Imaging II Comprehensive Final
Which examination will not exhibit an inherently large OID? A. AP lumbar spine B. lateral cervical spine C. lateral chest D. AP facial bones
A. AP lumbar spine
If the primary beam is collimated from an activated chamber, the result would be ____. A. a light radiograph B. a dark radiograph C. a short exposure time D. a decrease in radiographic density
B. a dark radiograph
Kilovoltage is the primary controller of ___. A. density B. contrast C. elongation D. foreshortening
B. contrast
A CR artrifact caused by the imaging plate being exposed to intense heat is: A. quantum mottle B. heat blur C. histogram selection D. nonparallel collimation
B. heat blur
A radiograph with few shades of gray will exhibit _____. A. low contrast B. high contrast C. medium contrast D. no density
B. high contrast
What is the graphical display of the pixel values during digital radiography known as? A. matrix B. histogram C. pixel D. voxes
B. histogram
THe most commonly used clearing agents found in fixer solution is ______. A. silver halide B. sodium carbonate C. ammonium thiosulfate D. water
C. ammonium thiosulfate
Delayed phosphorescent emission is called _____. A. screen lag B. afterglow C. both a and b D. neither a nor b
C. both a and b
The detail of a radiographic image is visible due to ___. A. sufficient contrast B. sufficient density C. both a and b D. neither a nor b
C. both a and b
If the mA s used to create one image is the same as the mAs used to create a second image of the same structure, then both images should have the same ____. A. detail B. distortion C. density D. contrast
C. density
The density maintenance formula is a ___. A. reciprocity law B. inverse square law C. direct square law D. 15% rule
C. direct square law
An increase in kVp by 15% will cause an approximate ____ in the exposure. A. 15% increase B. tripling C. doubling D. quadrupling
C. doubling
Contrast is primarily a function of the _______. A. scatter B. anode C. film D. intensifying screen
C. film
Which occurs when the part is improperly aligned? A. elongation B. magnification C. foreshortening D. minification
C. foreshortening
Each of the following is considered a beam restricting device except ___. A. aperture diaphragm B. cone C. grid D. collimator
C. grid
Scatter radiation is produced during _____. A. a Compton interaction B. a photoelectric effect C. a coherent scattering D. an annihilation effect
A. a Compton interaction
Which statement about grids is incorrect? A. a grid is a series of radiolucents strips that alternate with radiopaque interspace strips B. a grid is a series of radiopaque strips that alternate with radiolucent interspace strips C. the interspace material is usually made of lead D. the strips are usually made of aluminum
A. a grid is a series of radiolucents strips that alternate with radiopaque interspace strips C. the interspace material is usually made of lead
The purpose of the sensitivity speck is to _____. A. attract free silver ions B. repel free silver ions C. cause the crystal lattice to grow D. cause the crystal lattice to collapse
A. attract free silver ions
Which reducing agent works only in areas of light exposure? A. phenidone B, hydroquinone C. sodium carbonate D. potassium bromide
A. phenidone
During CR imaging plate processing, the laser frees trapped electrons allowing them to return to a lower energy state. This process is known as: A. photostimulated luminescence B. thermal emission C. green light phosphorescence D. none of the above
A. photostimulated luminescence
A CR artifact caused ny insufficient mAs is: A. quantum mottle B. heat blur C. histogram error D. nonparallel collimation
A. quantum mottle
A factor that affects the amount of scatter produced is _____. A. the irradiated material B. milliamperage C. time D. anode composition
A. the irradiated material
Resolution is improved when ___. A. OID increases B. OID decreases C. SID decreases D. none of the above
B. OID decreases
Resolution is improved when _____. A. OID increases B. SID increases C. SID decreases D. none of the above
B. SID increases
The primary chemical agents in the fixer are called ____ agents. A. reducing B. clearing C. cirulation D. replenishment
B. clearing
When the CR imaging plate is scanned, the phosphors of the latent image release energy in the form of? A. heat B. light C. electricity D. none of the above
B. light
The unit of resolution is _____. A. Curie B. line pairs per millimeter C. grid ratio D. contrast
B. line pairs per millimeter
A film processed in contaiminated developer will exhibit ____. A. high contrast B. low contrast C. distortion D. none of the above
B. low contrast
The controlling factor of density is ___. A. kVp B. mA C. time D. milliamperes
B. mA
Size distortion in radiography can be ____ only. A. foreshortening B. magnification C. elongation
