India and the Indian Ocean Basin

By 1500 C.E., about what percentage of the Indian population was Muslim

25%

What was established as an Islamic state by Muslim Turks

Afghanistan

Islam was brought to Sind in northwestern India through

Arab military forces

Transportation and sea trade between India and the societies to the west were dominated by mariners from

Arabia and Persia

What did the Hindu theologian Shankara have in common with the Greek philosopher Plato

Both believed that the physical world was illusory

How did the Indus and Ganges rivers factor into irrigation

Both rivers were used extensively for irrigation

Whereas Funan and Majapahit were Hindu kingdoms, the religion that predominated in Angkor and Srivijaya was

Buddhism

Which religions declined considerably in the postclassical period in India

Buddhism and Jainism

Which 3 religions made inroads in southeast Asia

Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam

Which entity sponsored commercial expeditions in the Indian Ocean in ships known as junks

China

What 3 statements concerning the caste system and conversion to Islam are correct

Conversion to Islam did not change Indians' positions within the caste system; whole castes or subcastes sometimes converted to Islam as a group; many who converted did so in order to escape discrimination under the caste system

Because of increased agricultural productivity, what 3 cities in India had populations over one hundred thousand by the fourteenth century

Delhi, Cambay, Quilon

True or false: Islamic leaders were generally willing to appoint native Indians to political positions as long as they converted

False

True or false: Southern India relied more on seasonal rainfall and snow runoff than on building waterworks

False

Who were Harihara and Bukka, the brothers who founded Vijayanagar

Former agents of the sultanate of Delhi who betrayed their employer

What 3 statements accurately describes the overall political conditions of southern India

Governments were loosely organized, Hindu kingdoms sometimes competed for dominance, most states were relatively small

The design of Angkor Thom was intended to reflect the model of the universe of the _____ religion

Hindu

What best describes the fundamental difference between Hinduism and Islam

Hinduism has a number of gods, whereas Islam recognizes only one deity

Why did the rulers of Funan adopt Hinduism

Hinduism lent religious authority to their rule

What religious groups participated in the trade networks centered in India

Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, and Jews

What 3 statements about the caste system are correct

In the postclassical era, political, economic, and social changes challenged the caste system; the caste system of postclassical times was more complex than in earlier periods; the caste system helped maintain order in a society without strong central governments

How did postclassical India contrast with other world regions such as the eastern Mediterranean and China

India was not united by a large empire

Why was India such an important site for emporia (i.e. cities of trade and exchange)

India's central location made it suited for long-range trade

What 3 statements about the bhakti movement are correct

Initially, the bhakti movement primarily emphasized traditional Hindu values; love, devotion, and peaceful coexistence were key elements in the bhakti belief system; the bhakti movement incorporated Islamic ideas as it spread to northern India

The Bhakti movement strived to overcome the divide between which two religions

Islam and Hinduism

What 3 things are examples of Indian influence in southeast Asia

Islam, Indian forms of political organization, Sanskrit writings

What best explains why Islam was generally slow to spread in India

It arrived via conquerors, not peaceful contacts

What was the importance of the bhakti movement overall

It built bridges between different social and cultural communities in India

How did the caste system react to migrations of outside peoples, such as Turkish migrants from the north

It recognized newcomers as new groups within the caste system

How were Hindu temples important in spreading the caste system

Led by caste-conscious Brahmins, they offered basic education

How did the Chola kingdom lose control of Ceylon

Native Sinhalese expelled the Chola kingdom's agents

What is true about the effect of monsoon patterns on Indian Ocean trade are correct

Predictable monsoon patterns led to trade being conducted in stages

What 3 statements about the spread of Indian ideas to southeast Asia are correct

Ruling elites tended to pick and choose between various Indian beliefs; Royal courts in southeast Asia were often organized around an Indian model; Indian literature, both Hindu and Buddhist, proved highly influential in southeast Asia

How did temple authorities regard money lending

Temples themselves acted as banks and lending institutions

What happened when Chola power finally declined in the thirteenth century

The Chola realm reverted to a small regional state

What 3 statements about migration and the caste system are correct

The caste system provided migrants with a means of blending into Indian society; migrant groups developed their own codes of conduct for operating within the caste system; the caste system reflected changes in India as it adapted to the arrival of migrants

What was the relationship between subcastes (jati) and merchant guilds

The jati and the guilds were often one and the same

What best describes changes in the population of India between 600 and 1500 C.E.

