Immune Function chapter 36
Acquired (Learned) Immunity
-develops as a result of exposure to an antigen -relies on the recognition of specific foreign antigens -divided into two mechanism *the cell- mediated response--> involving T-cell activation *the effector mechanism --> involving B-cell maturation and production of antibodies -both are active acquired immunity, when the immunologic defenses are developed by the person's own body and passive temporary immunity is transmitted from a source outside the body that has developed immunity through previous disease or immunizations -vaccinations or Immune globulin injections
a) Ensuring a patent airway
A patient has been brought to the emergency department in apparent anaphylaxis. The priority aspect of care is: a) Ensuring a patent airway b) Managing the patient's anxiety c) Assessing the patient's circulatory status d) Preventing complications of anaphylaxi
A. A positive reaction is evidence by the appearance of an urticarial wheal.
A patient is being seen in the dermatology clinic to have alley testing performed. Which of the following statement is accurate regarding this type of testing? A. A positive reaction is evidence by the appearance of an urticarial wheal. B. A negative response can be interpreted as an absence of sensitivity to an allergen. C. A negative response can be interpreted as an absence of sensitivity to an allergen. D. There is no risk of a false-negative result
D. Western Blot
A patient is concerned that he has an HIV infection. Which of the following test might be performed on this patient? A. Bone marrow biopsy B. Agglutination C. Stratch test D. Western Blot
a) Type I
A patient is exhibiting anaphylaxis after eating shellfish. Which of the following reactions is the patient experiencing? a) Type I b) Type II c) Type III d) Type IV
a
A pt is being seen in the dermatology clinic to have allergy testing performed. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding this type of testing? a) A + reaction is evidenced by the appearance of an urticarial wheal b) The arms are the most suitable area of the body for skin testing c) A - response can be interpreted as an absence of sensitivity to an allergen d) There is no risk of a false negative result
d
A pt is concerned that he has an HIV infection. Which of the following tests might be performed on this pt? A. bone marrow biopsy B. agglutination C. scratch test D. western blot
Dermatitis Medicamentosa (Drug Reactions)
A type I hypersensitivity disorder causing skin rashes associated with certain medications
type I
Atopic Dermatitis is a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction.
D. flushing
Before administering IV folic acid, you should explain to the patient that the drug can cause which of the following adverse effects? A. headache B. Nausea C. dizziness D. flushing
A type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Contact Dermatitis is a _______ hypersensitivity reaction
IV delayed
Contact Dermatitis is a type _______hypersensitivity reaction
B. Gammopathies
Disorders of the immune system may stem from excesses or deficiencies of immunocompetent cells, alteration in the function of these cells, immunologic attack on self antigen. Which typer of immune system disorder is characterized by an overproduction of immunoglobulins?
-Bacterial phagocytosis and lysis -anaphylaxis (Bronchoconstriction, Hives, Vasoconstriction) -Allergic hay fever and asthma -immune complex disease -bacterial and some viral infections
Examples of Humoral Responses?
-transplant rejection -delayed hypersensitivity (TB reaction -Graft-versus-host disease -tumor surveillance or destruction -intracellular infections -viral, funga, and parasitic infections
Examples of cellular responses
D. Effector stage
In which stage of the immune response does the antibody of the humoral response reach and connect with the antigen on the surface of the foreign pathogen? A. Recognition B. Proliferation C. Response Stage D. Effector Stage
Immune Complex (Type III)
Increased vascular permeability and tissue injury Systemic ex- lupus is a _____ hypersensitivity reaction.
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Latex Allergy is what kind of hypersensitivity reaction?
6 to 10 days
Manifestations of serum sickness begin ______after administration of the medication
Atopic Dermatitis
Pruritus and hyperirritability of the skin are the most consistent features of _______?
immune-complex type III hypersensitivity reaction
Serum Sickness is an ________ hypersensitivity reaction
False
T/F Interferons modify the immune response by suppressing antibody production and humoral immunity.
False
T/F Most immune responses to antigens involve either humoral or cellular responses, not both.
True
T/F Natural immunity provides a nonspecific response to any foreign pathogen, regardless of the pathogen's composition.
True (stopping immune response)
T/F Suppressor T-cells have the ability to decrease B-cell production.
True
T/F lymph nodes are the centers for immune cell proliferation.
True Rationale: The body accomplishes recognition using lymph nodes and lymphocytes for surveillance. Lymph nodes continuously discharge lymphocytes into the bloodstream. These lymphocytes patrol the tissues and vessels that drain the areas served by that node.
T/F: The recognition stage of the immune response is dependent on the actions of lymphocytes and the lymph nodes.
False Rationale: Results of laboratory blood studies provide supportive data for various diagnostic possibilities; however, they are not the major criteria for the diagnosis of allergic disease. Accurate diagnosis usually involves skin testing, RAST, or provocative testing.
