Improving Sentences

transitions that link similar ideas

- also, and, another, besides, equally important, further, furthermore, in addition, likewise, too, similarly, nor, of course, and for instance

interrogative sentence

- asks a question and ends with a question mark - ex) Are you going to the game on Friday?

kinship names

- capitalize ___________ ________ only if they are used as a part or whole of a proper noun. When describing them don't capitalize it. - ex) Uncle Mark is coming over later tonight - ex) Did you ask Mom if you could eat a cookie? - ex) Sally's uncle Jimbo is a ship captain.

who, which, and that as subjects

- ex) This is the man who is helping me today - ex) He is a good man who serves others before himself - ex) This painting that is hung over the couch is very beautiful

Plural form and singular meaning

- ex) the news is coming on now. - ex) mathematics is my favorite class

Complex Sentence

- has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses - ex) Although he had the flu, Harry went to work. (Although he had the flu = dependent) (Harry went to work = independent) - ex) Marcia got married after she finished college. (Marcia got married = independent) (after she finished college = dependent)

Absolute phrase

- is a phrase with a participle that comes after a noun - it is never the subject of a sentence - also, the phrase does not explain or add to the meaning of a word in a sentence - they are used independently from the rest of the sentence - however, they are still phrases, and a phrase cannot give a complete thought - Ex) The alarm ringing, he pushed the snooze button. (The alarm ringing) - ex) The music paused, she continued to dance through the crowd. (The music paused)

Verbal phrase

- is a verb form that does not function as the verb of a clause - there are 3 types: participial, gerund, and infinitive phrases

Complete Subject

- is composed of the simple subject and all of its modifiers - ex) The small red car is the one that he wants for Christmas. (the small red car) - ex) The young artists is coming over for dinner. (the young artists)

Subject

- names who or what the sentence is about

pronoun reference

- A pronoun should point clearly to the antecedent - ex) unhelpful: Ron and Jim went to the store, and he bought soda. (Who bought soda? Ron or Jim?) - ex) helpful: Jim went to the store, and he bough soda. (The sentence is clear. Jim bought the soda)

proper nouns; adjectives

- Capitalize ____________ ___________ and _______________ that come from proper nouns - ex) My parents are from Europe - ex) My father is British, and my mother is Italian

directional

- Capitalize ________________ names (north, east, south, west) when they refer to specific areas, but not when they refer to the direction - ex) James is from the West. - ex) After three miles, turn south toward the highway

Clause

- Unlike phrases, that have a subject and a verb

Fragment

- a complete sentence will express a complete though, otherwise it is known as this - ex) As the clock struck midnight.

prepositional phrase

- a phrase that can be found in many sentences - begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun that is used as an object - normally, it works as an adjective or an adverb - ex) The picnic is on the blanket. (on the blanket) - ex) I am sick with a fever today. (with a fever) - ex) Among the many flowers, a four-leaf clover was found by Jon. (Among the many flowers)

Indirect object

- a word or group of words that show how an action had an influence on someone or something - if there is one, then there is always a direct object too - trying to find it, find the verb and ask to/for whom or what - ex) We taught the old dog a new trick (to/for whom or what was taught? the old dog - ex) I gave them a math lesson. (to/for whom or what was given? them)

present participle

- always ends with -ing - ex) verb = dance - ex) this participle = dancing

predicate nouns

- are nouns that modify the subject and finish linking verbs - ex) My father is a lawyer (Father is the subject. Lawyer is the ...)

Transitions that indicate cause, purpose, or result

- as, as a result, because, consequently, hence, for, for this reason, since, so, then, thus, and therefore

past participle

- end with -d, -ed, -n, or -t - ex) verb = dance - ex) this participle = danced

independent clause

- has a subject and a verb - can stand alone as a sentence

essential adjective clause

- is very important to the sentence - they explain or define a person or thing - ex) A person who works hard at first can rest later in life. (who works at first)

Predicate

- is what remains when you have found the subject - explains or describes the subject