The population nearly doubled

What was the political situation in northern India after the fall of the Gupta empire

The region splintered into rival states

Why did southern India derive even greater benefits from trade than northern India

The south was relatively stable compared with the north

How did Hindu temple expansion benefit education in southern India

The temples provided basic schooling for boys

What methods did southern India employ to meet its water needs

They built wells, reservoirs, dams, canals, and tunnels

What was the relationship between the sea-based silk routes of the Indian Ocean and the land-based silk roads

They complemented one another and existed simultaneously

How did sailors cope with the monsoons

They could predict most monsoons and time their voyages to avoid them

What type of Islamic authority did the sultans of Delhi establish in northern India

They established the appearance of Islamic political and military authority over a society dominated by Hinduism

What happened to Angkor Thom when the Khmers embraced Buddhism over Hinduism

They kept it and added Buddhist temples

When Islam reached southeast Asia, those who adopted the faith acted in what 2 ways

They often still honored Hindu or Buddhist traditions; They often practiced Islam to facilitate relationships with foreign Muslims

What did the Melakan rulers do that contrasted with the actions of other southeast Asian leaders

They sponsored Islamic missionaries

How did nomadic Turkish-speaking peoples from the north insinuate themselves in northern India

They were invaders at first but were eventually absorbed into Indian society

True or false: the rulers of Funan conducted official business in the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit

True

Why was effective irrigation essential for Indian agriculture

Very little rain normally falls during the dry season

Three statements regarding Vijayanagar

Vijayanagar was eventually defeated by Muslim conquerors, The founders of Vijayanagar reverted to Hinduism, The founders of Vijayanagar had been sent to the region by Muslim rulers

Ramanuja was in favor of intense devotion to the god

Vishnu

King Harsha's influence extended beyond northern India to

a number of Himalayan states

According to Ramanuja, what could devotion to Vishnu lead to

a state of grace and permanent bliss

What was primarily responsible for the increase in trade volume in the Indian Ocean basin during the postclassical period

better commercial organization and larger ships

In postclassical India, Indians generally shared

common cultural traditions

Typically, internal trade in India included what 3 commodities

copper, spices, salt

What path did Shankara claim was the only way for a person to understand the ultimate reality of Brahman

disciplined logical reasoning

What resulted in northern India after the fall of the Harsha kingdom

factional fighting and instability

What best describes the relationship between Hindu temples and commercial guilds in southern India

friendly cooperation

Through practicing veneration rituals of Vishnu and Shiva, what were Hindu adherents trying to achieve

gain grace and salvation

What best accounts for the wealth of Funan

geographic location

Harsha kept control of his kingdom during his lifetime through

his own personal intervention in everyday politics

Where was Funan located

in parts of present-day Cambodia and Vietnam

What caused a long-term population increase in India between 600 and 1500 C.E.

increased agricultural productivity

In contrast to northern India, southern India largely escaped

invasion

Due to the ever-changing weather patterns of monsoons and drought in northern India, the development of successful ______ systems was essential to maintaining agricultural productivity

irrigation

What made Axum important to the Indian Ocean trade

its dynamic commercial presence, linking African production with networks of exchange

Hindu temples in the south were responsible for what 3 things

keeping public order in their areas, organizing agriculture and irrigation, delivering tax receipts to the Chola authorities

What form of political and social organization appealed to southeast Asian leaders

kingship

What change to shipbuilding was essential for travel on the Indian Ocean to move beyond the coastlines

larger ships

Which 3 things were significant means by which Indian influence extended to southeast Asia

literature, trade, religion

What did southeast Asian kingdoms of the ninth through the sixteenth centuries C.E. have in common

modified Indian cultural and religious traditions

King Harsha used what 2 methods to maintain centralized rule in northern India

personality, attention to political affairs

Muslim merchants integrated themselves into coastal Indian cities through what 2 means

playing roles in commercial enterprises, marrying local women

Guilds supported the interests of merchants through

political and economic influence

What 3 things are examples of specialized commodities produced in China that developed as the Indian Ocean trade system expanded

porcelain, silk, lacquerware

The Chola kingdom financed its powerful navy through

profits derived from trade

Internal trade in India involved what 4 spices/commodities

saffron, sugar, pepper, iron

The Chola kingdom helped make possible the expansion of trade from southern India to

southeast Asia

What 4 regions conducted significant trade through Indian emporia

southeast Asia, Persia, China, east Africa

Devotional cults identified with Vishnu or Shiva became particularly popular in

southern India

In the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, Mahmud's successors established an Islamic state in northern India known as the ______ of Delhi

sultanate

Examples of famous Indian industries included

textiles and steel

By the middle of the eighth century C.E., control over much of northern India had passed to which Islamic entity

the Abbasid caliphate

What are monsoons

the annual windstorms in India during spring and summer that bring heavy rainfall

What 3 factors contributed to the decline of Buddhism in India

the destruction of Buddhist temples by invaders; invasions by Muslims from the north; the promise of salvation offered by Islam and Hinduism

What 3 things represented challenges to the caste system

the growth of Islam, increased urbanization, economic development

How did Turkish-speaking peoples of central Asia originally learn about Islam

through contact with the Abbasid caliphate

What united the various Indian states and regions

trade

What kind of contact between northern and southern India helped spread the caste system in the postclassical period

trade contacts

Mahmud's invasions had what impact on the spread of Islam in northern India

very little-his armies were largely plunderers, not conquerors