T/F: Most allergic diseases can be diagnosed through laboratory blood studies.
D. Humoral immunity Rationale: Immunization prompts the production of antibodies, which is a function of the humoral immune response. Inflammation, phagocytosis, and cellular immunity do not play central roles in this protective mechanism.
The protective effects of a vaccination are a result of what immune process? A. Inflammation B. Cellular immunity C. The phagocytic immune response D. Humoral immunity
d) Active acquired immunity
The protective effects of a vaccination are a result of what immune process? a) Passive acquired immunity b) Cellular immunity c) Natural immunity d) Active acquired immunity
antigen
The structural part of the invading or attacking organism that is responsible for stimulating antibody production is called an ______
Immunity
The term________ refers to the body's specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism
type I hypersensitive allergic reaction
Urticaria (hives) is a type _____ hypersensitive allergic reaction
b) Strategies for avoiding the offending food
What teaching point should the nurse prioritize when providing health education to a patient with a newly diagnosed food allergy? a) Managing the GI symptoms of a food allergy b) Strategies for avoiding the offending food c) Techniques for ensuring adequate nutrition
A. Participating in hemostasis to prevent hemorrhage Rationale: Inflammation results in vessel changes that reduce the chance of bleeding. The inflammatory process does not contribute to antigen recognition, erythropoiesis or differentiation between self and non-self cells.
Which of the following physiological processes is involved in the inflammatory response? A. Participating in hemostasis to prevent hemorrhage B. Differentiating between foreign cells and "self"cells C. Producing antibodies to combat microorganisms D. Promoting erythropoiesis
ECG
You are caring for a patient who is about to begin taking oprelvekin (Neumega) for thrombocytopenia. To evaluate the potential for adverse effects, you should monitor which of the following during drug therapy? Liver function Hearing ECG Level of consciousnes
cytokines
_____ is a generic term for non-antibody proteins that act as intercellular mediators, as in the generation of immune response
Urticaria (hives)
_____ is a type I hypersensitive allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the sudden appearance of pinkish, edematous elevations.
Memory cells
______ are cells responsible for recognizing antigens
B cells
______ are cells that are important in producing circulating antibodies
Phagocytic cells
______ are cells that engulf, infest and destroy foreign bodies or toxins
Suppressor T cells
______ are lymphocytes that decrease B-cell activity to a level at which the immune system is co
Natural killer cells
______ are lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and malignant cells
Null lymphocytes
______ are lymphocytes that destroy antigens already coated with the antibody
Cytotoxic T Cells
______ are lymphocytes that lyse cells infected with virus
Interferons
______ are proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents; capable of activating other components of the immune system
Lymphokines
______ are substances released by sensitized lymphocytes when they contact specific antigens
Stem cells
______ are undifferentiated precursors of all blood cells; reside primarily in bone marrow
Allergic reaction
______ is a manifestation of tissue injury resulting from interaction between an antigen and an antibody
Complement
______ is a series of enzymatic proteins in serum that, when activated, destroy bacteria and other cells
Antigen
______ is a substance that induces the production of antibodies
Opsonization
______ is the coating of antigen--antibody molecules with a sticky substance to facilitate phagocytosis
Allergic Rhinitis
______ is the most common chronic respiratory allergic disease mediated by an immediate type I hypersensitivity reaction
Phagocytic immune response
______ response is the immune system's first line of defense, involving white blood cells that have the ability to ingest foreign particles
Humoral Immune response
______ response is the immune system's second line of defense; often termed the antibody response
food allergies
_______ Results in allergic symptoms and gastrointestinal symptoms
stem cells
_______ are Cells that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation
Helper T Cells
_______ are lymphocytes that attack foreign invaders (antigens) directly
Natural (innate) Immunity
_______ immunity is -Non specific -PRESENT AT BIRTH -Broad spectrum defense/ resistance to infection -Relies on the body to distinguish between self and non-self
Natural
_______ immunity provides a nonspecific response to any foreign pathogen, regardless of the pathogen's composition.
Cellular immune response
_______ is the immune system's third line of defense, involving T-cells attacking the pathogen
Recognition stage
_______ stage is the Identification of antigens as foreign
Proliferation Stage
_______ stage is when lymphocytes stimulates some of the dormant T and B lymphocytes to enlarge, divide, and proliferate
Effector Stage
_______ stage is when the antibody of the humoral response or the cytotoxic (killer) T cell of the cellular response connects with the antigen on the surface of the pathogen