Subordinate clause

- look like sentences - they may have a subject, a verb, and objects or complements - They are used within sentences as adverbs, adjectives, or nouns

verbal

- looks like a verb, but it is not used as a verb - instead, it is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb - They do not replace a verb in a sentence - ex) correct: Walk a mile daily. (Walk is the verb of this sentence. As in, "You walk a mile daily.") - ex) incorrect: To walk a mile. (To walk is a type of verbal. But, verbals cannot be a verb for a sentence)

title

Capitalize all important words in a _________ (articles, short prepositions, and short conjunctions are not capitalized unless they are the first or last word of the title)

sentence: direct quotation

Capitalize the first word of a ________________ and the first word in a ___________ _______________

B

Choose the sentence that most effectively follows the conventions of Standard Written English: a. Wilbur and Orville Wright were two brothers, and they tested their prototype airplane on a beach in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. b. The two brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright, tested their prototype airplane on a beach in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. c. Testing their prototype airplane on a beach in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, were the two brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright. d. The beach in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina was where the two brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright, came and tested their prototype airplane.

Case pronoun usage

To determine the correct pronoun to use in a compound sentence or object, try each pronoun separately in the sentence - ex) (We/Us) boys played football last year. Test 1 = We played football last year, Test 2 = Us played football last year. Answer: We boys played football last year.

John

What is the subject? - John knows the way to the park

B

Which of the following follows the rules of capitalization? a. Dashiell visited his Cousin Elaine on Tuesday. b. Juniper sent a card to Uncle Archibald who has been unwell. c. Flicka and her Mother spent the day setting up the rummage sale. d. Lowell and his twin Sister look alike but have very different personalities.

D

Which of the following is a simple sentence? a. Phillippa walked the dog, and Primula gave the dog a bath. b. Phillippa walked and bathed the dog, and Primula helped. c. Phillippa walked the dog, while Primula gave the dog a bath. d. Phillippa and Primula walked the dog and gave the dog a bath.

C

Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct? a. Krista was not sure who to hold responsible for the broken window. b. Krista was not sure whom was responsible for the broken window c. Krista was not sure whom to hold responsible for the broken window d. Krista was not sure on who she should place responsibility for the broken window.

Complements

a noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used to give more information about the verb in the sentence

days, months, and holidays

capitalize the names of ________, ___________, and ____________

imperative sentence

the verbs subject is understood, but not actually present in the sentence. although the subject ordinarily comes before the verb, in sentences that begin with There are or There was, the subject follows the verb

Bill

what is the subject? - By five o' clock, Bill will need to leave.

You

what is the subject? - Com and sit with me, please?

You are

what is the subject? - Go to the post office for me

Cookies

what is the subject? - The cookies need ten more minutes

Five letters

what is the subject? - There are five letters on the table for him

coffee and doughnuts

what is the subject? - There were coffee and doughnuts in the house.

misplaced modifier

- In some sentences, a modifier can be put in more than one place. - However, you need to be sure that there is no confusion about which word is being explained or given more detail - ex) incorrect: He read the book to a crowd that was filled with beautiful pictures. - ex) correct: He read the book that was filled with beautiful pictures to a crowd. - The book was filled with beautiful pictures, not the crowd. - ex) incorrect: Derek saw a bus nearly hit a man on his way to work - ex) correct: On his way to work, Derek saw a bus nearly hit a man. - Derek was on his way to work, not the other man

Pronoun changing form

- Some pronouns change their form by their placement in a sentence. - A pronoun that is a subject in a sentence comes in the subjective case - Pronouns that serve as objects appear in the objective case - The pronouns that are used as possessives appear in the possessive case - ex) subjective case: He is coming to the show. (The pronoun He is the subject of the sentence) - ex) Objective case: Josh drove him to the airport. (The pronoun him is the object of the sentence) - ex) Possessive case: The flowers are mine. (The pronoun mine shows ownership of the flowers)

Who or Whom pronouns

- Who, a subjective-case pronoun, can be used as a subject - Whom, an objective case pronoun, can be used as an object - The words who and whom are common in subordinate clauses or in questions - ex) Subject: He knows who wants to come. (Who is the subject of thee verb wants) - ex) Object: He knows whom we want at the party. (Whom is the object of we want)

Transitions that indicate time or position

- above, across, afterward, before, beyond, eventually, meanwhile, next, presently, around, at once, at the present time, finally, first, here, second, thereafter, and upon

Transitions that link dissimilar ideas

- although, and yet, even if, conversely, but, however, otherwise, still, yet, instead, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, and on the other hand

predicate adjective

- are adjectives that modify the subject and finish linking verbs - ex) Your mother is patient (Mother is the subject. Patient is the ...)

