Love of one's country. Nationalism and revolution.

Enlightenment Humanism: EncyclopedistsEncyclopedie 1751-72

Diderot—editor and contributor to Encyclopedie •Belief in essential goodness of human nature and progress •Provides a rational basis with a system for classification of knowledge •Became a philosophical statement that humans are rational creatures •Political and religious authority over humans should be eliminated •Banned by Louis XV Montesquieu—aristocrat with relatively conservative views •Checks and balances—divide powers between monarch and other bodies Rousseau—humans are good and society is bad •Humans corrupted by growth of civilization •Social Contract 1762 describes his ideal state General Will of the people to be in charge Encyclopedia: amassing huge amounts of knowledge. It later becomes a philosophical tool and statement that humans are rational creatures (look at the accomplishments, etc). Political and religious authority over humans should be eliminated. Montesquieu - aristocrat with relatively conservative views. Checks and balances - divide powers between monarch and other bodies. Rousseau - humans are good and society is bad Uses the idea of Locke and then expands them. Humans are good but society corrupts them. He emphasizes the general will of the people to be ruling authority.

Death of Ivan Ilytch in class analysis

He writes about his experience of transformation. Praskovya: wife Pyotr: His "friend". They are so superficial. They live a dog eat dog world. He married for status, met all social requirements. "Ivan Ilych's life had been most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible" This shows the realism of society. This shows the superficiality of everything. Gerasim contrasts from the fake people. He is a genuine people. The reality is mortality exists. Why these sufferings, they are just so. Can be compared to Charles Dickens Christmas Stories. In chapter two, there is a another character. The sofa! Pyotr's wife only wants money and is fake crying. The details are everything. Ivan was inconsiderate of his wife and other people around him. He comes to this self-awareness. He doesn't care about others and is absent minded. Keeping up with the Jones's. His whole life is climbing the ladder of success, and then falls and he can no longer work. Society is not caring about the individual. Just self-interest. The doctor, just another patient. Society is too detached from the individual. You should have close connections even with society. Ivan's son is a genuine character because he actually cared. Gerasim is a peasant, low-class, Ivan would not have needed him, he is the other, simple, and he shows compassion for him. His son is innocent and isn't impacted by society. The naturalness of youth make connections more meaningful. Shallow connections hurt so many people. Extremely well done social satire.

Piano Virtuosos and Nationalism

Highly skilled performer demonstrating love of one's countryCharacter Piece: short, intimate piano solo, creates a mood Chopin (Poland) living in Paris •Quiet, introverted performer •Dies of TB (1810-49) •Etude—study •Revolutionary Etude Cd 2:3. What techniques used to create mood? •Nocturne—night piece •Mazurkas and polonaises—traditional Polish dances Liszt (Hungary) living in Paris •Extroverted, robust performer •Hungarian Rhapsody Cd 2:4-5 •Demonstrates love of homeland •Folk tunes •Rhapsody—highly contrasting moods with extravagance

Keats

Keats is yearning for eternity. Bittersweet. We are unable to grasp immortality. Longing for immortality. This is dreamlike. Keats knows he is mortal, but his art can become immortal. The bird is like art and music. He yearns for escape. If you think, you are full of sorrow. His poetry allows him to escape to this other world. Art is an escape from this deathlike experience, mortal body, suffering, etc. He is dying and this is what the bird is experiencing. He wants what the bird is having! The ode to Grecian Urn is representative of youth and our temporary existence. It also talks about his immortality. What green light is unattainable. Greeks found pottery as functional and beautiful. Keats looks at these Greek pots at the museum and is inspired. Truth is beauty, and beauty is truth. What you imagine as beautiful must be true. Ideal forms of plato. What has been immortalized on the pot and art? It's youth. Think of an amazingly joyful time in your life. These moments you are invested in of love, desire, joy, etc. are immortalized in the art. Snapshot in time. That's the fun of art. Wordsworth goes back to nature to be healed, whereas Keats goes to art.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman—1792 Mary Wollstonecraft

Know Mary Wollstonecraft. Equality in education. Her daughter is the author of Frankenstein, a feminine text. Knowledge and virtue comes through education. Education is the main point. She targets the middle class. She is hoping they will have the means, power, etc to make a difference. Companion rather than mistress.