B. magnification
As the kilovoltage increases, the percentage of x-rays that undergo a _____ interaction will increase. A. photoelectric B. coherent C. Compton D. all of the above
C. Compton
Narrow latitude systems exhibit _____ contrast. A. low B. long scale C. high D. zero
C. high
As the slope of the D log E curve ____, contrast ______. A. increases, decreases B. decreases, increases C. increases, increases D. moves closer to vertical, decreases
C. increases, increases
An intensifying screen consists of each of the following except ____. A. base B. phosphor layer C. lead strips D. reflective layer
C. lead strips
Which photons primarily interact with the radiographic film? A. x-ray B. heat C. light D. sound
C. light
Which of the following can obscure detail? A. small focal spot size B. good film/screen contact C. motion D. minimal OID
C. motion
Silver halides have _____ exteriors and ______ interiors. A. positive, negative B. neutral, negative C. negative, positive D. neutral, positive
C. negative, positive
Poor resolution is caused by unacceptable levels of ______. A. umbrella B. umbra C. penumbra D. all of the above
C. penumbra
Resolution will increase as ____ increases. A. phosphor size B. phosphor layer thickness C. phosphor concentration D. all of the above
C. phosphor concentration
When light emitted from a phosphor is delayed, it is called ______. A. intensification B. fluorescence C. phosphorescence D. luminescence
C. phosphorescence
During the two-part conversion system, a/an _____ converts light into an electronic digital signal. A. input phosphor B. scintillator C. photodetector D. output phosphor
C. photodetector
Penumbra decreases as _______. A. focal spot decreases B. OID decreases C. SID increases D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The amount of scatter radiation increases with ___. A. patient thickness increases B. larger field sizes C. decrease in atomic number of the tissue D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The histogram generated from the image data allows the digital system to find the: A. minimum signal within the anatomical area of interest B. maximum signal within the anatomical area of interest C. shades of gray D. all of the above
D. all of the above
As OID increases and SID remains constant, entrance skin exposure ____. A. is unchanged B. decreases C. is not able to be calculated D. increases
D. increases
X-ray intensity is measured in ____. A. coulombs B. curies C. ohms D. roentgens
D. roentgens
The density maitenance formula mathematically resembles the ____. A. inverse square law B. 15% rule C. direct square law D. done of the above
A. inverse square law
The controlling factor of contrast is ____. A. kVp B. mAs C. time D. milliamperes
A. kVp
Which factor influences the average energy of photons reaching the radiograph film? A. kVp B. mA C. time D. both b and c
A. kVp
Which rule is used as a guide to maintain the same density when kVp changes? A. doubling rule B. 15% rule C. inverse-square rule D. density maintenance law
B. 15% rule
As a general rule, a grid is employed when the kVp exceeds _______. A. 10 B. 60 C. 100 D. 200
B. 60
Some digital radiography manufacturers recommend avoiding the use of more than ____ kVp because higher kVp levels produce: A. 80, greater patient exposure B. 80, excessive fog C. 50, greater patient exposure D. 50, excessive fog
B. 80, excessive fog
Distortion is a misrepresentation of ____. A. size only B. shape only C. size and shape D. detail
C. size and shape
At least ______% of the IP must be exposed to obtain an accurate index value with CR systems. A. 25 B. 50 C. 10 D. 30
D. 30
The 15% rule will change ____. A. density B. contrast C. distortion D. both a and b
D. both a and b
Which factor influences the number of photons reaching the radiograph film? A. kVp B. mA C. time D. both b and c
D. both b and c
An image becomes visible during _____. A. washing B. fixing C. drying D. development
D. development
______ is the numeric value that is representative of the exposure the IR recieved. A. exposure formula B. histogram C. algorithm D. exposure index
D. exposure index
The relationship between exposure and SID is _____. A. directly proportional B. inversely proportional C. directly proportional to the square of the distance D. inversely proportional to the square of the distance
D. inversely proportional to the square of the distance
The unseen change in the atomic structure of the crystal lattice is calle the ____ image. A. visible B. latent C. invisible D. phantom
B. latent
When using an AEC, the radiographer loses control of _____. A. distance B. mA C. kVp D. mAs
D. mAs
When more than one ionization chamber is used, the signal is ___. A. averaged B. muted C. multiplied D. all of the above
A. averaged
