Imperialism (Ch 11 and 12)

Colony

A country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power.

protectorate

A country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power.

economic imperialism

A less developed and independent country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments.

Scramble for Africa, 1880

A process of invasion and colonization of African territories by European powers during the New Imperialism period. The French began to expand from the West African coast toward western Sudan.

Opium War, 1839

A series of conflicts between the British and Chinese resulted in the Opium War of 1839. The battles mostly took place at sea and China's ships got destroyed by the steam-powered gunboats of the British. The Chinese suffered a defeat.

Afghanistan

Afghanistan was the center of their struggle. It was an independent Muslim kingdom in the 1800s and Britain withdrew from Afghanistan in 1881 and agreed to not extend beyond the Khyber Pass in 1921. Afghanistan signed a nonaggression pact with Soviet Union until 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.

Africa before Imperialism

Africa was divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups. They ranged from large empires to independent villages. Powerful African armies were able to keep out the Europeans for 400 years. They couldn't travel into the interior. Africans also controlled their own trade networks.

Negative effects of Colonial Rule

Africans lost control of their land and independence. Many died from new diseases and from resisting the Europeans. Their traditional cultures broke down and the admiration of European life undermined stable societies and caused identity problems. The biggest effect was the division of the African continent and the boundaries divided or combined groups that created many problems.

Porfirio Diaz

After the era of Juarez, a new caudillo, Diaz, came to power. He rose through the army and was a noted general in the civil war and the battle against the French. He was expected to be rewarded but Juarez refused. He took control afterwards and he acted as a dictator.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Aguinaldo was the leader of Filipino nationalists (who weren't happy with the Americans colonizing them), claimed that the United States promised immediate independence after the war ended. The nationalists declared independence and established the Philippine Republic.

Algeria resistance

Algeria had resisted for almost 40 years against French rule and is a prime example of active resistance. It was led by Samori Toure and fought the French for 16 years.

sphere of influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges.

Extraterritorial rights

Another treaty resulted in the U.S. and other foreign citizens gaining extraterritorial rights in 1844. This let foreigners not be subject to Chinese law.

Ponciano Arriaga

Arriaga was a liberal leader whose ideas threatened most conservative upper-class Mexicans.

Sam Houston

At the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna and his Mexican forces were defeated. He was captured but the Texan leader Sam Houston released him after he promised to respect the independence of Texas.

Sphere of influence (China)

Because China had so many problems, foreign nations took advantage of it and attacked China. Many of the European powers and Japan had a foothold or sphere of influence in China. The foothold is an area in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment.

Raj

Because of the mutiny, the British government took direct command of India in 1858. Raj is referring to British rule after India came under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria.

Nigeria

Britain gained control of southern Nigeria by diplomatic and military means. Some rulers signed treaties of protection with Britain while others opposed foreign intervention resulting in the British using force to put down the rebellions. The Royal Niger Company conquered northern Nigeria by gaining control of the palm-oil trade. They claimed the entire area of Nigeria as a colony in 1914.

Cape Colony

Cape Colony is where the British took over in the early 1800s.

Caudillos

Caudillos were military dictators of Latin America. They were backed by the military and had gained fame and power because of their long struggle for independence.

Sino-Japenese War, 1894-1895

China and Japan had signed a hands off agreement to Korea. However, China broke this when the Korean king needed military help from China to put down rebellions. Japan protested and also sent troops to fight the Chinese. This was the Sino-Japenese War and Japan drove the Chinese out of Korea. They gained a foothold in Manchuria, and gave Japan its first colonies, Taiwan and Pescadores Islands.

China

China looked down on all foreigners out of pride of their ancient culture. When the Qing emperor received an ambassador from England in 1793, they brought gifts of the most advanced technology of the West. The emperor was not impressed and was not interested in what they wanted. China was able to reject these offers from the West because it was self sufficient. The basis of this was China's healthy agricultural economy. China acquired a quick-growing strain of rice in the 11th century. Spanish and Portuguese traders brought maize, potatoes, and peanuts from the Americas. They also had extensive mining and manufacturing industries.