Transitions

- are bridges between what has been read and what is about to be read - they smooth the reader's path between sentences and inform the reader of major connections to new ideas forthcoming in the text - as a result, as I have said, for example, for instance, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, in fact, in other words, in short, on the whole, and to sum it up

Gerund phrase

- are built around present participles (-ing ending verbs) and they are always used as nouns - it has this and any complements or modifiers - Ex) We want to be known for teaching the poor. (object of preposition) (teaching the poor) - ex) Coaching this team is the best job of my life. (Subject) (Coaching this team) - ex) We like practicing our songs in the basement. (object of the verb: like) (practicing our songs)

Participial phrase

- are made of a participle and any complements or modifiers - often, they come right after the noun or pronoun that they modify - ex) Shipwrecked on an island, the boys started to fish for food. (Shipwrecked on an island) - ex) Having been seated for five hours, we got out of the car to stretch our legs. (Having been seated for five hours) - ex) Praised for their work, the group accepted the first-place trophy. (Praised for their work)

Infinitive phrase

- are made of this and all complements and modifiers - they are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs - ex) To join the team is my goal in life. (Noun) (To join the team) - ex) The animals have enough food to eat for the night. (adjective) (to eat for the night) - ex) People lift weights to exercise their muscles. (adverb) (to exercise their muscles)

run-on sentence

- consist of multiple independent clauses that have not been joined properly - they can be corrected by joining the 2 independent clauses with a comma and coordinating conjunction, a semicolon, or a dash - ex) incorrect: I went on the trip I had a good time. - ex) correct: I went on the trip, and I had a good time. - They can be corrected by changing 1 independent clauses into a dependent clause by adding a subordinating conjunction to the less important clause - ex) incorrect: I went to the store I bought some eggs. - ex) correct: I went to the store where I bought some eggs. - They can be corrected by separating each independent clause into its own sentence - ex) incorrect: I had pancakes for breakfast this morning they're my favorite. - ex) correct: I had pancakes for breakfast this morning. They're my favorite. - They can be corrected by reorganizing the thoughts in the sentence - ex) incorrect: The drive to New York takes ten hours it makes me very tired. - ex) correct: During the ten-hour drive to New York, I get very tired.

Sentence Frangment

- could be independent clauses that begin with a subordinating word (as, because, so, etc) - others may not have a subject, a verb, or both - can be repaired in several ways - one way to repair them is to put them with a neighbor sentence - another way is to be sure that punctuation is not needed - you can also turn it into a sentence by adding missing pieces - ex) Because he wanted to sail for Rome. - ex) fixed: He dreamed of Europe because he wanted to sail to Rome.

Dependent clause

- doesn't share a complete though - It has a subject and a verb, but it needs an independent clause - Ex) I am running because I want to stay in shape (The clause I am running is an independent clause. The rest is dependent

Nonessential appositive phrase

- ex) George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, two Founding Fathers, served as presidents.

collective nouns

- ex) the family eats at the restaurant every Friday night. - ex) The team are leaving for their homes after the game. (the members of the team are leaving as individuals to go to their own homes)

Independent clause

- gives a complete thought - ex) I am running outside. (Subject is I and verb is running)

nonessential adjective clause

- gives more information about a person or thing - however, they are not necessary to the sentence - ex) Neil Armstrong, who walked on the moon, is my hero. (who walked on the moon)

compound-complex sentence

- has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause - ex) John is my friend who went to India, and he brought souvenirs for us. (John is my friend & he brought souvenirs for us = independent) (who went to India = dependent) - ex) You may not know, but we heard the music that you played last night. (You may not know & we heard the music = independent) (that you played last night = dependent)

simple sentence

- have one independent clause with no subordinate clauses - it can have compound elements (a compound subject or verb) - ex) Judy watered the lawn. (single subject: Judy, single verb: watered) - ex) Judy and Alan watered the lawn. (compound subject: Judy and Alan, single verb: watered) - ex) Judy watered the lawn and pulled weeds. (single subject: Judy, compound verb: watered and pulled) - ex) Judy and Alan watered the lawn and pulled weeds. (compound subject: Judy and Alan, compound verb: watered and pulled)

compound sentence

- have two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses - usually, the independent clauses are joined with a comma and coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon - ex) The time had come, and we are ready. - ex) I woke up at dawn; then I went outside to watch the sun rise.

