Indigenous Studies

Industrial Schools

1830s in the East and then exported to the West run by gov't and run by churches Indigenous children learning trades, agriculture etc. creating a servant class gov't knew it was plagued with problems

Grand General Indian Council of Ontario

1870 Chief Peter Edmund Jones Tried to stem the loss of political influence of Indian legislation challenge the general enfranchisement act pan political organization discord over how to deal with problems

Metis resist encroachment

1885 Gabriel Dumont and supporters prepared a petition and sent it to ottawa made a provisional government repelled North West Mount Police

American Indian Movement

1968 politics

National Indian Brotherhood

1968 represented Satus Indians critics of the white paper -considered it to be a policy to divest them of the rights and lands became the assembly of First Nations in 1892

Wabanaki

4 nations diplomacy, war and trade other groups joined at different times

Blackfoot Confederacy

5 nations military alliance common cultural characteristics

Marie L'incarnation

Catholic Nun from the letters she wrote to her son we know that: the nuns provided teaching and health care services they were interested in the education of Indigenous girls Marie learned the Indigenous languages and went into the communities but they were largely unsuccessful

Blocks to Silatuniq

Discipline knowledge colonial impacts climate change impacts spirited understandings marginalized

Residential Schools in Ontario

Garnier College Spanish Ont St.Joseph's College Spanish Ont Shinwauk Hall Sault. St. Marie Mohawk Institute - Brantford

Council of 3 Fires

Great Lakes area 3 nations political and military alliance keepers of trade, keepers of faith, and keepers of fire

Duncan Campbell Scott

Head of Indian Affairs 1913-1932 wanted to get rid of the Indian problem Bill 14 - enfranchisement soldier resettlement - gave land to soldiers from reserve saw Indigenous veterans as agitators

Trick or Treaty

Hunger strike to protest treaty 9 Idle no More - Bill C-45 treaty promises not fulfilled recognized that commissioners diaries outlined the promises that didn't make it into in the written treaties

Hawthorn Report

It advocated the idea of 'citizens plus' • The plus meant that the Indigenous citizenship went above and beyond that citizenship • Mean that there was more of an Indigenous citizenship than Canadian but the Canadian citizenship was an important part as well

Jordan's Principle

Jordan Anderson Norway House Cree child should be put first and the government can decide later who should pay back who

Huron-Wendat

Lake Huron-Lake Simcoe area 5 nations controlled trade routes political stability some tension over resources

Haundenosaunee

League of Peace and Power governed by the great law of peace leaders chosen by clan mothers 6 nations

League of Indians

Lt. Loft facilitate dialogue proposed a collective bargaining strategy National Indigenous movement

Treaties with self government policies

Nisga'a champagne - aishihiki First Nation Gwich'in and Inuvialuit

White Paper

Pierre Trudeau just society proposed, to do away with reserves, Indian Act, land claims etc. making them full canadians created backlash aimed to dismantle the unique legal relationship

Legacies of Residential schools

abuse social and familial disruption intergenerational trauma some could not read and write to the level they should have culture loss

19th century changes

allies to wards impose elective governance system strict definition of who was a status indian and who was not

Difference between Indigenous views at teaching and learning and western educational models

attendance is different no set curriculum relationship between teacher and student is different

Why were grandmothers seen as dangerous

because they were stuck to traditional could teach their daughters

Red Paper

called out gov't for its lack of political and cultural sensitivity - Harold Cardinal

Friendship Centres

can meet and socialize and have access to funding and employment opportunities

Healing practices banned

ceremonies, use of herbs, singing, poultices, knowledge were all seen as dangerous and had to be done in secret

Cindy Blackstock

complaint about unequal funding for Indigenous peoples and Canadians

Problems with the Manitoba Act

deep racial and linguistic divisions promises made to metis never fulfilled

Self- Government

designed, established, and administered by Native people negotiated agreements recognizing Indigenous control over affairs seen as an inherent right by Indigenous peoples

Euro- Canadian view of health

drugs, pharmacy, narrow

Newfoundland and Labrador

excluded in the apology gov't did not take the responsibility for the schools there

Aboriginal population

fast growing youth population is growing more people are moving to cities -encouraged to move moved for jobs and school

Dartmouth

fundraising campaign/school Indigenous children being taught but quickly became about teaching white children people would send money to bring indigenous children into the fold of society

Medicine Chest

gave Indian agents a chest of medicine they were supposed to use in times of famine and pestilence

Indigenous health

holistic, well being

What caused disease

in the 19th century the thought was that substandard hygiene was the cause but it was about living standards, dispossession, and malnutrition

What do we need to change global warming

interdisciplinary research intercultural reconciliation place based experience

Onondaga response

knew their children weren't learning culturally relevant info they were no longer learning how to survive in their own communities the abuse was not acceptable

Michif

language of the metis several dialects trade language 500 fluent speakers

Country marriages

less formalized no church and no priest but were seen as legitimate by both indigenous peoples and the courts

Climate Change

less ice in north, loss of habitat animals vulnerable

Access to traditional foods and practices

limited b/c of displacement, disappearance of buffalo, and spiritual practices became harder to do

Roles of Elders and Youth

losing them had an impact on traditions and histories were threatened

Metis

people with mixed Indigenous and European ancestry nearly 400,000 people in Canada self identified in 2006

Residential schools consequences

physical, mental and spiritual abuse low sanitary conditions disease was rampant loss of culture isolation effected parental capabilities trauma legacies

Consequences of disease

population decreasing dispersal changes to political and social organizations

Scrip

promissory note that could be traded in for the same value in land but 90% of the land ended up in non-metis peoples hands

Manitoba Act 1870

protection of certain red river residents french would be taught in catholic schools protection of settled and related common lands allocated 1.4 million acres of lands to ensure the perpetuation of metis populations created Manitoba the province

Educational efforts in New England

schools were made to change children's minds wanted children to go back to teach in their communities but parents had a greater sense of control because it was a way to establish friendly alliances and agreements parents saw the ability to read and write to be valuable

View of indigenous people's health

seen as unhealthy

Contemporary Strategies

shuttles from reserves to hospitals training doctors about indigenous health challenges

Housing

substandard overcrowding easily spread of disease

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

survivors shared their stories 94 calls to action reconciliation Established a Centre for Reconciliation - Winnipeg house of the documents of commission controversial because some gave testimony on the assumption that they would be destroyed

Recent legal developments

the charter defines that metis people are considered Aboriginal peoples but does not define what their rights are

Problem with self government process

the process is made by the gov't and the decision is made by the gov't

What happened when children went back to their communities?

they could not speak their language and it created divisions between them and their community they felt shame some internalized European views of their culture and community

Challenges to living in cities

unemployment structure is different overcrowding emotional challenges education

Sila

weather

Silatuniq

wisdom