Immune System Smartbook
The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a ______.
hapten
Identify the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response.
haptens
Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation.
histamine
Antibody-mediated immunity is also called ____ immunity.
humoral
An antigen that induces an immune response is called an immunogen. Its ability to cause an immune response is termed
immunogenicity
Antibodies are ______.
immunoglobulins
What causes redness and heat in an inflamed area?
increased blood flow
Antimicrobial proteins are part of the ______ immune system.
innate
A class of cytokines released from leukocytes is called ____ , also referred to as IFN.
interferons
Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ______.
interferons and complement
Activated helper T cells release what two to stimulate other immune cells?
interleukins and cytokines
During inflammation, more fluid immune cells, and proteins ______ the capillaries.
leave
Where are complement proteins synthesized?
liver
Where are alveolar macrophages found?
lungs
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has ______ receptor complexes.
100,000
Vesicles with infectious agents that formed during phagocytosis merge with ______.
lysosomes
Activated helper T cells are required to activate what cells?
B cells and cytotoxic T cells
Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme?
lysozyme
Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries.
margination
Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as ______.
CD4 cells
Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become ______.
memory B-lymphocytes
Which region of an antibody helps activate complement?
Fc
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk.
IgA
Identify the most predominant antibody in the blood and lymph.
IgG
What class of antibody is produced in a much higher concentration during a secondary response?
IgG
What does an antigen-presenting cell do to the resulting peptide fragments of a microbe once digestion is complete?
It incorporates the fragments into its cell membrane.
Identify the antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte.
TCR
Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in ______.
a secondary lymphatic structure
The type of immunity that lasts longer is ______ immunity.
active
Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired ___ immunity.
active
If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as
aggulation
A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______.
an MHC class II molecule presented by an APC
Interferons and complement are categories of ______.
antimicrobial proteins
Cytotoxic T cells release granzymes onto infected cells, inducing cell death by ______.
apoptosis
Immunity due to a vaccine is an example of ______.
artificially acquired active immunity
Receiving injections of antibodies following a snake bite is an example of ______.
artificially acquired passive immunity
When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens ____ disorders occur.
autoimmune
Identify the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and nonself-antigens.
autoimmune disorders
Basophils and mast cells are both proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells. What cell circulates in the blood?
basophils
What cell produce histamine and heparin.
basophils and mast cells
Basophils are in ______ and mast cells are in ______.
blood; connective tissue of skin
T-lymphocytes are a part of ______ immunity.
cellular
Small proteins called ___ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.
cytokines
Various complement proteins kill target cells through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell. Identify the name of this process.
cytolysis
CD8 cells are also called ______.
cytotoxic T-cells
Identify the antigen-presenting cells.
dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
destroys infected cells via apoptosis
Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection.
diapedesis
What does the antigen-presenting cell do to a microbe once it is engulfed?
digests the microbe into peptide fragments
IgA is most often a ______.
dimer
The various ways that activated lymphocytes combat an antigen are collectively referred to as the ______ response.
effector
From which structure are leukotrienes made?
eicosanoids
Identify the immune system cells that are associated with allergies and asthma.
eosinophils
Identify the immune system cells that target parasites.
eosinophils
Dendritic cells are found in _____ tissues.
epithelial
During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called ______.
exudate
Pyrexia is the presence of ______.
fever
An abnormal elevation of core body temperature is called ___
fever or pyrexia
A B cell is first stimulated by ______.
free antigen
Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell.
monocyte
Identify the immune cell that is part of innate immunity.
natural killer cell
Being exposed to the cold virus and subsequently getting the cold results in ______.
naturally acquired active immunity
Identify the type of immunity that is passed from mother to baby through the placenta.
naturally acquired passive immunity
An antibody covers the region of a virus used to bind to a host cell. This is an example of ______.
neutralization
When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be ______.
neutralized
The three types of granulocytes are eosinophils, basophils, and
neutrophils
Innate immunity is ______.
nonspecific
Natural killer cells provide ______ immunity.
nonspecific
The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because ______.
of the presence of memory B cells
The process of antibodies coating a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it, is called ______.
opsonization
Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular
parasite
Immunity obtained from another individual is called ___ immunity.
passive
Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using ______.
perforins and granzymes
Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into ___ cells that produce antibodies.
plasma
Antigen presentation is the display of an antigen on a cell's ______.
plasma membrane
When antibodies clump together viral particles,they become insoluble, or ______.
precipitated
What do plasma cells do?
produce antibodies
A membrane attack complex is the name for a ______.
protein channel
Cytokines are ______.
proteins
The complement system is made of 30 different ______.
proteins
T-lymphocytes originate in the ___ bone marrow.
red
Identify the location of leukocyte formation.
red bone marrow
Identify the first event of inflammation.
release chemicals
What do helper T cells do?
releases interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells
What antimicrobial substances released by the skin and mucous membranes?
sebum, immunoglobulin A, and lysozyme
The second time you are exposed to the same antigen, the lag phase will be ______ and you will produce ______ antibodies.
shorter; more
Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity.
size and complexity
Dendritic cells are found in ______.
skin
The first line of defense of innate immunity includes ______.
skin
Where are epidermal dendritic cells located?
skin
Viruses are ______ than bacterial cells.
smaller
Antibodies target ______ antigens.
specific
Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?
spleen
Antibodies ______.
tag pathogens for destruction by other cells
T-lymphocytes mature in the
thymus
True or False: Active and passive immunity both can be acquired naturally or artificially.
true
True or false: Acid is produced by the digestive and reproductive systems, aiding the immune system.
true
True or false: Nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals.
true
The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the ___ region.
variable
What is the region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific?
variable region
Identify the type of microbe that interferon targets.
viruses