essential appositive phrase

- if the person, place, or thing being described or renamed is too general - ex) Two Founding Fathers George Washington and Thomas Jefferson served as presidents.

Noun clause

- is a dependent clause that can be used as a subject, object, or complement - can begin with how, that, what, whether, which, who, or why - these words can also come with an adjective clause - To show a clear connection to the independent clause, be sure that a this clause comes after the verb. The exception is when this clause is the subject of the sentence - ex) The fact that you were alone alarms me. - ex) What you learn from each other depends on your honesty with others

Adjective clause

- is a dependent clause that modifies nouns and pronouns - they begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a relative adverb (where, when, and why) - They also come after the noun that the clause needs to explain or rename. This is done to have a clear connection to the independent clause - ex) I learned the reason why I won the award. - ex) This is the place where I started my first job.

Adverb clause

- is a dependent clause that modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs - To show a clear connection to the independent clause, put the this clause immediately before or after the independent clause - It can start with after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so, so that, unless, when, where, or while - ex) When you walked outside, I called the manager. (When you walked outside) - ex) I want to go with you unless you want to stay. (unless you want to stay)

Direct object

- is a noun that takes or receives the action of a verb - a complete sentence does not need this - trying to find it, find there verb and ask who or what - ex) I took the blanket (Who or what did I take? the blanket) - ex) Jane read books (Who or what does Jane read? books)

dangling modifier

- is a verbal phrase that does not have a clear connection to a word - can also be a dependent clause (the subject and/or verb are not included) that does not have a clear connection to a word - ex) incorrect: Reading each magazine article, the stories caught my attention. (Reading each magazine article) - ex) correct: Reading each magazine article, I was entertained by the stories. - In this example, the word stories cannot be modified by Reading each magazine article. People can read, but stories cannot read. So, the pronoun I is needed for the modifying phrase Reading each magazine article. - ex) incorrect: Since childhood, my grandparents have visited me for Christmas. - ex) correct: Since childhood, I have been visited by my grandparents for Christmas. - In this example, the dependent adverb clause Since childhood cannot modify grandparents. So, the pronoun I is needed for the modifying adverb clause

Infinitive

- is a verbal that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb - is made of the basic form of a verb with the word to coming before the verb

Gerund

- is a verbal that is used as a noun - can be found by looking for their -ing endings - don't mistake with a present participle - Since these are nouns, they can be used as a subject of a sentence and the object of a verb or preposition

Participle

- is a verbal that is used as an adjective

appositive phrase

- is a word or phrase that is used to explain or rename nouns or pronouns - In a sentence they can be noun phrases, prepositional phrases, gerund phrases, or infinitive phrases - ex) Terriers, hunters at heart, have been dressed up to look like lap dogs. (The phrase hunters at heart renames the noun terriers) - ex) His plan, to save and invest his money, was proven as a safe approach. (to save and invest his money phrase renames the plan)

Phrase

- is not a complete sentence - it cannot be a statement and cannot give a complete thought - it is a group of words that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb in a sentence - they strengthen sentences by adding explanation or renaming something

Antecedent

- is the noun that has been replaced by a pronoun - a pronoun and this agree when they have matching number and gender - ex) single agreement: John came into town, and he played for us (the word he replaces John) - ex) plural agreement: John and Rick came into town and they played for us (the word they replaces John and Rick)

Tone

- may be defined as the writer's attitude toward the topic, and to the audience - this attitude in the language used in the writing - it should be appropriate to the topic and to the intended audience - some texts should not contain slang or jargon, although these may be fine in different pieces - it can range from humorous to serious and all levels in between

negative modifier

- never, no, and not - hardly, barely, and scarcely - should not be parsed with other negative modifiers or negative words (none, nobody, nothing, or neither) - they should not be used with other negatives

split infinitive

- occurs when a modifying word comes between the word to and the verb that pairs with to - ex) To clearly explain vs To explain clearly - ex) To softly sing vs To sing softly

exclamatory sentence

- shows strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point - ex) I can't believe we won the game!

declarative sentence

- states a fact and ends with a period - ex) The football fame starts at seven o' clock.