The most common phosphor used for computed radiography imaging plates is __________. A. barium fluorohalide bromides and iodides with europium activatiors B. barium phosphate iodides with europium activators C. barium sulfate with europium activators D. iodide phosphate with euorpium activators
A. barium fluorohalide bromides and iodides with europium activatiors
As size distortion decreases, the resolution of recorded detail ____. A. increases B. decreases C. is not affected D. is lost
A. increases
Which reducing agent slowly reduces silver, producing heavy density? A. phenidone B. hydroquinone C. sodium carbonate D. potassium bromide
B. hydroquinone
Nyquist frequency represents the: A. maximum pixel values B. maximum spatial resolution C. maximum bit depth D. all of the above
B. maximum spatial resolution
In CR the latent image is processed by a/an ____. A. hand processor B. automatic processor C. day light processor D. image reader device
D. image reader device
When a phosphor is struck by an x-ray photon, it will emit light ____. A. parallel to the angle of incidence B. perpendicular to the angle of incidence C. at a 45 degree angle to the angle of incidence D. in all directions
D. in all directions
Which radiograph would provide the most information? A. no density B. high contrast C. low density D. low contrast
D. low contrast
The ability of a material to emit light in response to excitation is _____. A. intensification B. flourescence C. phosphorescene D. luminescence
D. luminescence
As the volume of irradiated tissue _____, the amount of scatter _____. A. increases, increases B. increases, decreases C. decreases, increases D. decreases, decreases
A. increases, increases
Which type of system uses a two-part process to convert incoming x-ray photons to an electronic digital signal? A. indirect conversion B. inverse conversion C. direct conversion D. proportional conversion
A. indirect conversion
The amount of error that allows a quality image to be captured is termed: A. latitude B. range C. nyquist D. all of the above
A. latitude
The primary control of x-ray quantity is governed by ____. A. mAs B. kVp C. distance D. filtration
A. mAs
Reducing agents _____ positive silver ions. A. neutralize B. develop C. fix D. activate
A. neutralize
The greatest source of scatter during a radiographic examination is the ____. A. patient B. tube C. cassette D. grid
A. patient
What are the mathematical calculations used for image construction of specific examinations called? A. interpolations B. algorithms C. extrapolations D. logarithms
B. algorithms
The ___ the SID, the ____ the magnification. A. greater, larger B. greater, smaller C. lesser, smaller D. SID has no affect on magnification
B. greater, smaller
Poor screen/film contact can produce _____. A. increased density B. lack of detail C. lack of contrast D. increased detail
B. lack of detail
The impurity added to the crystal lattice is called the ______. A. silver ion B. gold-silver dust C. sensitivity speck D. hardener
C. sensitivity speck
The most common cause of developer contamination is _____. A. roller drag B. cross-over C. splashing D. drying
C. splashing
Contrast will decrease with ____. A. excessive density B. inadequate density C. a wider range of densities D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The factors that directly affect x-ray quantity are _____. A. mAs B. distance C. filtration D. all of the above
D. all of the above
An artifact that occurs during the image acquisition phase due to incomplete image plate erasure is called: A. fogging B. dropout C. quantum mottle D. phantom images
D. phantom images
The range of exposure intensities an image receptor can accurately detect determines its: A. dynamic range B. matrix size C. histogram D. window width
A. dynamic range
If kVp is doubled, the amount of x-ray photons approximately _____. A. doubles B. triples C. increases fourfold D. decreases
C. increases fourfold
The product of tube current and exposure time is equal to ____. A. kVp B. x-ray quality C. x-ray quantity D. filtration
C. x-ray quantity
The resolution capability of the CR image is approximately _____ lp/mm. A. 2.5-5 B. 6-10 C. 12.5 D. 15
A. 2.5-5
For a grid to be properly focused, the x-ray tube must be located along the ____ line. A. convergence B. divergence C. umbra D. penumbra
A. convergence
Which automatic processor solution is most affected by contamination? A. developer B. fixer C. wash D. replenisher
A. developer
According to the Gurney-Mott theory, the incident photon interacts with one of the halides and ejects a/an ____. A. electron B. x-ray photon C. light photon D. sensitivity speck
A. electron
Which occurs when the tube or the image receptor is not properly aligned? A. elongation B. magnification C. foreshortening D. minification
A. elongation
