Imaging Pathology Chap 1 Review

The body has the ability to combat antigens by forming _____ in the lymphoid tissue.

Antibodies and immunoglobulins ... The immune reaction of the body provides a powerful defense against invading organisms by allowing it to recognize foreign substances (antigens), such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins, and to produce antibodies or immunoglobulins to counteract them.

Heat

Calor

Chondroma

Cartilaginous tumor that is benign

Toxoid

Chemically altered poisonous material

Profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity resulting in recurrent or sequential opportunistic infections is characteristic of

AIDS ... Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which most commonly affects young homosexual men and intravenous drug abusers, is characterized by a profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity that results in recurrent or sequential opportunistic infections.

Hematoma

An accumulation of blood in the tissue

A subcutaneous hematoma greater than 1 to 2 cm is called a(n)

Ecchymosis ... A large (>1 to 2 cm) subcutaneous hematoma, or bruise, is called an ecchymosis.

The most common hereditary abnormality is

Enzyme deficiency.

A localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by vascular occlusion is a(n)

Infarct ... An infarct is a localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage.

The initial response of body tissues to local injury is

Inflammation ... Inflammation is the initial response of body tissues to local injury.

All of the following are additive diseases in terms of x-ray attenuation, except

Osteolytic metastasis ... Osteolytic metastasis is a destructive disease.

All of the following are personal protective equipment (PPE), except

Sharps container ... A sharps container is not used for personal protection against the transmission of diseases.

Redness

Rubor

Elephantiasis

Localized edema resulting from a lymphatic obstruction

Dysplasia

Loss of uniformity of individual cells

Vaccine

Low dose of dead or deactivated bacteria or virus

Petechiae

Minimal bleeding in the skin or mucous membrane Hemorrhage Rupture of a blood vessel

Antigen

Recognition of foreign substance

Benign epithelial neoplasms that grow in a glandlike pattern are

Adenomas ... The term adenoma is applied to benign epithelial neoplasms that grow in glandlike patterns.

Hypotension and vascular collapse with urticaria, bronchiolar spasm, and laryngeal edema are characteristics of

Anaphylactic reactions ... Generalized, or systemic, anaphylactic reactions are characterized by hypotension and vascular collapse (shock) with urticaria (hives), bronchiolar spasm, and laryngeal edema.

An accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue throughout the body is called

Anasarca ... Generalized edema occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body (anasarca).

Filariasis

A parasitic worm causing a lymphatic obstruction

A gene always producing an effect regardless of whether the person is homozygous or heterozygous is

Dominant ... Dominant genes always produce an effect regardless of whether the person is homozygous or heterozygous.

Heat and redness associated with inflammation is produced by

Hyperemia ... Hyperemia produces the heat and redness associated with inflammation.

The modality of choice to demonstrate the multiple manifestations of AIDS in the central nervous system is

MRI ... MRI best demonstrates the multiple manifestations of AIDS in the central nervous system.

All pyogens have the ability to enter the blood circulation causing

bacteremia ... All pyogens, wherever they become implanted, have the ability to invade blood vessels to produce bacteremia, with the potential involvement of other organs and tissues in the body.

The proliferation of granulation tissue to repair an injury is an example of

hyperplasia

The low-protein fluid associated with the inflammatory process as seen in pulmonary edema is called

transudate ... The protein-rich exudate of inflammation must be differentiated from a transudate, a low-protein fluid, such as that seen in the pulmonary edema that develops in congestive heart failure.

Sarcoma

A malignant tumor arising from connective tissue

Localized _____ is produced in an inflammatory reaction as a result of a fluid accumulation.

Edema ... Edema is the accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities. Localized edema results from an inflammatory reaction.

Immunoglobulin

Form in lymphoid tissue

The Latin word for "new growth" is

Neoplasia ... Neoplasia, from the Latin word for new growth, refers to an abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells.

A hazy, perihilar, granular infiltrate spreading to the lung periphery is the early radiographic finding of

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia ... The typical early radiographic finding of P. jirovecii pneumonia is a hazy, perihilar, granular infiltrate that spreads to the periphery and appears preponderantly interstitial.

A polyp is a

Projecting mass from an inner mucous membrane ... An epithelial tumor that grows as a projecting mass on the skin or from an inner mucous membrane (such as the gastrointestinal tract) is termed a papilloma or a polyp.

In pyogenic infections, the body responds by producing a thick, yellow fluid called

Pus ... The presence of pyogenic bacteria leads to the production of a thick, yellow fluid called pus, which contains dead white blood cells, inflammatory exudates, and bacteria.