Modes of sentence patterns

- subject + linking verb + subject complement - subject + transitive verb + direct object - subject + transitive verb + indirect object + direct object - subject + transitive verb + direct object + object complement - subject + intransitive verb

Imperative sentence

- tells someone to do something and ends with a period - ex) Go to the store and buy milk.

Double negative

- two negatives when a positive meaning is intended - ones that are used to emphasize negation are not part of standard English - ex) The team was not displeased with their performance.

Parallelism

- used in a sentence to highlight similar ideas and to connect sentences that give similar information - it pairs parts of speech, phrases, or clauses together with a matching piece - ex) incorrect: He stopped at the office, grocery store, and the pharmacy before heading home. - ex) correct: He stopped at the office, the grocery store, and the pharmacy before heading home - ex) incorrect: While vacationing in Europe, he went biking, skiing, and climbed mountains - ex) correct: While vacationing in Europe, he went biking, skiing, and mountain climbing.

subject-verb agreement

- verbs agree with their subjects in number - In other words, singular subjects need singular verbs - Plural subjects need plural verbs - Subjects and verbs also need to agree in person: first, second, or third - The present tense ending -s is used on a verb if its subject is third person singular; otherwise, the verb takes no ending - ex) Dan calls home. (Dan is one person, so the singular verb calls is needed) - ex) Dan and Bob call home. (More than one person needs the plural verb call) - ex) I am walking (first person) - ex) You are walking (second person) - ex) He is walking (third person)

Subordination

- when 2 items are not equal to each other, you can join them by making the more important piece an independent clause - the less important piece can become this - to make the less important piece this, you make it a phrase or a dependent clause - the piece of more importance should be the one that readers want or will need to remember - ex) separated: The team had a perfect regular season. The team lost the championship. - ex) correct: Despite having a perfect regular season, the team lost the championship.

Diction

- word usage, refers to the use of words with meaning and forms that are appropriate for the context and structure of the sentence - a common error in word usage occurs when a word's meaning does not fit the context of the sentence - ex) incorrect: Susie likes chips better then candy. - ex) correct: Susie likes chips better than candy. - ex) incorrect: The cat licked it's coat. - ex) correct: The cat licked its coat.

B

Considering both style and clarity, which of the answer choices best combines the following sentences? Fenella wanted to attend the concert. She also wanted to attend the reception at the art gallery. She tried to find a way to do both in one evening. She failed. a. Although Fenella wanted to attend the concert, she also wanted to attend the reception at the art gallery, so she tried to find a way to do both in one evening. She failed. b. Fenella wanted to attend both the concert and the reception at the art gallery, but she failed to find a way to do both in one evening. c. Fenella failed to find a way to attend both the concert and the reception at the art gallery. d. Because Fenella wanted to attend both the concert and the reception at the art gallery, she tried to find a way to do both in one evening. Unfortunately, she failed.

D

What is the most effective way to combine the two sentences below? German cuisine is known for its heart, meat and potato dishes. Families often enjoy a rich Sunday dinner of roast meat, potatoes, and cabbage. a. German cuisine is known for its heart, meat and potato dishes but families often enjoy a rich Sunday dinner of roast meat, potatoes, and cabbage. b. German cuisine is known for its heart, meat and potato dishes, but families often enjoy a rich Sunday dinner of roast meat, potatoes, and cabbage. c. German cuisine is known for its heart, meat and potato dishes, and families often enjoy a rich Sunday dinner of roast meat, potatoes and cabbage. d. German cuisine is known for its heart, meat and potato dishes, and families often enjoy a rich Sunday dinner of roast meat, potatoes, and cabbage.