Before being reused, the imaging plate is: A. exposed to an intense light B. immersed in fixer solution C. recoated w/ europium D. cleaned w/ a soft cloth
A. exposed to an intense light
The prime factors include each of the following except ______. A. filtration B. mAs C. kVp D. distance
A. filtration
Increasing the energy of an incident electron will result in the production of an x-ray photon with ___. A. greater energy B. less energy C. greater charge D. less charge
A. greater energy
The use of the maximum kVp as optimal causes a corresponding decrease in_______. A. mA only B. less energy C. greater charge D. less charge
A. greater energy
The CR imaging plate is scanned by a/an _______. A. helium-neon laser beam B. ultraviolet light beam C. infared heat source D. all of the above
A. helium-neon laser beam
When a beam-restricting device is used, technical factors may need to be ____ to compensate for the change in density A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged
A. increased
When the image matrix size is increased, resulting in a decreased pixel size, what happens to spatial resolution? A. increases B. decreases C. no change
A. increases
A potter-bucky diaphragm must move the grid ____ to the direction of the grid lines. A. perpendicular B. parallel C. at a 45 degree angle D. at a 37 degree angle
A. perpendicular
Which reducing agent quickly reduces silver, enhancing fine detail? A. phenidone B. hydroquinone C. sodium carbonate D. potassium bromide
A. phenidone
Penumra is ___ when the beam restrictor is at a/an ____ distance from the port. A. reduced, increased B. reduced, decreased C. unchanged, increased D. increased, increased
A. reduced, increased
In CR when all pixels are displayed at their maximum value the IR is said to be at the _____ point. A. saturation B. desaturation C. degradation D. none of the above
A. saturation
The precise wavelength of light emitted by the phosphor is termed the ______. A. spectral emission B. converstion efficiency C. conversion emission D. spectral efficiency
A. spectral emission
Automatic exposure devices provide a diagnostic quality radiograph when ____. A. the part is positioned directly above the appropriate ionization chamber B. the proper time is set C. the part covers all three ionization chambers D. none of the above
A. the part is positioned directly above the appropriate ionization chamber
The pixel depth determines the amount of shades of gray the syste is capable of displaying on the digital image. A. true B. false
A. true
A clearing agent will bond with ____. A. unexposed silver halides B. exposed silver halides C. the gelatin D. the solvent
A. unexposed silver halides
If the fixer is not cleared from the film, it may result in _____. A. yellowing of the emulsion after a few years B. added density C. increases radiographic contrast D. none of the above
A. yellowing of the emulsion after a few years
The optical density range visible to the human eye is ____. A. 0.025-0.25 B. 0.25-2.50 C. 2.50-20.50 D. 20.50-200.50
B. 0.25-2.50
The magnification factor for a radiographic procedure is calculated at 1.25. It may be assumed that there is a ____ magnification of the object size. A. 25% B. 125% C. 0.25% D. 1.25%
B. 125%
Most AEC consoles permit activation of _____. A. all three cells simultaneously B. all three cells in any combination C. the outer cells, when the center cell is inactivated D. the center cell and either outer cell
B. all three cells in any combination
When unexposed silver halides are reduced by a solution with a high concentration this is called ______ fog. A. concentration B. chemical C. heat D. reducing
B. chemical
Scratches to the IP will appear as areas of: A. increased density/brightness B. decreased density/brightness C. no density change D. none of the above
B. decreased density/brightness
If silver halide crystals have more than three silver atoms on their sensitivity specks, the crystal will be able to be ____. A. ripened B. developed C. washed away D. none of the above
B. developed
The relationship between mAs and exposure is ____. A. exponential B. direct proportional C. indirect proportional D. sinusodial
B. direct proportional
_____ is the postprocessing technique that improves the visibility of small and high contrast structures. A. contrast enhancement B. edge enhancement C. subtraction D. smoothing
B. edge enhancement
The impurity added to the crystal lattice is ____. A. gold-silver nitride B. gold-silver sulfide C. gold-platinum nitride D. gold-platinum sulfide
B. gold-silver sulfide
Which one of the following will not increase contrast? A. increasing grid ratio B. increasing the amount of irridated tissue C. decreasing filtration D. decreases kVp
B. increasing the amount of irridated tissue
The relationship between the intensity of radiation and distance is the ____. A. reciprocity law B. inverse square law C. direct square law D. 15% rule