Atrophy

Reduction in number or size of cells

Some bacterial organisms produce substances that cause damage to the tissue and incite the inflammatory process known as

Toxins ... Some bacterial organisms (such as staphylococci and streptococci) produce toxins that damage the tissues and incite an inflammatory response.

An accumulation of blood trapped within the body tissues is known as a(an)

hematoma ... Blood may be trapped within body tissues resulting in an accumulation called a hematoma.

Connective tissue fibers replacing dead tissue and then contracting in the abdomen are known as

Fibrous adhesions ... Eventually the strong connective tissue contracts to produce a fibrous scar. In the abdomen, such fibrous adhesions can narrow loops of intestine and result in an obstruction.

Cystadenoma

Forming benign large cystic masses

The progression of a loss of oxygen and nutrients resulting in tissue necrosis, especially in the diabetic's foot, is called

Gangrene ... Severe arterial disease of the lower extremities may result in necrosis of several toes or a large segment of the foot, a condition called gangrene. A frequent symptom in diabetic patients is ischemia of the foot, which may progress to infarction and result in gangrene.

In an injury, the destroyed tissue is replaced with

Granulation tissue ... A fibrous scar replaces the area of destroyed tissue with granulation tissue. Granulation tissue refers to a combination of young, developing capillaries and actively proliferating fibroblasts, which produce connective tissue fibers (collagen) that replace the dead tissue.

Chronic inflammation in a localized area, which often has centralized necrosis, is called

Granuloma ... A granuloma is a localized area of chronic inflammation, often with central necrosis.

Diffuse spread of malignant neoplasms by invasion into a natural body cavity is called

Seeding ... Seeding (diffuse spread) of cancers occurs when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity.

In acute inflammation, the localized heat and redness are a result of the

increased blood flow and vascular permeability ... The localized heat and redness result from increased blood flow in the microcirculation at the site of injury.

The major metastatic route of carcinomas is

lymphatic spread ... Lymphatic spread is the major metastatic route of carcinomas, especially those of the lung and breast.

Carcinoma

Malignancy of epithelial cell origin

New growths that invade and destroy adjacent structures and have the ability to spread are considered

Malignant Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize).

Alterations of cell growth, specifically an abnormal proliferation of cells, is called

Neoplasia ... Alterations in cell growth lead to the development of neoplasms (tumors).

Bleeding into mucous membranes or serosal surfaces is referred to as

Petechiae ... Minimal hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces are called petechiae.

Adenoma

Tumor that grows in a glandlike pattern

Peritoneal ascites

Accumulation of fluid in a serous cavity

A malignancy of glandular tissue, such as breast or liver, is referred to as a(n)

Adenocarcinoma .... Adenocarcinoma refers to malignancies of glandular tissues, such as the breast, liver, and pancreas, and of the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract.

If a neoplastic growth proliferates without form, it is considered

Anaplastic ... A tumor growing in a bizarre pattern is termed undifferentiated or anaplastic (without form).

Fibroma

Benign tumor consisting of fibrous tissue

Antibody

Binds with foreign substance to make harmless

Immune

Body makes harmless

Angioma

Composed of blood vessels

A basic reaction of the body to some form of injury is a

Disease process ... A disease is the pattern of the body's response to some form of injury.

Pain

Dolor

Pericardial effusion

Extravascular fluid collection surrounding the heart

Adenocarcinoma

Glandular cell malignancy

Assessing the aggressiveness or degree of malignancy is referred to as

Grading ... The grading of a malignant tumor assesses aggressiveness, or degree of malignancy.

A disease process caused by physicians or their treatment is

Iatrogenic.

Depriving tissues of oxygen and nutrients caused by an arterial vessel narrowing is referred to as

Ischemia ... Ischemia refers to an interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ, depriving the organ's cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients.

Exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses may result in alterations in the DNA called

Mutations ... Mutations are alterations in the DNA structure that may become permanent hereditary changes if they affect the gonadal cells. Mutations may result from radiation, chemicals, or viruses.

Hyperplasia

Number of cells in the tissue increases

Lipoma

Soft, fatty tissue tumor

An inflammation associated with pus formation is

Suppurative

Symptoms suggestive of esophageal or stomach cancer are

anorexia and dysphagia ... Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) or loss of appetite (anorexia), especially if accompanied by rapid weight loss, suggests a neoplasm in the esophagus or stomach.

Hypoplasia

Failure of normal development causing smaller cells

Hypertrophy

Increased size of the cells

Ecchymosis

Large (>1 to 2 cm) subcutaneous bruise

Purpura

Larger areas of bleeding into the skin

Swelling

Tumor

Anasarca

Pronounced swelling in subcutaneous tissue throughout the body

Of the five clinical signs of acute inflammation, the medical term for swelling is

Tumor ...The five clinical signs of acute inflammation are rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), and loss of function.