A

What is the most effective way to combine the two sentences below? Some members of the Sons of Liberty constructed a paper obelisk. An obelisk is the same shape as the Washington Monument. a. Some members of the Sons of Liberty constructed a paper obelisk, which is the same shape as the Washington Monument. b. Some members of the Sons of Liberty constructed a paper obelisk which is the same shape as the Washington Monument. c. Some members of the Sons of Liberty constructed a paper obelisk, that is the same shape as the Washington Monument. d. Some members of the Sons of Liberty constructed a paper obelisk; which is the same shape as the Washington Monument.

C

What is the most effective way to rewrite the following sentence? She is saying that some of the students are wearing to school is being distracting and inappropriate. a. Some of the outfits students wear to school, she is saying, are distracting and not appropriate. b. The outfits are distracting and inappropriate, she says, that students wear to school. c. She says that some of the outfits that students wear to school are distracting and inappropriate. d. She says that it is distracting and inappropriate that students wear outfits to school.

A

What transition should be added to the beginning of sentence 2 below? (1) I zoned out in class, turned work in late, talked out in class, and handed in assignments after the due date. (2) Mr. Shanbourne just nodded. a. Surprisingly b. Actually c. Furthermore d. Instead

C

Which of the answer choices best combines the following four sentences into two sentences? I'm usually good about keeping track of my keys. I lost them. I spent hours looking for them. I found them in the freezer. a. I lost my keys, even though I'm usually good about keeping track of them. I found them in the freezer and spent hours looking for them. b. I spent hours looking for my keys and found them in the freezer. I had lost them, even though I'm usually good about keeping track of them. c. I'm usually good about keeping track of my keys, but I lost them. After spending hours looking for them, I found them in the freezer. d. I'm usually good about keeping track of my keys, but I lost them in the freezer. I had to spend hours looking for them.

B

Which of the following is a complex sentence? a. Milton's favorite meal is spaghetti and meatballs, along with a side salad and garlic toast. b. Before Ernestine purchases a book, she always checks to see if the library has it. c. Desiree prefers warm, sunny weather, but her twin sister Destiny likes a crisp, cold day. d. Ethel, Ben, and Alice are working together on a school project about deteriorating dams.

B

Which of the following is a compound sentence? a. Tabitha and Simon started the day at the zoo and then went to the art museum for the rest of the afternoon. b. Tabitha and Simon started the day at the zoo, and then they went to the art museum for the rest of the afternoon. c. After starting the day at the zoo, Tabitha and Simon then went to the art museum for the rest of the afternoon. d. Tabitha and Simon had a busy day, because they started at the zoo, and then they went to the art museum for the rest of the afternoon.

A

Which of the following sentences contains a correct example of subject-verb agreement? a. All of the board members are in agreement on the issue. b. Each of the students were concerned about the test scores for the final exam. c. Neither of the children are at home right now. d. Any of the brownie recipes are perfect for the bake sale.

D

Which of the following sentences contains a correct example of subject-verb agreement? a. Neither Jeanne nor Pauline like the dinner options on the menu. b. All of the council likes the compromise that they have reached about property taxes. c. The faculty of the math department were unable to agree on the curriculum changes. d. Both Clara and Don feels that they need to be more proactive in checking on the contractors.

C

Which of the following sentences contains an incorrect use of capitalization? a. For Christmas, we are driving to the South to visit my grandmother in Mississippi. b. Last year, we went to East Texas to go camping in Piney Woods. c. Next month, we will visit Aunt Darla who lives just East of us. d. When my sister-in-law has her baby, I will take the train north to see her.

A

Which of the following sentences follows the rules of capitalization? a. Krista knows that her aunt Jo will be visiting, but she is not sure if her uncle will be there as well. b. During a visit to the monastery, Jess interviewed brother Mark about the daily prayer schedule. c. Leah spoke to her Cousin Martha about her summer plans to drive from Colorado to Arizona. d. Justinia will be staying with family in Chicago during the early Fall.

C

Which of the following sentences represents the best style and clarity of expression? a. Without adequate preparation, the test was likely to be a failure for Zara. b. The test was likely to be a failure for Zara without adequate preparation. c. Without adequate preparation, Zara expected to fail the test. d. Zara expected to fail the test without adequate preparation.