Natural Religion vs. Revealed Religion

Knowledge of God not found through revelation (scriptures) but through the nature of man and God's creations •Orderliness of the universe: "This most elegant system of the planets and comets could not be produced but by and under the contrivance and dominion of an intelligence and powerful being. . . . We know him only by his properties and attributes and by the most wise and excellent structure of things, and by final causes, but we adore and worship him on account of his dominion." -Newton •Deism: the universe is a magnificent machine. God as clock maker. Newton's theological impact: •Individual study of the Bible •Rejected idea of the trinity Denied entrance into Anglican clergy You find out about God not through revelation, but through nature of man and God's creations. Natural religion, deism: the universe is a magnificent machine. God as clock maker. Since humans are creations of God, they could take care of themselves. Individual study of the Bible allowed him to change Anglican and Catholic practices.

Musical Nationalism

Mussorgsky (1839-81)—from Russian Group of Mighty 5 composers •"the Great Gate of Kiev" from Pictures at an Exhibition Cd 2:6-8 •Program music •Russian folk songs Dvorak (1841-1904)—Czech. First to use folk tunes in symphony. •Slavonic Dances Cd 2:9-10 •Symphony #9 "New World" symphony written while touring America Smetana (1824-84)—Czech. The Moldau—program music to represent famous river flowing through Behemia. Mussorgsky, think of regal procession, bells, chanting monks, etc. Russian folk songs and program music. Literally the great gates! Impressive entrance for track 6, brass instruments. Track 7, common Russian orthodox hymn. Track 8 has the famous bells. Dvorak uses folk tune as the main theme. Shows love of his country. Track 9 , think of the melody using the brass, fast tempo, etc.

Wordsworth

Nature. Wordsworth views nature as amazing. Constable shows the serenity in nature. This is a sublime view of nature. He also gives an ode to nature. Very methodically. Pensee to think and pansy while he is having a thought. Our soul has more value than right here right now. We are like clouds traveling from the other world to this world. Nature is the hope and joy of humans.

Sir Isaac Newton--scientific observation of natural world, look at handout, deism

Principia Mathematics: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 1687 •Building blocks of empiricism and starting from scratch tabula rasa •Observes the world through a scientific and mechanical way •3 Laws of motion, Law of universal gravitation •Existence of God can be proved in same scientific way •Scientific observations influence religion:

Sonata-allegro form. Always the 1st movement form of the symphony.Exposition, Development, Recapitulation, CodaSometimes this form used in the 4th mvt.

Sonata-allegro form: Always the 1st movement form of the symphony (exposition, development, recapitulation, coda). Sometimes this form used in the 4th movement. Mozart, Symphony #40 in G Minor, fourth movement. Form: Sonata Allegro form Track 33 is part of the first movement. Listen to 31, 33, 34.