Self-strengthening movement

Cixi backed the self-strengthening movement in the 1860s. It updated China's educational system, diplomatic service, and military. China set up factories to manufacture steam-powered gunboats, rifles, and ammunition.

Dowager Empress Cixi

Cixi was in control of China from 1862 to 1908. She was committed to traditional values but supported certain movements.

Positive Effects of Colonial Rule

Colonialism reduced local warfare. There was improved sanitation and hospitals and schools. Lifespans and literacy rates improved. There was a lot of economic expansion.

Motives behind Imperialism

Economic, political, and social forces accelerated the drive to take over land in all parts of the globe. In addition, the Industrial Revolution was also a reason. The European nations searched for new markets and raw materials.

Egypt, Muhammad Ali

Egypt started the political and social reforms to block European domination. The location appeared valuable to France and Britain. After Napoleon failed to win Egypt, Muhammad Ali appeared as its new leader. He was sent to govern Egypt but soon broke away from Ottoman control. He gained control of Syria and Arabia and Ali was recognized as the hereditary rulers of Egypt. There was lots of reforms in the military and economy with a shift of the agriculture to cotton.

Indochina

Emperor Napoleon III ordered the French army to invade southern Vietnam because during the rule of an anti-Christian Vietnamese emperor, French missionaries were killed. The French would add Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam to the territory. It would eventually be called French Indochina.

Geopolitics

Geopolitics is the interest in taking land for its location or products. Europeans were attracted because the Ottomans had access to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic sea trade.

Francisco Madero

He was born into one of Mexico's 10 richest families and was educated in the U.S. and France. He believed in democracy and wanted to strengthen its hold in Mexico. He was soon arrested by Diaz and sent to exile. From his exile in the U.S., he called for an armed revolution against Diaz.

Hong Xiuquan

Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help him build a Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. This is because there were many internal problems in China.

Taiping Rebellion

Hong Xiuquan's movement was called the Taiping Rebellion. He had organized a peasant army and ttook control of large areas of southeastern China. In 1853, Hong captured the city of Nanjing and declared it his capital. However, Qing imperial troops and French and British forces launched attacks against the Taiping. In 1864, the Taiping government was brought down.

Imperialism

Imperialism is a seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country.

Persia

In southwest Asia, Russia and Britain competed to bring Persia into their spheres of influence. Many times, European powers took land from Persia. They lacked the capital to develop resources and the Persian ruler began granting concessions to Western businesses like when a British corporation began to develop Persia's oil fields in the early 1900s.

1947

India is given full independence by Britain in 1947.

India

India is one of the colonies that experienced change because of the imperialist British. They provided the modernization.

"jewel in the crown"

India was a major supplier of raw materials for Britain and the 300 million people were a large potential market for British-making goods. The British considered India the brightest jewel in the crown, most valuable of all its colonies.

Ram Mohun Roy

Indians began demanding more modernization and a role in governing themselves in the early 1800s. Ram Mohun Roy was a well-educationed Indian and he began a campaign to move India away from traditional practices and ideas with the belief that if they weren't changed, India would continue being controlled by outsiders. It inspired other Indian reformers and he founded a social reform movement for change in India.

Suez Canal

Isma-'il is the grandson of Ali and he supported the construction of the Suez Canal. It connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean and opened in 1869. However, the modernization efforts was very expensive and could not pay back the debt. In 1882, Britain occupied Egypt.

Indirect rule/control

It relied on existing political rulers accepting British authority. The local officials handled most of the management of the colony and had a legislative council. The goal was to train the leaders in the British method and eventually, the population would govern itself.

Boer War, 1899

It was the first modern war and it was between the British and the Boers. The Boers used guerrilla tactics and the British burned Boer farms and imprisoning women and children. Black South Africans also fought in the war. In the end, the British won and the Boer republics joined into a self-governing Union of South Africa, controlled by the British.

Korean annexation, 1910

Japan brought Korea under Japan's control. They were harsh rulers. They shut down Korean newspapers and took over Korean schools. They replaced the study of Korean language and history with Japanese subjects. They took land away from Korean farmers and encouraged Japanese businessman to start industries in Korea.