Response Stage
_______ stage is when the differentiated lymphocytes function in either a humoral or a cellular capacity
Stem
________ cells are potentially immortal cell that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation.
Contact Dermatitis
________ is Skin inflammation that results from direct skin contact with chemicals or allergens
Hypersensitivity
________ is an amplified or inappropriate response to an antigen leading to inflammation and destruction of healthy tissue May result from genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors
Helper
_________ T cells are activated on recognition of antigens and stimulate the rest of the immune system.
Angioneurotic edema
_________ involves the deeper layers of the skin, resulting in more diffuse swelling
serum sickness
_________ is caused traditionally caused by the administration of therapeutic antisera of animal sources for the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases
Anaphylaxis (Type I hypersensitivity)
_________ occurs when the body's immune system produces antibodies toward a substance that is normally nontoxic
Anaphylactic
__________ is a clinical response to an immediate (type I hypersensitivity) immunologic reaction between a specific antigen and an antibody
Humoral or antibody immune response
__________ response Begins with B lymphocytes, which can transform themselves into plasma cells that manufacture antibodies
Phagocytic immune response
___________ response involves the WBCs (granulocytes and macrophages), which have the ability to ingest foreign particles
Humoral Immune Response
____________ response is -characterized by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen -begins with B lymphocytes recognizing and responding to invading antigens -antibodies are the produced, which bind to antigens
Cellular immune response
________response Involves T lymphocytes, which turn into cytotoxic (or killer) T cells that can attack pathogens
Cytotoxic (Type II)
a ______ hypersensitivity is when the body mistakenly identifies a normal substance as foreign. (Ex-blood transfusion reaction)
Delayed (Type IV)
a ________ reaction Occurs 24-72 hrs after exposure to an allergn (ex-to PPD's)
B. Erythema at the IV insertion site
a nurse in caring for a pt with non-hodgkins lymphoma, & is receiving chemotherapy.which of the following is the priority assessment finding? A. Mucositis of the oral cavity B. Erythema at the IV insertion site C. Report of anorexia D. Loss of body hair
D. Test the client's urine and stool for occult blood. A client who is thrombocytopenic is at risk for occult bleeding. Therefore, the nurse should test the client's urine and stool for occult blood.
a nurse is caring for a pt who has leukemia with a platelet count of 48000, which of the following actions should the nurse take? A.Administer subcutaneous epoetin alfa. B. Provide the client with a diet low in vitamin K. C. Place the client on contact precautions. D. Test the client's urine and stool for occult blood.
A. Decreased urine output B. Butterfly rash E. Joint inflammation
a nurse is caring for a pt with systemic erythematosus lupus, which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (select all that apply) A. Decreased urine output B. Butterfly rash C. Subcutaneous nodules D. Renal calculi E. Joint inflammation
D. Reed-Sternberg cells
a nurse is reviewing the lab report of a pt with hodgkins lymphoma. which of the following is an expected finding? A. Overproduction of blast phase cells B. Overgrowth of B-lymphocyte plasma cells C. Epstein-Barr virus D. Reed-Sternberg cells
Antibody
a(n)______ is protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting with a specific antigen
-T cells attack foreign pathogens directly rather than by producing antibodies -T Cells include effector T cells (helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells), suppressor T cells, and memory T cells -Natural killer (NK) cells are other lymphocytes that assist in combating organisms -also involves the action of complement system
cellular immune response
natural passive immunity
immunity passed from Mother to baby in utero or from mother to baby through breast milk is what kind of immunity?
artificial passive immunity
injection of tetanus antibodies/ snake bite antidote is what kind of immunity? (another source of antibodies is given)
Components of Natural Immunity
physical and chemical barriers -skin, mucous membranes, and cilia of the respiratory tract Inflammatory response -involves minimizing blood loss, walling off the pathogen, activating phagocytes, and promoting formation of fibrous scar tissue and regeneration of injured tissue -immune response will eliminate the antigen when effective
artificial active immunity
the body makes antibodies after pathogen is given to them in some form is what kind of immunity? (ex vaccination)
false
true or false? A nurse who has a latex allergy should be advised to avoid wearing gloves while providing care.
True rationale: phototoxic & photoallergic require sun exposure
true or false? A patient with phototoxic contact dermatitis will not have a reaction unless he or she experiences sun exposure.
Phagocytic immune response (1st) Humoral or antibody immune response (2nd) Cellular immune response (3rd)
what are the 3 Responses to invasion
1) Allergic 2) irritant 3) phototoxic 4) photoallergic
what are the 4 types of contact dermatitis?
Anaphylactic (Type I) Can vary from mild to severe
what is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Cytotoxic (Type II)
what is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
Immune Complex (Type III)
what is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
Delayed (Type IV)
what is a type 4 hypersensitivity react`ion
Anaphylactic (Type I)
what is the most common hypersensitivity reaction?
natural active immunity
when the body makes antibodies after exposure to dx/infection is what kind of immunity?