Goethe

Starts off classical enlightenment tradition and then switches to the Romanticism when he joins the literary movement Sturm und drang. Experience, the journey, suffering humanity, romantic hero, nature, dualities, and eternal feminine - divine love leads to salvation The nine questions of Faust are the nine themes in the study guide. 1.We see contrast. Opposition but friendly wager. God says in line 308-10, that he allows this to happen but full confidence in Faust. The theme is striving, continual movement, is important. 2.He isn't satisfied with the knowledge he has. He doesn't like the human limitation. He tries to learn as much as he can, but there is no pleasure. He is using classical knowledge. He wants experience. Mephistopheles preys on Faust's weakness. The environment we are in is dark. Gothic, without windows. Environment matches the character. 3.The bet is that M will be Faust's slave. But, when Faust is satisfied, he will become M's slave. Paragraph in line 1695, you have to ensnare me. You have to satisfy me, and the Devil never does satisfy. Faust is so dissatisfied, that he wants to be satisfied. That is part of the condition. 4.Romantic hero, someone who doesn't conform with the social norms. There are strengths and weaknesses. He isn't a high noble characters. We can relate to them. What is normally classified as a weakness, in this case is a strength. Love is what differentiates between M and Faust. A new type of hero! 5.Faust is in the darkest moment. That is why he is at Walpurgis. It shows how far he has fallen. Gretchen has her own crisis at her own time. There is always a guide stringing them along. Time of crisis for Faust and Gretchen. Darkest hour. M throws all he has at Faust. Underworld journey. Advisors, mentors, guides, etc. This also happens at a turning point. He realizes his love for Gretchen. Gretchen, the eternal feminine, the saving redemption for him, the thought of her pulls him out of this and makes him leave the dark place. 6.In part 1, there are tragic elements in Faust and Gretchen. She is redeemed in part 1. It is not a complete tragedy. Part 2 is the redemption. 7.There is a lot of nature. Faust has a lot of influence from nature. Different from the deathlike study. Nature is personified and becomes a healer/restorer. Get back to nature. As he dies and redeemed, he turns the swamp into a sanctuary. His satisfaction came from working with nature. Proves how important nature was to the author and the harmony of it. Our best efforts and striving is the most holy thing we can offer to God. The complexity of using nature. 8.M wins his wager with Faust, but loses his wager with God. It is the argument between free will vs divine providence. It is a conflicting moment. Faust says the change he has had (lines 11435). He shifted to become at peace with this. 9.Line 284, the duality in the nature of man. Uncontrollable natures keep each other at force. People are complicated. Not just black and white. Opposition helps us grow. Opposite forces are necessary.

Symphonic Form: sonata (work in several movements) for the orchestraAlways 4 movements with alternating character, form, and tempo.Know the 4 movements and the forms we discuss in class.

Symphonic form: sonata for the orchestra. (Piano sonata, cello sonata, etc) Always four movements. Character is different for each movement and so is tempo. Memorize the form! Second movement form is theme and variations for this class. First movement form: Sonata-allegro (sometimes fourth movement too) Third movement is minuet and trio. It is a dance piece for the royalty. Fourth movement can be sonata allegro or sonata-rondo.

Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) Russian realist writer

The Death of Ivan Ilyitch 1886 •Autobiographical elements •Satire of relationships, hypocrisy, isolation, futility of conventional life comme il faut "as it should be." -Ivan, Praskovya, Pyotr •Characteristics of realism -Details of life, tragedy as everyday event •Genuine characters -Gerasim -Ivan's son

Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism: Romantic concept of unity between humans and nature. Emerson starts preaching and doesn't like it. He goes to Europe, is influenced by Romanticism philosophy, and spreads it in America. His roots are in Unitarianism. OverSoul - divine energy in everyone and nature. Throw off institutions and authority for the individual revelation. It is in nature where you can come close to God. Joseph Smith has utopian societies. The Poet, nature of poet as prophet and revelator of nature.

Romantic Opera and Musikdramen

Verdi (1813-1901)—Italy Bel Canto—beautiful singing voice •Deep emotions through singing La Traviata—contemporary life •Based on famous courtesan in Paris •"Libiamo" (let's drink) aria focuses on living life to the fullest. Cd 2:11-13 •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afhAqMeeQJk Nabucco—opera tells of Jews in Babylon mirroring Italians suffering under Austrian rule. •Nationalism—Italians desire for popular choice for king. VERDI acronym Wagner ( 1813-83)—Germany Gesamtkunstwerk (complete art work) New theater at Bayreuth Nationalism: German and Norse myths •Universal drama of monumental achievement •Die Walkure "Ride of the Valkyries" Cd 2:14-15 1.Removed separation between recitative and aria. Continuous flow. 2.New emphasis on the orchestra 3.Leitmotif (leading motif)—giving individual themes to characters, ideas, and even objects. Symbolic drama. Bel Canto - beautiful singing voice Libiamo, live life to the fullest Cd 2:11-13 Literally living life to the fullest! Italians desire for popular choice for king, they would scream Verdi. Wagner creates Musikdramen. Verdi highlights the vocal, whereas he focuses on everything (vocal, orchestra, mise-en-sene, etc.). Nationalistic, German and Norse myths. Vast epic, tales. Constant flow of music sound, emphasis on orchestra, Leitmotif (leading motif)- giving individual themes to characters, ideas, and even objects. Symbolic drama. For leitmotif, think of Darth Vader. Ride of the Valkyries, think of the game from childhood. Grand epic music drama.