Treaty of Kanagawa, 1854

Japan opened up two ports for U.S. ships to take supplies. It led other Western powers gaining permission to trade with Japan.

Jose Marti

Jose Marti was a writer that was exiled from Cuba and returned to launch a second war for Cuban independence. He was killed early but the Cubans kept fighting.

Benito Juarez

Juarez was a liberal reformer who influenced the politics of Mexico. He had Santa Anna's complete opposite background and goals.

David Livingstone, Henry Stanley

Livingstone is a missionary from Scotland who traveled with a group of Africans deep into central Africa to promote Christianity in the late 1860s. However, years passed with no word from him. Because of this Stanley was hired to find Livingstone. He found Livingstone in 1871. He also set out to explore Africa and trace the course of the Congo River.

Hausa-Fulani

Managing the colony was not easy. There were many different ethnic groups. One of the three largest groups was Hausa-Fulani. They were Muslim and had a strong central government. Because the British didn't have enough troops to govern such a complex area, they ruled indirectly with Hausa-Fulani with success.

Emperor Guangxu

Many of the Chinese pushed for strong reforms. Guangxu was one of them. He reorganized China's educational system, strengthened the economy, modernized the military, and streamlined the government. Many Qing officials saw these innovations as threats. They called for Dowager Empress back and she placed Guangxu under arrest. She undid the reforms. No change was brought and the Chinese continued to be frustrated.

U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry

Matthew Perry took four ships powered by steam. They astounded the Japanese. The Tokugawa shogun realized he had to receive Perry and his letter from the U.S.

Menelik II, Battle of Adowa 1896

Menelik II became the emperor of Ethiopia in 1889 and successfully resisted the Europeans. He did this by having the Italians, French, and British go against each other. He built a large arsenal of weapons from France and Russia. After signing a treaty with Italy, he saw differences in the wording of the treaty which resulted in the Italians claiming all of Ethiopia. There was war and in the Battle of Adowa in 1896, the Ethiopian forces defeated the Italians.

Texas Revolt

Mexicans encouraged Americans to populate Texas so it would populate Mexico. They pledged to follow the laws of Mexico. However, tensions grew between the American citizens (Anglos) who moved to Texas and Mexico over many issues including slavery and religion. This resulted in a revolt.

King Mongkut, King Chulalongkorn

Mongkut and his son, Chulalongkorn modernized Siam. They started schools, reformed the legal system, and reorganized the government. They built railroads, telegraph systems, and ended slavery.

Emperor Mutsuhito, Meiji Era

Mutsuhito was a young emperor who symbolized the country's sense of pride and nationalism. After the Tokugawa shogun stepped down, Mutsuhito took control of the government. His reign of 45 years was the Meiji era.

Australian Archduke Maximillian, 1862-1867

Napoleon III appointed Maximilian to rule Mexico as emperor after the French took over the country.

Direct rule/control

Other European powers preferred a more direct control of its colonies. They thought Africans as unable to handle the business of running a country.

paternalism

Paternalism is a policy where Europeans governed people by providing for their needs but not giving them rights.

Siam

Present-day Thailand or Siam maintained independence throughout the colonial period. France and Britain kept preventing each other from gaining control of Siam so Siamese kings promoted Siam as a neutral zone between those two powers.

Racism

Racism is a belief that one race is superior to others.

Russo-Japanese War

Russia and Japan went to war in Manchuria. Russia refused the agreement of Japan recognizing Russia's rights in Manchuria if Russia stayed out of Korea. Japan defatted Russia.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Santa Anna played a large role in Mexico's fight for independence from Spain in 1821. He fought against Spain again in 1829. He became the president of Mexico in 1833.

Shaka

Shaka is a Zulu chief who used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. However, after Shaka's rule has ended, the kingdom fell apart to British invaders and fell to British control in 1887.

Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism is the theory that Darwin's ideas about evolution and natural selection were applied to human society. Those that were fittest enjoyed wealth and success.