B. inverse square law
The active layer of the CR imaging plate is made of A. blue photons B. photostimuable fluorohalides C. polyester D. all of the above
B. photostimuable fluorohalides
WHere is the latent image in computed radiography formed? A. CRT screen B. photostimulable phosphor C. photomultiplier tube D. analog-to-digital converter
B. photostimulable phosphor
The physical center to center distance between adjacent structure samples defines: A. pixel B. pixel pitch C. nyquist D. all of the above
B. pixel pitch
When an insufficient quantity of photons strikes the intensifying screen, _____ will appear on the film as graininess. A. lagging speed B. quantum mottle C. quantum number D. latitude
B. quantum mottle
The ratio of the height of the lead strips to the distance between the lead strips is the grid _____. A. pattern B. ratio C. frequency D. speed
B. ratio
During the two-part conversion system, a _____ converts x-ray photons to light. A. photodetector B. scintillator C. photon attractor D. cathode
B. scintillator
Fixer solution becomes saturated with _____ ions. A. bromide B. silver C. sodium D. copper
B. silver
Which factor sets the midpoint of the densities visibilities on the CRT? A. sensitomatric curve B. window level C. window width D. image reversal
B. window level
The latent image will lose about 25% of its energy in _____. A. 3 seconds B. 10 minutes C. 8 hours D. 24 hours
C. 8 hours
A device that moves the grid during a radiographic exposure is called a _____. A. grid cassette B. stationary grid C. Potter-Bucky diaphragm D. none of the above
C. Potter-Bucky diaphragm
Detectors currently used in computed radiography include each of the following except _____. A. photostimuable storage phosphor imaging plates B. charged coupled devices C. capacitor plates D. silicon receptors
C. capacitor plates
Adjustments in kVp should be used to control radiographic ______. A. density B. detail C. contrast D. distance
C. contrast
The difference between two adjacent densities is ____. A. detail B. short-scale density C. contrast
C. contrast
The number of grid lines per inch is the grid ______. A. pattern B. ratio C. frequency D. speed
C. frequency
As more photons pass the irradiated material unaffected, the resulting radiographic image has _____. A. greater distortion B. less distortion C. greater density D. less density
C. greater density
Angulation across the long axis of a linear grid causes ______. A. grid shadow B. cross-hatched impressions C. grid cut-off D. grid convergence
C. grid cut-off
A CR artifact caused by incorrect preprocessing histogram selection is: A. quantum mottle B. heat blur C. histogram error D. nonparallel collimation
C. histogram error
To eliminate quantum mottle _____. A. increase kVp B. decrease mAs C. increase mAs D. increase kVp
C. increase mAs
A radiograph that demonstrates considerable differences between densities is called _____. A. long scale B. low contrast C. increased contrast D. all of the above
C. increased contrast
If the mAs of a radiograph is increased from 10 to 20, the resulting radiograph will exhibit ____. A. decreased radiographic density B. decreased radiographic contrast C. increased radiographic density D. increased radiographic contrast
C. increased radiographic density
Proper alignment is achieved when the central ray is ___ to the part and ____ to the image receptor. A. perpendicular, parallel B. parallel, perpendicular C. perpendicular, perpendicular D. parallel, parallel
C. perpendicular, perpendicular
Milliampere-seconds directly affects each of the following except ______. A. quantity B. intensity C. quality D. x-ray output
C. quality
A grid is used to improve ____. A. subject density B. radiographic density C. radiographic contrast D. distortion
C. radiographic contrast
The single function of an AEC is to eliminate the need to set _____. A. kVp B. mA C. time D. all of the above
C. time
Which component of the digital image corresponds to contrast on the radiographic image? A. sensitometric curve B. window level C. window width D. image reversal
C. window width
Emulsion is composed of gelatin and ______. A. silver halide crystals B. silver salt C. photosensitive crystals D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Large patients reviece a greater exposure than small patients because their _____. A. SOD is decreased B. OID is increased C. entrance skin surface is closer to the source D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Volume of the irradiated tissue increases as _____. A. field size increases B. patient thickness increases C. field size decreases D. more than one of the above
D. more than one of the above
The purpose of moving the grid is to blur the ______. A. unwanted density B. unwanted contrast C. motion D. radiopaque strips