middle class sensibility

Vigee-Lebrun and Chardin are important. Remember! Amazing artists. There is a naturalness in Lebrun's portraits. She can also paint the aristocracy. Her paintings of genuine human connection are incredible. There is depth. Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin is a great still life painter. He uses the same textures, details, etc as Rococo. Gives the middle-class dignity. They are very pleasing because they are carefully constructed. Still lifes, middle class sensibility. English Rococo Still superficial but not so sensual. Hogarth satirizes aristocracy with rococo style.

John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, tabula rasa, how do humans gain knowledge? Influence on politics and social contract. Handout.

•Argues for a completely empirical theory of knowledge •Understanding sets humans above other creatures •We are born tabula rasa without any innate principles •Tabula rasa is "blank or clean slate" •Knowledge based on our perceptions and experiences •Humans are free from divine and worldly authority Philosophical interests turn to political

Voltaire (1694-1778)

•Born in Paris, but a refugee for most of his life •Served in royal courts and spent time in prison •Influenced by English Satirists •Importance of freedom of thought •Hatred of bigotry and intolerance •Natural religion- "read great book of nature" to know about God •Philosopher whose literature summarizes events of 18th c. Satire is not just using humor. It is exposing, ridiculing, and criticizing something and using a literary device to make it funny.

Mozart (1756-91) Austrian. Child prodigy.

•Composer for archbishop in Salzburg •1781-91—composes independently without financial success •Dies at 35 and buried in a pauper's grave •Great variety of compositions: symphonies, concertos, masses, sonatas, string quartets, and operas •Last 3 symphonies composed without a commission—June-August 1788 •Symphony #40 in G minor reveals pessimism and emotion combined with classical logical form and order. Cd 1:31-35 •Opera buffa—comic and lighter opera with more naturalness than baroque •Secco recitative drier style. Simple orchestration and more simple singing speech •Marriage of Figaro 1786. Satire of the social order and ruling class but with humanity, humor, and grace. "Se vuol ballare"—let him dance. •Based on French play by Beaumarchais. Banned in France. Written eve of revolution. The people are not ready for Mozart. Their job is a musician as working class (hiring help). Symphony #40 in G minor shows classical logical form and order. Opera buffa - comic and lighter opera with more naturalness than baroque. Starting with opera, watch Marriage of Figaro Remember! Based on French play by Beaumarchais. About social revolution, banned in France. Written on eve of revolution. Servants outwitting their masters, the count.

Neoclassicism 18th century

•Desire for moral art: make virtue admirable and vice repugnant—not just art for pleasure •Art of the revolutions •Excavations of ancient Greek and Roman cities •Winckelmann— "father of archaeology" suggests style •Reflects new values of freedom, democratic government •Greek and Roman republics •Tightly controlled lines •Using sculptural and architectural models •Static rather than dynamic •Noble simplicity and quiet grandeur

19th century Romantic architecture

•Eclectic—no one style •Excessive ornamentation •Revives past historical styles •Exotic •Escape from mundane for fantasy world in nature

Charles Darwin (1809-82)

•English Naturalist first studied medicine •5 year voyage on HMS Beagle switches to geology. 1838 Theory of Natural Selection: all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors through the branching pattern of evolution. 1858 Publishes Origin of Species -Struggle for existence because of limited food supply •Malthus—population increase vs. lower food rate •Adaptations made by life forms to survive •Rate of change is slow and gradual, but progression He has great respect for the religious community. He waits 20 years to publish. His wife is a devout Catholic. Limited resources = struggle for existence. Rate of change is slow and gradual, but it progress continues.