Maji-Maji Rebellion, 1905

The Africans in German East Africa had a spiritual defense. A sudden belief arose that sprinkling a magic water on their bodies would turn the German bullets into water. The uprising was the Maji Maji rebellion and over 20 ethnic groups united to fight for their freedom. They believed that the war had been ordained by God and their ancestors would assist them in their struggle.

British in Malaysia and Burma

The British wanted a trading base that would be a stop for their ships that traveled the India-China routes. They found a harbor on Singapore and the opening of the Suez Canal made it one of the world's busiest ports. They also gained colonies in Malaysia and in Burma. Malaysia had lots of tin and became the leading rubber exporter. The British encouraged Chinese to immigrate to Malaysia because they needed workers and the Malays became a minority in their own country.

Treaty of Nanjing, 1842

The Chinese signed this peace treaty in 1842. It gave Britain Hong Kong.

Berlin Conference, 1884-85

The Conference was held to lay down rules for the division of Africa. They agreed that a country can claim land by showing control of the area. This prevented a lot of conflict.

Congo, King Leopold II of Belgium

The Congo was the land that Leopold II wanted to obtain. He commissioned Stanley to help him obtain land there and Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River valley. The king claimed that he wanted to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity but he exploited the Africans and 10 million died because of the abuses inflicted during Leopold's rule. Because of this, humanitarians demanded change and the government took control of the colony away from Leopold.

Roosevelt Corollary, 1904

The Corollary was an extension to the Monroe Doctrine which gave the United States the right to be an international police power in the Western Hemisphere.

Boers

The Dutch settlers were known as the Boers and they slowly took the land from Africans

Great Game

The Great Game was a war between Britain and Russia over India. Russia wanted to extend its empire and gain the riches of India. Britain defended the colony and tried to spread the empire beyond India's borders.

Annexation

The McKinley Tariff Act in 1890 eliminated the tariffs on all sugar entering the United States. Sugar from Hawaii was no longer healer than sugar produced elsewhere. It cut into the sugar producers' profits. Some business leaders pushed for annexation of Hawaii, to add the territory to the United States.

Monroe Doctrine 1823

The Monroe Doctrine was a document James Monroe issued which stated that "American continents are not considered subjects for future colonization by European powers."

Ottoman Empire Loses Power

The Ottoman Empire started declining after the death of Suleyman I, the last great Ottoman sultan in 1566. The government broke up into corrupt factions and there were lots of financial losses. The empire embraced modern technologies but it kept getting behind Europe. Selim III tried to modernize the army but was overthrown. The movements were abandoned while nationalist feelings were stirring among the Ottomans. Greece gained independence and Serbia gained self-rule. Europe began to look for ways to take the land away from the weak Ottomans.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

The PRI was a political party that arose and didn't tolerate opposition. However, it initiated a period of peace and political stability in Mexico.

Panama Canal, 1903-1904

The Panama Canal would allow countries to trade without going all the way around the tip of South America. Thousands of workers died during construction of the canal due to disease. It was finally opened in 1914.

Qing Dynasty

The Qing dynasty was in power when the British found opium to import to China.

"Pancho" Villa

The Revolution began slowly. Leaders rose from different parts of Mexico. Pancho Villa was very popular. He had a policy of taking money from the rich and giving it to the poor.

Sepoy Mutiny; 1857

The Sepoy Mutiny was a rebellion that started with gossip. The cartridges of their riflers were greased with beef and pork fat and they had to bite off the ends to use the cartridges. Hindus and Muslims were outraged. The sepoys marched to Delhi, captured it and the rebellion spread to northern and central India. It took more than one year for the East India Company to regain control. The rebellion failed because of weak leadership and splits between Hindus and Muslims.

East India Trading Company

The Trading Company set up trading posts near India. The ruling Mughal Dynasty was able to keep the traders under control but it was collapsing in 1707. In 1757, the East India Trading Company defeated the Indians allied with the French at the Battle of Plassey. Until 1858, the Company was the leading power in India. The area they controlled grew over time. Until the 19th century, they ruled India with little interference from the British government.

Hawaii

The U.S. started being interested in Hawaii around 1790s. Around 1820, sugar trade changed Hawaiian economics. Americans established sugar-cane plantations and became very successful. It accounted for 75% of Hawaii's wealth. The planters gained political power in Hawaii.