D. radiopaque strips
A radiograph that demonstrates considerable differences between densities is called _____. A. short scale B. high contrast C. increased contrast D. all of the above
D. all of the above
A radiograph that demonstrates minimal differences between densities is called ___. A. long scale B. low contrast C. decreased contrast D. all of the above
D. all of the above
A radiographer can best reduce the amount of scatter radiation from reaching the film by____. A. collimating B. beam restriction C. utilizing a grid D. all of the above
D. all of the above
As focal spot size decreases ____. A. umbra is improved B. penumbra decreases C. resolution increases D. all of the above
D. all of the above
As kVp increases _____. A. contrast decreases B. scatter increases C. density increases D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Density is determined by the amount of silver deposition in the emulsion due to ____. A. film type B. exposure C. processing D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Recorded detail is ____. A. the degree of geometric sharpness B. definition C. the accuracy of the structural lines actually recorded in the radiographic image D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Scattered photons will ___. A. impair image quality B. add density to the radiograph C. not be considered part of the useful beam D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Size distortion is controlled by _____. A. SID B. OID C. radiographic distances D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Speed of an imaging system depends on the ______. A. thickness of the phosphor or silver halide layer B. crystal/phosphor size C. efficiency of crystal/phosphor D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The density of the radiographic image is the _____. A. easiest prime technical factor to evaluate B. result of black metalli silver deposited on the radiograph C. degree of overall blackening D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The most common configuration includes ______. A. three chambers B. a center chamber at the center of the image receptor C. the left and right chambers slightly higher and lateral D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The optimal kVp must ensure ____. A. sufficient penetration of the subject B. acceptable radiographic contrast C. the availability of diagnostic information D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The photosensitive agent(s) used in diagnostic radiographic film include silver ____. A. bromide B. iodide C. chloride D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The radiopaque strips ______. A. absorb scatter B. are made of dense material C. have a high atomic number D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The shutters of a collimator _____. A. regulate field size B. reduce penumbra C. reduce stem radiation D. all of the above
D. all of the above
When an x-ray beam passes through the body, which of the following will occur? A. it will pass through the body unaffected B. it will be absorbed by the body C. it will interact with the body and change direction D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Factors affecting recorded detail include _____. A. kVp B. grids C. mA D. focal spot size
D. focal spot size
The active layer of the intensifying screen is the ___. A. base B. reflective layer C. protective layer D. phosphor layer
D. phosphor layer
When the patient position is reversed, the direction of the tube angle must be _____ to maintain the relationship. A. maintained B. decreased C. increased D. reversed
D. reversed
As the developer is in its final stages of oxidation, its color will change to _____. A. sky blue B. lemon yellow C. mossy green D. rusty red
D. rusty red
A grid absorbs ______. A. light B. incident electrons C. scatter electrons D. scatter radiation
D. scatter raditation
Increasing the number of pixels in the image matrix will increase: A. dynamic range B. shades of gray C. image brightness D. spatial resolution
D. spatial resolution
As a last resort, which human immobilizer would be selected first to hold a patient in postition? A. the radiography student B. the radiologic technologist C. the ER nurse D. the male relative
D. the male relative
What type of film is senitive to all colors? A. ultrachromatic B. panchromatic C. parachromatic D. orthochromatic
B. panchromatic
What is the device that changes into digital data the elecrical signal created from the light released from the CR imaging plate? A. laser B. photomultiplier tube C. ADC D. CRT
D. CRT
Which grid would have the greatest distance between lead strips? A. 15:1 B. 12:1 C. 8:1 D. 6:1
D. 6:1
X-ray quality is numerically represented by the _____. A. GSD B. PBD C. mAs D. HVL
D. HVL