Beethoven (1770-1827)—Classical background moves into Romanticism

•German. Unhappy childhood. Studied briefly with Haydn. Deaf by 1802. •Classical: Cd 1:27-30. String Quartet in C minor, 4th mvt. Form-- •Sonata Rondo—1 main theme alternates with other themes: ABACADA •Romantic: Symphony #3 Eroica (Heroic) Symphony. Dedicated to ?? 1804 "to the memory of a great man" •3rd movement changes to a scherzo and trio—fast rushing piece. Upbeat peasant dance of the people. •Symphony #5 in C minor, 1st mvt. Cd 1:36-40. •Listen for Sonata allegro form of 1st mvt •Watch and report to complete Classical: Cd 1:27-30 String Quartet in C minor, 4th mvt. Form: Sonata Rondo - 1 main theme alternates with other themes: ABACADA Lots of repetitions. Theme from (A)violins, to (B)cello, to (A)violins, etc. Beethoven brings classical background into Romanticism. Symphony #3 Eroica Symphony. Dedicated to Napoléon. Form: third movement so it changes to scherzo and trio - fast rushing piece. Upbeat peasant dance of the people. Symphony #5 in C minor, 1st mvt. Cd 1:36-40 Listen for Sonata allegro form of 1st mvt Track 36 is the exposition, 38 is the development, etc. Now the main themes. 36, 38, 39.

Delacroix's Romantic Techniques

•Goal to create emotion •Uses color to create forms—painterly rather than linear •Broad strokes and blended colors •Literature inspires art •Depicts historical events and Romantic celebrities •Exoticism

Karl Marx (1818-83) Compared his contributions to the social sciences to Darwin's contributions in biology.

•Impact of industrial revolution on society •Plight of working class •Engels' cotton mill in England as laboratory Communist Manifesto 1848 "the whole history of mankind has been a history of class struggles" •Hegel's thesis + antithesis=synthesis •Bourgeois vs. proletariats results in a new class order: Feudalism Capitalism Socialism Why didn't this revolution occur in western Europe? To make sure this socialist revolution didn't occur, higher ups made social reforms. Cultural backgrounds, independence/individualism vs community/groupsalvation, has a huge impact. Labor laws, labor unions, helps level the playing field.

Beethoven revolutionizes music and the Romantic symphony

•Lengthens symphony. Almost doubles to 40+ minutes. •Increases size of the orchestra •Emphasis on motif and rhythmic drive: motif the building block of theme. 4 notes of Sym #5. •Psychological progression and emotions—unified statement •Democratic over aristocratic. Music for common humanity •Scherzo and trio replaces minuet and trio in 3rd mvt. Beethoven revolutionizes music and the Romantic symphony Lengthens the symphony. Double to 40 minutes. Increases size of the orchestra Emphasis on motif and rhythmic drive: motif the building block of theme. 4 notes of Sym #5 Psychological progression and emotions - unified statement. Democratic over aristocratic. Music for common humanity. Scherzo and trio replaces minuet and trio in 3rd mvt.

American Romanticism

•New Eden •Adventure •Movement west. Manifest Destiny •Individuality •Independence •Untamed wilderness •Worshipful love of nature •Jacksonian Democracy They are living in America, so close to nature. They are in the new eden. Expansionism, focus on individual, independence, untamed wilderness, etc. The whole American mindset is a product of Romanticism. They are created out of revolution. Romanticism is very accessible to the Americans and politics.