"Colossus of the North"

The U.S. was regarded as the Colossus of the North by Latin Americans.

Open Door Policy, 1899

The United States was worried that other nations would divide China into colonies and shut out American traders. To prevent this, America proposed to Open Door Policy of 1899. This meant that China is open to merchants of all nations. European nations agreed and the result was that U.S. trading rights was protected in China, and it guaranteed China's freedom from colonization.

sepoys

The company even had its own army, with sepoys, Indian soldiers.

Pacific Rim

The countries that border the Pacific Ocean including the lands of is the Pacific Rim. European powers rushed to divide Southeast Asia as they did to Africa.

Boxer Rebellion, 1900

The frustration everywhere lead to violence. Peasants and workers resented the privileges granted to foreigners. They resented Chinese Christians. They formed a secret organization called the Boxers. Their campaign against the Dowager Empress's rule and foreigner privilege was called the Boxer Rebellion. They attacked Beijing and surrounded the European section of the city in the spring of 1900. In August, 19000 troops defeated the Boxers. Despite the failure, a sense of nationalism emerged in China.

South Africa

The history of South Africa is a history of Africans, Dutch, and British clawing over land and resources. Various groups were competing claims over huge areas.

"Yellow Peril"

The idea that asians are a danger to the world.

Queen Liliuokalani

The new Hawaiian ruler, called for a new constitution in 1893 to increase her power. It would restore the political power of Hawaiians. To prevent this from happening, a group of American businessmen tried to overthrow her and she was removed from power. Eventually, the Republic of Hawaii was annexed in 1898.

Igbo, Yoruba

The other two largest groups were the Igbo and Yoruba. They followed traditional religions and indirect control didn't work so well with them.

Persia (2)

There was battle over tobacco because Nasir al-Din, the Persian leader sold a concession to a British company to export Persian tobacco. A leader who supported the modernization of Persia Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, was outraged and set up a tobacco boycott. Nasir canceled the concession but unrest continued and in 1906, the government was unable to control the situation. In 1907, Russia and Britain took over the country and divided it with spheres of influence.

Indian National Congress, Muslim League

There was nationalist feelings starting to form in India. It led to the founding of two nationalist groups. Indian Congress in 1885 and Muslim League in 1906. They started calling for self-government in the early 1900s.

Liberia and Ethiopia

They were the two territories that remained free from European control by 1914.

Dutch East India Company

This company established control of the Indonesian islands in the early 18th century. It actively sought lands in Southeast Asia. It took Malacca from the Portuguese and fought for the control of Java. They gradually expanded their control over Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali.

Spanish-American War, 1898

This war resulted in the United States acquiring the Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam in 1898.

La Reforma

This was a liberal reform Juarez started. Its goals was to redistribute land, separate church and state, and increase educational opportunities for the poor. Santa Anna sent Juarez and other leaders of La Reforma to exile in 1853.

assimilation

This was a policy that the local populations would adopt French culture and become like the French.

Crimean War, 1854-56

War broke out between the Russians and the Ottomans in 1853. Britain and and France wanted to prevent the Russians from gaining control of additional Ottoman lands so they sided with theOttomans. They defeated Russia and it was the first war where women could be army nurses and covered by newspaper correspondents. The war revealed the weakness of the Ottomans and they continued to lose land. By the beginning of World War I, the empire was in deep decline.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848

When the U.S> annexed Texas, the Mexicans considered this an act of aggression. It resulted in a war and Mexico was defeated. The Treaty that came after stated that the U.S. received the northern third of what was then Mexico, as well as California and American Southwest.

Emiliano Zapata

Zapata was a strong and popular leader of South of Mexico City. He was determined to see land returned to peasants and small farmers.

Latin American economies

latin American economies depended on exports but foreign nations benefited much more than Latin American countries despite the advancement of technology (steamship). As a result, Latin American countries never industrialized. With the export income, little was used to build roads, schools, or hospitals. Nothing was funded to help them be self-sufficient.

map of colonial Africa

map of colonial Africa