Characteristics of Romanticism and philosophers

•Personal, subjective, self-analysis •Emotion over intellect •Sublime, exotic, dreams, macabre •Nature •Eternal feminine •National sentiments •Kant (German)—a priori knowledge. Humans are born with innate knowledge, instincts, a filtering device. •Hegel (German)—art's ability to reconcile and make sense of opposites: Thesis (pure being) + Antithesis (world of nature) = Synthesis (opposing components of human existence) -View of History: Zeitgeist "World Spirit." •Goethe's Faust Kant is known for humans having innate knowledge, instincts, and a filtering device. We don't come blank slate (like Locke's ideas). Hegel's formula is Thesis (ideal form) + Antithesis (material, world of nature) = Synthesis (opposing components of human existence, opposites combining to be a new statement). Colliding forces clashing together is how change occurs. Zeitgeist, world spirit.

Characteristics of Romanticism and philosophers

•Personal, subjective, self-analysis •Emotion over intellect •Sublime, exotic, dreams, macabre •Nature •Eternal feminine •National sentiments •Kant—a priori knowledge. Humans are born with innate knowledge, instincts, a filtering device. •Hegel—art's ability to reconcile and make sense of opposites: •Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis •Goethe's Faust

Lieder: German romantic songs, solo voice, piano accompaniment, poem, creates a mood

•Schumann "Im Wunderschonen Monat Mai" (In the wonderfully lovely month of May). Cd 2:1 •"When all the buds were bursting, then it was that in my heart, Love broke through When all the birds were singing, Then it was I confessed to her, My longing and desire." •Unrequited longing—final notes do not return to tonic center. Leaves note hanging for the yearning romantic effect. •Schubert (1797-1828) •"Gretchen am Spinnrade" Cd 2:2 Role of the piano. Faust •"Erl King" Mood. Multiple characters. Role of the piano. Lieder: Romantic songs that have German poems. Always one solo voice, piano accompaniment, and the lieder creates a mood. Schumann: match the mood of longing for love. The final notes are reaching out... Schubert: think of Faust and the role of the piano. The piano can be the spinning wheel and sense of urgency/anxiety. Erlkanig: Polyphonic and think of the cello quartet! Rushing nature of the father.

Classical Music: the musical style from 2nd half of 18th century.General term "classical" means more serious or highbrow music than the popular music.

•Spirit of the Enlightenment with logical clarity and unified structure of forms. •No Greek and Roman models to follow. •How to express intellectual concepts of clarity, order, and balance demonstrated in the visual arts? •Combine the intellectual concepts with the emotional appeal of music. •Composers still servants of the courts. Aristocratic minuet and trio form of 3rd mvt. •Importance of orchestra—standardization of instrumental combinations •Symphonic Form (sonata for orchestra)—shows organization and logical form. •Haydn (1739-1809) "Father of the Symphony"—104 symphonies. •Servant of the Prince Esterhazy for 30 years. Austrian. •One of first musicians to gain high social position based off of talent and genius •Cd 1:21-26 Sym #94 in G Major, 2nd mvt. Form: theme and variations Importance of orchestra and symphonic form (organized, standardized, and logical). Haydn gained social status based off of talent and genius Cd 1:21-26 Sym #94 in G Major, 2nd movement Form: theme and variations There is a theme, and then you get variations of it. First track is the theme, then the second tracks are the variations. Lots of repetitions. The surprise is the drum and forte. The variation has the first violins but with the theme still present. Easy.

Goethe pt 2

•Sturm und drang "storm and stress"—leader of literary movement that rebels against Neo-Classicism. Faust Romantic Themes Part 1 1808 Part 2 1832 •Experience over classical knowledge •Journey •Suffering humanity •Romantic hero •Nature •Dualities •Eternal Feminine—divine love leads to salvation

Social Darwinism: Implications of Darwin's ideas on societyA continuous struggle for survival must take place in which only the fittest species survive.Fox Hunt Homer 1893

•Survival of the Fittest: biological confirmation of class struggle. •Progression—society is improving with changes •Diminishes necessity of religion and a Creator Biological implications (Darwin) + social implications (Marx) = Social Darwinism. Advancements, knowledge, etc. shifts the focus off of organized religion for art. Three points: Nazis, American capitalism, and Lenin/Bolshevik Revolution Herbert Spencer stated survival of the fittest